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Zbigniew Hanzelka

Akademia Górniczo-Hutnicza, 30-019 Kraków, Al. Mickiewicza 30

tel: [phone], tel/fax: [phone], e-mail:

[e-mail]

Konsultant techniczny Twelve Electric.

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i czasem trwania – tablica 1.

Tablica 1

Czas trwania

Amplituda

(%)

DEK

U

od 20ms
do 100ms

od 100ms
do 500ms

od 500ms
do 1s

od 1s do 3s

od 3s do 20s

od 20s do 60s

Od 10 do 15
Od 15 do 30
Od 30 do 60
Od 60 do 90
Od 90 do 100
100

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Tablica 2

Czas trwania

Amplituda

(%)

DEK

U

od 20ms
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od 100ms
do 500ms

od 500ms
do 1s

od 1s do 3s

od 3s do 20s

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≥

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charakterystyka ITIC (Information Technology Industry Council)

6

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3. PRZYCZYNY ZABURZENIA

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zwarcia systemowe lub zwarcia w samych instalacjach;

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6

http://www.itic.org

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produkcji firmy Twelve Electric

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W tym przypadku

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8

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9

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Rys. 7.

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4. SKUTKI ZABURZENIA

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z technicznego jak i ekonomicznego punktu widzenia.

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w sposób niezamierzony podczas zaburzenia elektromagnetycznego. Prowadzi to zwykle

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10

Z\PLHQLü QDOH*\ SUyF] DPSOLWXG\ ]DSDGX RUD] F]DVX MHJR WUZDQLD WDN*H SXQNW SU]HELHJX

F]DVRZHJRQDSLFLDZNWyU\PUR]SRF]\QDVL]DSDGID]DSRF]WNRZD]DEXU]HQLDRUD]SXQNW

Z NWyU\P QDSLFLH ZUDFD GR SLHUZRWQHM ZDUWRFL ID]D NRFRZD ]DEXU]HQLD 1DJáD ]PLDQD

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(Turner i inni, 1996).

Podczas

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SUGXVWDáHJRdc1DZHWPDáDMHJRZDUWRüPR*HVSRZRGRZDüSRGWU]\PDQLHVW\F]QLNDSU]\

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LZWHQVSRVyESR]ZDODX]\VNDüZLNV]UHGQLZDUWRüVWUXPLHQLD

1LH LVWQLHMH *DGQD QRUPD PLPR *H SRGMWR MX* SUyE\ MHM RSUDFRZDQLD NWyUD RNUHODáDE\

ZDUWRüQDSLFLDSU]\NWyU\PVW\F]QLNVLOQLNDSRZLQLHQRGáF]\üQDSG1LHNWyU]\SURGXFHQFL

SRGDM WDNLH GDQH OHF] QDMF]FLHM SRZVWDM SUREOHP\ ] LFK LQWHUSUHWDFM 3U]\NáDGRZR

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LVNRNRZHMUHGXNFMLZDUWRFLQDSLFLD

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Z REZRGDFK ]DVLODMF\FK QDSG\ GR ]DáF]DQLD VW\F]QLNyZ JáyZQ\FK ]DVDGQLF]R ]PQLHMV]D

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QDSLFLD

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] VLHFL SUGX SU]HPLHQQHJR SRSU]H] SURVWRZQLNL ,FK RGSRUQRü QD ]DSDG\ MHVW ZLNV]D QL*

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L QDMF]FLHM EDUG]R NRV]WRZQ\P 1HJDW\ZQ\ HIHNW MHVW QDW\FKPLDVWRZ\ QLH WDN MDN MHVW

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HQHUJRHOHNWURQLF]QHMLXNáDGDPLVWHURZDQLD]DUyZQRsoftwarem jak i hardwarem)

8

.

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Pierwsza

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8

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przerwy w zasilaniu.

11

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Druga

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zaburzenia.

