Virginia Woolf
Mrs Dalloway

Truce signed, read Dante he could <- repetition, world without
meaning

The charges against Charles I at his
trial 1649

Tyrannical power, enemy to the commonwealth

Oliver Cromwell 1653

You have set too long here

Leviticus chapter 20:21

If a man shall his brothers’ wife

Davis p 45

Even Silesia and Southern Poland, Celtic iron-workings, King
Krak

Julius Caesar, Gallic Wars, Book IV

Daily practice, step slope, horses at full speed,

n. Davis

Hengist, solution was the oldest one,
Two houses sachen-coburgh ind gotha

A polemical Book Concerning The Ruin
of Britain by Gildas

Hold back the northern peoples, unspeakable Saxons, hopeless
stupidity

Tim Creswek “On the move”

Feudal society, granted land, new landholders

Divine Right of Kings – James I speech

King is a god’s lieutenant, political father, head of body

Act of Union (Scotland)

Article II Princess Sophia, Scotland Parliament

The Act of union (Ireland) 1800

Parliaments of Britain and Ireland, lords spiritual of Ireland,

protestant Episcopal church

G.M. Trevelyan

Agriculture, industry, money

Rupert Brooke “The Soldier”

If I should die, and think this heart

The charist Petition 1837

Vote, no property, constituencies, annual

1714-1727 Hanoverian dynasty

William of Orange

-

Faces

rebellion in Sea and Ireland

-

James II with French soldiers

-

William of Orange meets him at battle

1690 1 July Battle of Boyne – catholics under James II defeated
1690 1 July The Orange Order- members of it meets to celebrate the win of the battle of Boyne

1752 Chesterfield’s Act – why differences in time

-

Julian Calendar is replaced by the Gregorian Calendar (not all countries accepted it, England did that in XVIIIc.)

-

1752 2 September Wednesday immediate after 17 September

Consequences of battle:

-

Before Catholics have 60 % of land in Ireland

-

After battle – 20% of land owning

-

England treated Ireland as colony

-

Removal of catholics from political life

Scotland after 1688

-

1692 1 January - A deadline to pledge oath of allegiance

-

1692 – Glencoe massacre

-

Leader of one clan missed the deadline, people from that clan were brutally murdered

-

Scotland national trauma, they feel humiliated after that moment, national pride was wounded they needed a
spectacular success to feel better as nation

1698 Darien scheme

-

William Patterson

-

The Isthmus (przesmyk)

of Darien in Panama

-

1698- 1

st

ship sails to panama

-

Brave plan of building trading pos there to control European trade with sia, they think that every ship will pay there

-

Every Scots gave money to invest into Darien Scheme, they believe that they would be rich and to reconstruct
national identity wounded by William of Orange

-

Pirates rumours make Panama paradise so group of People come there

o

Swamps

o

Hard climate

o

No fertile land

o

Unfriendly Panamians (rdzenna ludność Panamy

o

Diseases killed them

-

English from Jamaica didn’t help them, Scotland went bankrupt, no money and no national pride

-

1707 – The Act of Union with Scotland (England made offer)

o

Parliament of Scotland ceased to exist

o

Scots defended their control over some areas of life : church banking system, education etc.

(1999

– Parliament reconstructed)

1701

– Act of Succession

-

Sophia , electrets of Hanover or her protestant descendents

-

A granddaughter of James I

Hanoverian Dynasty:

-

George I (1714-1727)

-

George II (1727-1760)

-

George III ( 1760-1820)

-

George IV (1820-1837)

-

William IV (1830-1837)

-

Victoria (1837-1901)

XVIIIc

-

Age of reason outside of England wars outside of England, good time for England

-

Industrial Revolution – cities, railways

-

Overseas expansion

-

Leading slave trader in the world; profitable and slaves were base for their economical growth in colonies

-

Settlement of Australia

Triangular trade (base of economical success)

1. Europeans take: sugar, cotton, rum, tobacco and coffee back to Europe
2. Europeans take slaves to the America
3. Europeans take pots, pans, guns, alcohol and horses to Africa

-

Development of two-party system

-

The rise of cabinet Government (rządy gabinetowe)

-

Supporters of Stuarts still active vs. George I

George I

-

Never wanted to be in England and to be king of England

-

refused to speak English

Jacobites Risings

-

Supporters of Stuarts (James Edward Stuart)

-

James Edward Stuart + Maria Clementina Sobieski (granddaughter of Jan II Sobieski)

-

2 Jacobities attampts to change situation

o

1714 general hostility toward Hanoverian king, but waited to 1715

-

In course of time people got accustomed to him (przyzwyczaili się)