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1DSG\SUGXVWDáHJR

Skutki

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MHVWMHV]F]HZX*\FLX

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Z SU]\SDGNX REFL*RQ\FK SURVWRZQLNyZ ] ILOWUHP SRMHPQRFLRZ\P SR VWURQLH SUGX VWDáHJR

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W czasie

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]DEH]SLHF]DMFHZyZF]DVSRGF]DVSRZURWXQDSLFLDGX*DZDUWRüSUGXáDGRZDQLDPR*HE\ü

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Wg (

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W przypadku regulowanych prostowników o sterowaniu fazowym, podczas

]DSDGXQDSLFLD

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NWD Z\VWHURZDQLD W\U\VWRUyZ : ZLNV]RFL SU]\SDGNyZ SRGF]DV GáXJLFK L JáERNLFK

]DSDGyZ QDSLFLH WR PDOHMH ]PQLHMV]DMF Z NRQVHNZHQFML SUGNRü VLOQLND 3U]\ SRZURFLH

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V\VWHPX]DEH]SLHF]DMFHJR

W przypadku niesymetrycznych

]DSDGyZ DPSOLWXGD SHZQ\FK QDSLü ]DVLODMF\FK PDOHMH

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ac/dc

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Podczas

]DSDGyZQDSLFLDV]F]HJyOQLHLVWRWQHMHVW]DFKRZDQLHVLSU]HNV]WDáWQLNDEGFHJR

w zakresie pracy

LQZHUWRURZHM %UDN OXE UHGXNFMD ZDUWRFL QDSLFLD VLHFL ]PQLHMV]D ZDUWRü

12

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w

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]SRUHGQLPSU]HPLHQQLNLHPF]VWRWOLZRFL96,voltage source invertor – rys. 8a) i diodowym

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: SU]\SDGNX JG\ QDSLFLD ID]RZH V QLHV\PHWU\F]QH QS MDN PD WR PLHMVFH SRGF]DV

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9

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ZyZF]DV Z VWRSQLX ZLNV]\P QL* QRUPDOQLH SUG Sá\QF\ ] VLHFL Z FHOX MHJR GRáDGRZDQLD

EG]LHGX*\

10

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Z\VWSLü ]DWU]\PDQLH QDSGX 0R*H WH* QDVWSLü SU]HSDOHQLH EH]SLHF]QLNyZ :\VWSXMH WR

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nawet niewielka

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9

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Z\VWDUF]DMFHJRVWRSQLDRGSRUQRFLDOERZVLHFL]DVLODMFHMLQVWDORZDQHV]DEH]SLHF]HQLDSU]HGdoziemieniem
fazy (szczególnie istotne w sieciach z izolowanym punktem zerowym).

10

: SHZQ\FK SU]\SDGNDFK MHJR ZDUWRü VNXWHF]QD Z MHGQHM ID]LH PR*H SU]HNURF]\ü QDZHW SUGX

]QDPLRQRZHJRDZDUWRüV]F]\WRZDWHJRSUGXPR*HSU]HNURF]\üNURWQRüMansoor i inni, 1996).

13

(a)

(b)

(c)

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W przypadku

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U

dc

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dc

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14

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]PLDQ\SUGNRFLVLOQLNDSRGF]DVzapadu.

6SU]WLQIRUPDW\F]Q\

:ND*G\P]DVWRVRZDQLXMHVWRQEDUG]RF]Xá\]DUyZQRhardware jak i software) na zmiany

QDSLFLD MH*HOL LFK DPSOLWXGD SU]HNUDF]D U

N

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WHJR ]DEXU]HQLD V EUDN WUDQVPLVML V\JQDáyZ OXE EáG\ Z LFK SU]HND]LH

11

:LNV]Rü VSU]WX

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Z ZHZQWU]QHM SDPLFL Z W\P UyZQLH* SURJUDPRZR ]DSLVDQ SURFHGXU UHDNFML QD zapady

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QDSLFLD OXE ]H Z]JOGyZ EH]SLHF]HVWZD EUDN WUDQVPLVML OXE EáGQH UR]ND]\ Z SU]\SDGNX

VWHURZDQLDGX*\PLSURFHVDPL

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QD QDJá SU]HUZ ]DVLODQLD 1LHNWyUH GHWHNWRU\ XV]NRG]H QLH UHDJXM ERZLHP GRVWDWHF]QLH

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XUXFKRPLHQLD L Z\PDJDü SU]HSURJUDPRZDQLD = WHJR SRZRGX GOD VSU]WX LQIRUPDW\F]QHJR

SRGDQR Z QRUPDFK V]F]HJyáRZH SURFHGXU\ WHVWRZDQLD MHJR RGSRUQRFL QD RPDZLDQ\ URG]DM
zaburzenia.

Sterowanie realizowane przez programowalne sterowniki logiczne PLC (Programmable

Logic Controller

PR*QD RSLVDü Z F]WHUHFK SRGVWDZRZ\FK NURNDFK IXQNFMRQDOQ\FK F]\WDQLH

GDQ\FK ZHMFLRZ\FK PRGXá ZHMFLRZ\ UR]ZL]\ZDQLH SURJUDPX VWHURZDQLD &38

VDPRGLDJQRVW\ND&38PRG\ILNDFMDVWDQyZZ\Mü]JRGQLH]SURJUDPHPPRGXáZ\MFLRZ\

=DSDG\ QDSLFLD PRJ RGG]LDá\ZDü QD &38 NDUW\ ,2 L WDN*H QD SR]LRP\ ORJLF]QH 3/&

SRGF]DVUHDOL]DFMLZ\Uy*QLRQ\FKSURFHGXU=DNáyFHQLHZ\VWSXMFHZND*G\P]PRGXáyZPR*H

11

0R*OLZ\PV\JQDOL]RZDQ\PZOLWHUDWXU]HVNXWNLHPMHVWWDN*HXWUDWDV\QFKURQL]DFMLQDSGyZG\VNyZ

15

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QLHSU]HNUDF]DPVDZLFMHVWZVSyáPLHUQ\]F]DVHPZ\VWSRZDQLD]DEXU]H

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ZV]\VWNLP RG Z\PDJDQHJR VWRSQLD VWDELOL]DFML QDSLFLD VWDáHJR RUD] HQHUJLL ]JURPDG]RQHM

Z NRQGHQVDWRU]H ]DVLODF]D 1LHNLHG\ XU]G]HQLD ,2 V ORNDOL]RZDQH Z SREOL*X XU]G]H

SHU\IHU\MQ\FKZFHOXPLQLPDOL]DFMLZ\PDJDQHJRRNDEORZDQLDSUDFXMFQSMDNRNRQFHQWUDWRU\

GDQ\FK :yZF]DV NU\W\F]Q\PL SXQNWDPL VWDM VL UyZQLH* LFK ]DVLODF]H W\P EDUG]LHM *H

ZZLNV]RFLLQVWDODFML&38PDQDMF]FLHMJZDUDQWRZDQHbezprzerwowe zasilanie realizowane

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] VWHURZQLNLHP 3RZV]HFKQ\ MHVW G\VNUHWQ\ FKDUDNWHU ZHMü 1DSLFLD SURJRZH Z RSDUFLX

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]DSDG QDSLFLD VSRZRGXMH Z F]DVLH NLONX RNUHVyZ REQL*HQLH ZDUWRFL V\JQDáX ZHMFLRZHJR

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QLHNLHG\ SU]\F]\Q QLHSR*GDQ\FK Z\áF]H MH*HOL MHVW VNRQILJXURZDQ\ Z WDNL VSRVyE *H

]DSDG QDSLFLD PR*H Z\ZRáDü ]DG]LDáDQLH DQDORJLF]QH GR VNXWNyZ MHJR ]DPLHU]RQHJR
uaktywnienia.

7(&+1,&=1( 63262%< 35=(&,:'=,$à$1,$ 6.87.20 =$3$'Ï:

1$3,&,$

1DU\QNXMHVWREHFQLHGRVWSQDEDUG]RGX*DOLF]EDQDSGyZOHF]QDZHWUy*QHPRGHOHWHJR

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LF]DVLHWUZDQLDGáX*V]\PQL*RNUHVyZQDVWSXMHDZDU\MQHZ\áF]HQLHZLNV]RFLQDSGyZ
(van Zyl A. 1998)

12

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GRVWDUF]\ü QDE\ZF\ QDSG G]LDáDMF\ SRSUDZQLH Z ]GHILQLRZDQ\FK SU]H] QLHJR ZDUXQNDFK

]DVLODQLDLQLH]E\WGURJL3R*GDQHMHVWWDNLHUR]ZL]DQLHSUREOHPXNWyUHQLHZSURZDG]L]E\W

GDOHNRLGF\FK]PLDQZLVWQLHMF\FKNRQVWUXNFMDFK

13

.