-

1745 Jacobite Rising (2

nd

) attempt to put son of J.E. Stuart, Charles Edward Stuart

British National Anthem

-

1745 Battle of Prestonpans (near Edinburgh) -> king defeated by Ch.E stuart

-

Owner of theatre in Canada arranged a song “God save the King”
Till now it is sung to great the king

Political life:
Development of two – party system

-

17

th

c two political groups starts to emerge

Tories:

o

“Tory” derives from the Irish toraidhe, outlaw

o

Squires (landowners)

o

The Anglican church

o

Masses of rural population

o

1830s – The Conservative Party

Whigs

o

Whig – a pejorative name of obscure origin

o

The merchants

o

Financial capitalists

o

The landed aristocracy

o

2

nd

half 19

th

c - The Liberal Party

o

18

th

c beginning – Whig supremacy

o

They wanted Parliament to negate words “period of peace”

Rise of the cabinet government :

-

In the past -> King + Council (rada) King controlled the Council

-

General change of Council role -> rise of importance

-

18

th

c Cabinet of ministers independent from King

o

Because of George I refusal to speak English and come to meeting

-

Prime Minister <- rise of function
Traditionally it was Minister of Treasury, who mostly was a chairman when king was not interested

1801 Act of Union

-

Rise of UK as it is today

-

Ireland joined the Union

o

Actually was absorption “take over” by Uk

o

It wasn’t Union

-

Ireland Parliament ceased to exist

-

Pearl 1 in London – part of this parliament’s ex members went there .

o

132 biggest landowners went to London and left people to control their properties (They had land, only
rich could enter Parliament)

o

They had land, only rich could enter Parliament

o

Money flows from Ireland to London and was invested by them in England

o

Result: no industry (except of shipping and textile) there, poor agricultural country

1837-1901 – Victoria

-

Marries Albert Saxe-Coburgh-Gotha

-

Beginning of reign

o

Chartist Movement

o

Great Exhibition

-

Victoria and her husband were German (German / German origins -> every monarch between 1714-1901)

-

Attitude towards Germans changed

o

1917 – George V changed family name to Windsor
(rejected name of family as manifestation of cutting from German origins)

Victorian epoch:

-

Contradiction

o

Growth of cities, industry, novels, painting etc.

o

Childhood labour, prostitution, exploitation of colonies and working class

-

“A Tale of two cities” – Charles Dickens: Age of paradox. the best description of Victorian Age
“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was
the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was
the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair, we had everything before us, we had nothing before us, we were
all going direct to Heaven, we were all going direct the other way.”

Electoral Reform:

-

Economic crisis – 1

st

Victoria’s challenge right after coronation. Main issues:

o

Masses of workers without their job

o

No representation in Parliament of the workers – sense of being alone, no protection

o

1830s - <2% have right to vote (voting seen as a privilege of rich, luxury)

o

Anger among working class

-

1832 – Reform Bill (1 of plenty)

o

Right to vote given to more people - cir. 300 000 middle class rich men

o

Still nothing for workers

-

1832 – People’s Charter (6 points)

o

A vote for every man twenty one years of age, of sound mind, and not undergoing punishment for crime.

o

The ballot —To protect the elector in the exercise of his vote.

o

No property qualification for members of Parliament—thus enabling the constituencies to return the
man of their choice, be he rich or poor.

o

Payment of members, thus enabling an honest tradesman, working man, or other person, to serve a
constituency, when taken from his business to attend to the interests of the country.

o

Equal constituencies securing the same amount of representation for the same number of electors,--
instead of allowing small constituencies to swamp the votes of larger ones.

o

Annual Parliaments, thus presenting the most effectual check to bribery and intimidation, since though a
constituency might be bought once in seven years (even with the ballot), no purse could buy a

constituency (under a system of universal suffrage) in each ensuing twelvemonth; and since members,
when elected for a year only, would not be able to defy and betray their constituents as now.

-

People’s Charter immediately rejected by the Parliament

-

Rejections: 1838, 1842, 1848

-

1248 – Spring of Nations rebellions in Europe. Rejection made them to garter and protest in London. Army vs.
Thousands of people. They gave up. No one died and no changes.

-

Chartist Movement: important for masses of working class to create their identity and feel power.

-

1867 – Reform Act - right to vote given to the men in cities

-

1884 – Reform Act - right to vote given to the men in whole England

-

1918 - right to vote given to over 30’s householders, wives of householders,

-

1928 – equal right to vote for men and women