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ZUyGQLFKF]WHU\NDWHJRULH
(i)

]PLDQDVSRVREXHNVSORDWDFMLQDSGXLPRG\ILNDFMDMHJRVWHURZDQLD

(ii)

PRG\ILNDFMDWRSRORJLLXNáDGyZHQHUJRHOHNWURQLF]Q\FK

(iii)

alternatywne zasilanie,

(iv)

LQVWDORZDQLHNRPSHQVXMFHJRVSU]WX

12

:LHOHHNVSORDWRZDQ\FKUHJXORZDQ\FKQDSGyZXOHJDDZDU\MQHPXZ\áF]HQLXQDZHWMH*HOLQDSLFLH]PQLHMV]\

VLQLHZLHOHSRQL*HMZF]DVLHGáX*V]\PQL*GZDRNUHV\QDSLFLDA guide ...EPRI TR-103208).

13

Wg [

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]GROQRü GR SUDF\ SRGF]DV zapadu o amplitudzie 50% i czasie trwania zawartym w przedziale 0,5-5s, przy

]DFKRZDQLDVWDáHMZDUWRFLSUGNRFLLPRPHQWX

16

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VSI

14

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1 s p o s ó b

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SRGF]DV NWyUHJR VLOQLN ]DWU]\PD VL 7D WHFKQLND MHVW WUDNWRZDQD UDF]HM MDNR SRGVWDZRZH

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2 s p o s ó b

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3 s p o s ó b

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i szybszy.

4 s p o s ó b

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UyZQLH*SRGF]DV]DáDPDQLD

:\V]F]HJyOQLRQH GDOHM VSRVRE\ QLH V VWUDWHJLDPL SRVWSRZDQLD Z SU]\SDGNX DZDU\MQHJR

Z\áF]HQLD QDSGX OHF] sensu stricte WHFKQLNDPL VWRVRZDQ\PL Z FHOX ]ZLNV]HQLD MHJR

RGSRUQRFLQD]DáDPDQLDQDSLFLD

14

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UHGXNFMLVNXWNyZLQQ\FKURG]DMyZ]DEXU]HHOHNWURPDJQHW\F]Q\FK

17

5 s p o s ó b

3ROHJD QD Z\NRU]\VWDQLX LQHUF\MQRFL REFL*HQLD PHFKDQLF]QHJR L PRG\ILNDFML VWHURZDQLD

Z WDNL VSRVyE DE\ Z SU]\SDGNX JG\ ]DEXU]HQLH Z ]DVLODQLX VSRZRGXMH UHGXNFM QDSLFLD

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15

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zachowana jest

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6 s p o s ó b

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momentów oraz tylko do tych przypadków w których realizowana technologia zezwala

QDUHGXNFMSUGNRFL

7 s p o s ó b

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16

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zmniejszeniu podczas

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−

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−

wzrost wymiarów silnika. Silnik 230V o takiej samej mocy jak silnik 460V wymaga przy

SHáQ\PREFL*HQLXSUDZLHGZXNURWQLHZLNV]HJRSUGX

15

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1

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−

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QDSLFLD

17

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±13/:XNáDGDFKW\FK

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dc

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(Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage).

0RG\ILNDFMDWRSRORJLLXNáDGyZHQHUJRHOHNWURQLF]Q\FK

&HOHP ]PLDQ NRQVWUXNF\MQ\FK MHVW X]\VNDQLH WDNLHM PR*OLZRFL UHJXODFML QDSLFLD VWDáHJR

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8 s p o s ó b – d o d a t k o w e k o n d e n s a t o r y l u b b a t e r i e w o b w o d z i e dc

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przewodzenia) wynosi:

620

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17

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19

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silnikowi pobierana jest z kondensatora. Dopuszczalny czas zaburzenia

r

t

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ms

I

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20

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trwania

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znaczacy wzost gabarytów i kosztów przemiennika

18

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1D U\QNX DPHU\NDVNLP RIHURZDQH V NRQGHQVDWRU\ VSHFMDOQHM NRQVWUXNFML SU]H]QDF]RQH

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9 s p o s ó b

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nieomal zawsze podczas

]DSDGXQDSLFLDMHVWRJUDQLF]RQDSU]H]VWDáF]DVRZWHJRILOWUXNWyUD

GOD V\VWHPyZ F]VWRWOLZRFL ]DVLODQLD PD ]Z\NOH ZDUWRü NLONXVHW ms. W tym czasie PLL

QLH PD PR*OLZRFL ]DUHDJRZDü QD VNRNRZ ]PLDQ ID]\ QDSLFLD L Z NRQVHNZHQFML PR*H

Z\VWSLüQLHSUDZLGáRZH]DáF]HQLHW\U\VWRUyZ

18

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jej zabezpieczeniami.

21

5\V3URVW\VSRVyE]ZLNV]HQLDRGSRUQRFLQDSGyZ

=DVLODF]HXU]G]HHOHNWURQLF]Q\FK

Zasilacz ac/dc, z mostkiem diodowym i kondensatorem, jest powszechnie stosowany

Z XNáDGDFK VWHURZDQLD L LQQ\FK XU]G]HQLDFK HOHNWURQLF]Q\FK NRPSXWHU\ V\VWHP\

WHOHNRPXQLNDF\MQHVWHURZQLNLSURJUDPRZDOQHLWS,FKREFL*HQLHPV]Z\NOHSU]HNV]WDáWQLNL
dc/dc

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HQHUJLD MHVW ]PDJD]\QRZDQD Z NRQGHQVDWRUDFK ]DVLODF]D OHF] F]VWR JZDUDQWXMH RQD EDUG]R

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GR]HUDZF]DVLHNLONXG]LHVLFLXPV7DNLHXNáDG\]DVLODMFHL]DVLODQ\SU]H]QLHVSU]WVZLF

EDUG]R F]XáH QD ]DSDG\ L SU]HUZ\ Z ]DVLODQLX 5R]ZL]DQLHP MHVW VWRVRZDQLH GX*\FK
kondensatorów, dc/dc

SU]HNV]WDáWQLNyZ R GX*HM WROHUDQFML ZDUWRFL QDSLFLD ZHMFLRZHJR

UPS-ów lub dodatkowych generatorów.

Styczniki

6WRVRZDQLH Uy*Q\FK VSRVREyZ ]ZLNV]HQLD RGSRUQRFL VW\F]QLNyZ QD ]DEXU]HQLD Z\PDJD

LQG\ZLGXDOQHM DQDOL]\ ND*GHJR SU]\SDGNX V]F]HJyOQLH GOD ]DVLODQLD VLOQLNyZ L UHJXORZDQ\FK

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-

zasilanie styczników przez systemy bezprzerwowego zasilania (silnik-generator, UPS itp.);

-

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]FHZNSUGXVWDáHJR]DVLODQ\FK]VLHFLSUGXSU]HPLHQQHJRSRSU]H]SURVWRZQLN]GX*\P

NRQGHQVDWRUHPQDZ\MFLX(QHUJLD]JURPDG]RQDZNRQGHQVDWRU]HXPR*OLZLDSRGWU]\PDQLH
stycznika podczas

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ZLNV] RGSRUQRü QD UR]ZD*DQ\ URG]DM ]DEXU]H ZLNV]D HQHUJLD ]JURPDG]RQD Z SROX
magnetycznym rdzenia)

10 s p o s ó b

Polega na wytworzeniu wspólnych szyn dc

GOD]DVLODQLDZLHOXQDSGyZMDNQDU\VXQNX

5R]ZL]DQLH WR JZDUDQWXMH SRSUDZQH G]LDáDQLH D UyZQRF]HQLH MHVW WDV]H L PD PQLHMV]H

Z\PLDU\ QL* NLOND QLH]DOH*Q\FK QDSGyZ 6WRVRZDQH MHVW JáyZQLH Z SU]\SDGNX

ZLHORVLOQLNRZ\FK SURFHVyZ SURGXNF\MQ\FK NWyUH V ]DVLODQH SU]\ SRPRF\ QDZURWQ\FK

SU]HNV]WDáWQLNyZ JZDUDQWXMF\FK UHJXODFM SUGNRFL L Z]DMHPQ V\QFKURQL]DFM SUDF\

VLOQLNyZ : UHODFML GR WUDG\F\MQHJR UR]ZL]DQLD Z NWyU\P ND*G\ SU]HNV]WDáWQLN MHVW

SU]\áF]RQ\EH]SRUHGQLRGRVLHFL]DVLODMFHMZSURSRQRZDQ\PUR]ZL]DQLXZ\PLDQDHQHUJLL

SRPLG]\ QDSGDPL SUDFXMF\PL Z ]DNUHVLH SUDF\ VLOQLNRZHM L JHQHUDWRURZHM KDPRZDQLH

RG]\VNRZH RGE\ZD VL EH]SRUHGQLR SRSU]H] ZVSyOQH V]\Q\ QDSLFLD VWDáHJR L JáyZQ\

SU]HNV]WDáWQLNac/dc0RFWHJRRVWDWQLHJRPR*HE\ü]QDF]FR]UHGXNRZDQD'RGDWNRZRPR*H

RQE\üZ\SRVD*RQ\ZRSFMDNW\ZQHMNRPSHQVDFMLKDUPRQLF]Q\FKLNRPSHQVDFMLPRF\ELHUQHM

]ZLNV]DMFW\PVDP\PZDUWRüZVSyáF]\QQLNDPRF\XNáDGXMDNRFDáRFL

M

M

UPS

System

sterowania

(PLL)

22

(a)

(b)

5\VD7\SRZ\XNáDG]DVLODQLDZLHORVLOQLNRZ\FKSURFHVyZEXNáDG]HZVSyOQ\PLV]\QDPLQDSLFLDVWDáHJR

(dc)

Rysunek 11a przedstawia typowy schemat wielosilnikowego procesu, podczas gdy

QDU\VXQNXE]DSUH]HQWRZDQRSURSRQRZDQHUR]ZL]DQLH:SU]\SDGNX]DSDGXQDSLFLDOXE

SU]HUZ\ Z ]DVLODQLX PR*H E\ü UHDOL]RZDQD ]DUyZQR SDV\ZQD MDN L DNW\ZQD VHNZHQFMD

VWHURZDQLD 3U]\ EUDNX QDSLFLD ] VLHFL QDVWSXMH DXWRPDW\F]QH ]DáF]HQLH UH]\VWRUD Z FHOX

NRQWUROL QDSLFLD dc : WHQ VSRVyE HQHUJLD KDPRZDQLD PR*H E\ü UR]SURV]RQD QD UH]\VWRU]H

0R*QDUyZQLH*]DVWRVRZDüDNW\ZQHVWHURZDQLHSROHJDMFHQDSU]\áF]HQLXGRV]\QdcXNáDGX

JURPDG]FHJRHQHUJLQSEDWHULLDNXPXODWRUyZOXE 836 =DOHW Z VWRVXQNX GR UR]ZL]DQLD

ZNWyU\PND*G\VLOQLNMHVW]DVLORQ\]RGG]LHOQHJR836MHVWWR*HV\VWHPJURPDG]HQLDHQHUJLL

PR*HE\üZ\PLDURZDQ\W\ONRQDQDGZ\*NPRF\F]\QQHMSRQDGZ\PLDQSRPLG]\VLOQLNDPL

11 s p o s ó b

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]DJZDUDQWXMH Z\PDJDQ\ SR]LRP RGSRUQRFL QDSGX -HGQD ] WHFKQLN SROHJD QD NRPSHQVDFML

]PLDQQDSLFLDZREZRG]LHSUGXVWDáHJRZFHOXSRGWU]\PDQLDVWDáHJRPRPHQWXVLOQLND

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SU]HNV]WDáWQLN VWDELOL]XMF\ QDSLFLH Z REZRG]LH SRUHGQLF]F\P (dalej nazywany
stabilizatorem) – rysunek 12.

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VWDáHJR JZDUDQWXMH Z SU]\SDGNX Z\VWSLHQLD ]DSDGX VWDELOL]DFM QDSLFLH dc na poziomie

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WDN DE\ E\á RGSRUQ\ QD ]DSDG\ R DPSOLWXG]LH SURVWRZQLN L GRGDWNRZ\ SU]HNV]WDáWQLN

PXV]PLHüPRFRNRáRGZXNURWQLHZLNV]ZUHODFMLGRPRF\LQZHUWRUD:FHOXSRZLNV]HQLD

RGSRUQRFL QDSGX PR*QD ZSURZDG]Lü GRGDWNRZ\ HOHPHQW JURPDG]F\ HQHUJL QS

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Prostownik

JáyZQ\

Wspólne szyny

QDSLFLDVWDáHJR
(dc)

Rezystor

UR]áDGRZXMF\

System
gromadzenia
energii

23

(a)

(b)

5\V1DSGSUGXSU]HPLHQQHJR]VWDELOL]DWRUHPQDSLFLDdcZREZRG]LHSUGXVWDáHJRZGZyFK

DOWHUQDW\ZQ\FKUR]ZL]DQLDFK

: SU]\SDGNX PRGHUQL]DFML LVWQLHMF\FK QDSGyZ SURVWRZQLN L VWDELOL]DWRU PRJ E\ü

SRáF]RQHUyZQROHJOH]SURVWRZQLNLHPJáyZQ\PMDNWRSRND]DQRQDU\VXQNX

5\V1DSGSUGXSU]HPLHQQHJR]SU]HNV]WDáWQLNLHPVWDELOL]XMF\PQDSLFLHZREZRG]LHSUGXVWDáHJR

SU]\áF]RQ\PUyZQROHJOHGRJáyZQHJRSURVWRZQLND

GRGDWNRZH(UyGáR
energii np. bateria
akumulatorów

24

Podczas

]DSDGX HQHUJLD MHVW GRVWDUF]DQD SU]H] REZyG UyZQROHJá\ D QDSLFLH dc

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]LQQHJRUH]HUZRZHJR(UyGáDQDSLFLDVWDáHJRU\V

Podczas

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LUR]SRF]\QDSUDFZFHOXMHJRXWU]\PDQLDQDSR*GDQ\PSR]LRPLHZ\QLNDMF\P]ZDUXQNyZ

SUDF\LQZHUWRUD=Z\NOHQDSLFLHZ\MFLRZHVWDELOL]DWRUDMHVWXVWDORQHQDSR]LRPLHRNRáR

SRQL*HM ]QDPLRQRZHJR QDSLFLD V]\Q dc 1S GOD QDSLFLD ac 9 QDSLFLH ]QDPLRQRZH dc

Z\QRVL 9 L ZyZF]DV QDSLFLH Z\MFLRZH VWDELOL]DWRUD EG]LH SU]\NáDGRZR QD SR]LRPLH

9*G\QDSLFLHZVLHFLREQL*\VLRRE\GZDSU]HNV]WDáWQLNLW]QZREZRG]LHJáyZQ\P

LVWDELOL]DWRUGRVWDUF]DMHQHUJLGRLQZHUWRUD-H*HOLUHGXNFMDQDSLFLDEG]LHZLNV]DZyZF]DV

SU]HNV]WDáWQLNJáyZQ\MHVW]DEORNRZDQ\LFDáSRWU]HEQHQHUJLGRVWDUF]DVWDELOL]DWRU

19

.

6WU]\]DVDGQLF]HUy*QLFHZSURMHNWRZDQLXSURVWRZQLNDZREZRG]LHJáyZQ\PQDSGXRUD]

SURVWRZQLND Z REZRG]LH VWDELOL]DWRUD Z\PLDU SUGRZ\ Z\PDJDQH ZDUXQNL FKáRG]HQLD RUD]

ZDUWRüSRMHPQRFLZREZRG]LHdc.

3URVWRZQLN VWDELOL]DWRUD MHVW SURMHNWRZDQ\ WDN DE\ GRVWDUF]Dá ]QDPLRQRZ PRF F]\QQ

D QLH SR]RUQ GR QDSGX SU]\ ]PQLHMV]RQ\P QDSLFLX QS GR QDSLFLD ]QDPLRQRZHJR

6WG MHJR EH]SLHF]QLNL ZHMFLRZH L HOHPHQW\ SyáSU]HZRGQLNRZH PDM GZXNURWQLH ZLNV]\

Z\PLDUSUGRZ\ZSRUyZQDQLX]LFKRGSRZLHGQLNDPLZREZRG]LHJáyZQ\P

Zwykle stabilizator jest projektowany dla podtrzymania

]DSDGX QDSLFLD Z RJUDQLF]RQ\P

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PQLHM LQWHQV\ZQHJR SU]HSá\ZX SRZLHWU]D Z]GáX* UDGLDWRUyZ Z SRUyZQDQLX ] SURVWRZQLNLHP

JáyZQ\PLWS

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] SU]HNV]WDáWQLNLHP JáyZQ\P 3HáQL RQD ]DVDGQLF]R URO ILOWUDF\MQ L MHVW SU]H]QDF]RQD

GR PDJD]\QRZDQLD HQHUJLL FR QDMZ\*HM Z F]DVLH MHGQHJR RNUHVX SRGF]DV JG\ SRMHPQRü

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]DáDPDQLHRDPSOLWXG]LHZyZF]DVQDV]\QDFKdcZ\VWSLQDSLFLH9*G\QDSLFLH

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Z LQGXNF\MQRFL ]DF]\QD Z]UDVWDü ] SRFKRGQ

L

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19

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MHG\QLHWF]üHQHUJLLNWyUQLHPR*HE\üGRVWDUF]RQDGRLQZHUWRUDSU]H]SURVWRZQLNJáyZQ\

25

(a)

(b)

(c)

Rys. 14 Cykl pracy stabilizatora: (a) tranzystor w stanie przewodzenia, dioda w stanie blokowania;

(b) tranzystor w stanie nie przewodzenia, dioda w stanie przewodzenia;

(c) sekwencja pracy stabilizatora podczas

]DSDGXQDSLFLD

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5\V8NáDGSRGWU]\PDQLDQDSLFLDZREZRG]LHSRUHGQLF]F\PZ\NRU]\VWXMF\]HZQWU]QH(UyGáRHQHUJLL

*ZDUDQWXMH WR UH]HUZRZH ]DVLODQLH Z RNUHVDFK Z\VWSLHQLD ]DEXU]HQLD SRGREQLH MDN

Z SU]\SDGNX EDWHULL NRQGHQVDWRUyZ OHF] ZVSyáF]\QQLN HQHUJLD QD MHGQRVWN REMWRFL MHVW

ZW\PSU]\SDGNXGX*RZLNV]\QL*VWDQGDUGRZ\FKNRQGHQVDWRUyZ7DNLHUR]ZL]DQLHPDZLHOH

:\á

310V dc

=PQLHMV]RQHQDSLFLH

ZHMFLRZHVWDELOL]DWRUD

620V dc

QDSLFLHZHMFLRZH
do inwertora

310V dc

(OHPHQW JURPDG]F\

HQHUJL QS EDWHULD
akumulatorów) wraz z

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czas

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NF\MQRFLL

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L

T

26

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−

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5\V=DVWRVRZDQLH]HVSRáXVLOQLNJHQHUDWRURUD]NRáD]DPDFKRZHJRGR]ZLNV]HQLDRGSRUQRFLQDSGX

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GODJUXS\QDSGyZ

inteligentny energetyczny interface

ZHMFLRZ\

Oferowany wg (Jouanne 1999) przez wielu producentów w przedziale mocy do 500kW.

:UR]ZL]DQLXW\PPRVWHNGLRGRZ\MHVW]DVWSLRQ\SU]H]DNW\ZQ\SURVWRZQLNMDNQDU\VXQNX

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21

Dodatkowe informacje: http://www.baldor.com

30

LITERATURA

1.

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Hanzelka Z.:

:Sá\Z ]DáDPD QDSLFLD L NUyWNLFK SU]HUZ Z ]DVLODQLX QD SUDF QDSGyZ HOHNWU\F]Q\FK

RUHJXORZDQHMSUGNRFL. Gliwice 1999

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31

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