Sikorski Jak wygladalaby nasza wiedza

background image

' DU L XV ] $Q GU ]HM 6 LN RU VN L

-DNZ\JOąGDáDE\QDV]DZLHG]D

RSRF]ąWNDFK3ROVNL

EH]ĨUyGHáDUFKHRORJLF]Q\FK

2GSRZLHGŭ QD SRVWDZLRQ\ Z W\WXOH SUREOHP PRůH E\ý EDUG]R

NUyWND %U]PLDâDE\ RQD QDVWęSXMĊFR GR NRľFD ;; ZLHNX REUD] SR

F]ĊWNyZ3ROVNLE\âNV]WDâWRZDQ\QLHPDOZ\âĊF]QLHQDSRGVWDZLHDQDOL]\

ŭUyGHâ SLVDQ\FK 2SUyF] W\FK ZĊWNyZ NWyUH VLâĊ U]HF]\ QDOHůĊ

GR GRPHQ\ KLVWRU\NyZ F]\OL SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP V]HURNR UR]XPLDQHM

KLVWRULL SROLW\F]QHM F]\ QS NZHVWLL LGHRORJLF]Q\FK SR]RVWDâH DVSHNW\

G]LHVLĊWRZLHF]QHMU]HF]\ZLVWRœFLOHSLHMOXEJRU]HMSR]RVWDZLDMĊFHœODG\

ZPDWHULDOHDUFKHRORJLF]Q\PE\â\DQDOL]RZDQHEH]RGZRâ\ZDQLDVLęGR

ŭUyGHâ DUFKHRORJLF]Q\FK 'OD SRWZLHUG]HQLD VWDZLDQHM WH]\ Z\VWDUF]\

VLęJQĊýSRSLHUZV]\OHSV]\]DU\VQDMZF]HœQLHMV]\FKG]LHMyZ3ROVNLDE\

Z\URELý VRELH RSLQLę MDN Z\JOĊGD ZL]MD SRF]ĊWNyZ 3ROVNL XNV]WDâWR

ZDQD SU]H] KLVWRU\NyZ QLH W\ONR EH] ZVSLHUDQLD VLę ZSURVW ŭUyGâDPL

DUFKHRORJLF]Q\PLDOHQDZHWEH]NRU]\VWDQLD]V\QWHW\F]Q\FKZ\QLNyZ

DQDOL]DUFKHRORJLF]Q\FK

7U]HEDGRGDýůHSUDFHLJQRUXMĊFHQDSR]LR

PLH DQDOLW\F]Q\P Z\QLNL EDGDľ DUFKHRORJLF]Q\FK XND]XMĊ VLę GR G]L

VLDM :SUDZG]LH QDV]H SR]QDQLH U]HF]\ZLVWRœFL ; ZLHNX ]QDF]QLH VLę

SROHSV]\âRZRNUHVLHSRZRMHQQ\PDOH²LZWHMVSUDZLHEęGęZGDOV]HM

F]ęœFLWHNVWXDUJXPHQWRZDâ²OLF]QLHSR]\VNLZDQHŭUyGâDDUFKHRORJLF]QH

QLHPLDâ\GRODWRVLHPG]LHVLĊW\FK;;ZLHNXLVWRWQHJRZSâ\ZXQDZ\

SUDFRZDQLH NRQFHSFML SRF]ĊWNyZ 3ROVNL GRPLQXMĊF\FK ZH ZVSyâF]H

8Z]JOęGQLDPW\ONRWHSUDFHKLVWRU\F]QHNWyUHSRZVWDâ\SRGUXJLHMZRMQLHœZLD

WRZHMD]DWHPPRJâ\Z]LĊýSRGXZDJęUH]XOWDW\EDGDľDUFKHRORJLF]Q\FK7\PLH

QLHFNL0DQWHXIIHOUHGáRZPLDľVNLV²V²

:\UR]XPVNLV²6]F]XUV²-XUHN.L]LNV²

%LRJUDILHSLHUZV]\FK3LDVWyZNWyUHVLâĊU]HF]\VĊV\QWHW\F]Q\PXMęFLHPFDâRœFL

HSRNL/DEXGD6WU]HOF]\NLZ\GQDVWęSQH

0 $ 7 ( 5 , $ à <

.21*5(68

0(',(:,67Ï:

3 2 / 6 . , & +

720,9

%DGDQLDLQWHUG\VF\SOLQDUQH

UHG$%XNR..ROOLQJHU

6-ĊGU]HMHZVND5]HV]yZ

9

background image

'$5,86=$1'5=(-6,.256.,

VQ\FKXMęFLDFK=DXZDůDOQ\ZW\PF]DVLHSRVWęSZQDV]HMZLHG]\]D

ZG]LęF]DP\SRJâęELRQ\PVWXGLRPQDGŭUyGâDPLSLVDQ\PLLZ\QLNDMĊ

F\P]QLFKQRZ\PLQWHUSUHWDFMRP

'RRVWDWQLHMGHNDG\;;ZLHNXZV]\VWNLHXMęFLDSUREOHPX]DUyZQR

SU]H] DUFKHRORJyZ

MDN L KLVWRU\NyZ QLH WUDNWRZDâ\ ŭUyGHâ DUFKHROR

JLF]Q\FK SU]\QDMPQLHM GOD QLHNWyU\FK DVSHNWyZ ]ZLĊ]DQ\FK ] SRF]ĊW

NLHP3ROVNLMDNRVDPRG]LHOQ\FKSRGZ]JOęGHPSR]QDZF]\P'RSLHUR

RSXEOLNRZDQLHSRGNRQLHF;;ZLHNXSU]H]=RILę.XUQDWRZVNĊDSyŭ

QLHM0LFKDâD.DUęRUD]LFKRERMJDUD]HPSUDFRFKDUDNWHU]HV\QWHW\F]

Q\P DOH RSDUW\FK ]DVDGQLF]R QD ŭUyGâDFK DUFKHRORJLF]Q\FK ]PLHQLâR

WęV\WXDFMę

$UFKHRORJLDZF]HVQHJRœUHGQLRZLHF]DSU]HVWDâDZWyURZDý

XVWDOHQLRPKLVWRU\NyZLGRELWQLHSU]HPyZLâDZâDVQ\PJâRVHP

0XV]ę]D]QDF]\ýůHRGQRV]ęVLęZW\PZ\VWĊSLHQLXGRSUDFRFKD

UDNWHU]H V\QWHW\F]Q\P F]\ QD SRâ\ V\QWHW\]XMĊF\P V\QWH]\ DXWRUVNLH

L ]ELRURZH ELRJUDILH SLHUZV]\FK 3LDVWyZ ] NRQLHF]QRœFL SRP\œODQH

MDNRZ\FLQHNG]LHMyZSUDFHSRSXODUQRQDXNRZHJG\ůRQHZ\ZLHUDâ\

LZ\ZLHUDMĊQDMZLęNV]\ZSâ\ZQDNV]WDâWRZDQLHVLęSRJOĊGyZQLHW\ONR

V]HUV]HM SXEOLF]QRœFL DOH UyZQLHů KLVWRU\NyZ ]DZRGRZ\FK 8Z]JOęG

QLDPW\ONRRNUHVRGF]DVXSXEOLNDFMLSLHUZV]\FKZ\QLNyZEDGDľDUFKHR

ORJLF]Q\FK QD VWDQRZLVNDFK ZF]HVQRœUHGQLRZLHF]Q\FK SURZDG]RQ\FK

PHWRGDPLQDXNRZ\PL

3U]HFLZ WDN MHGQR]QDF]QHPX WZLHUG]HQLX R EUDNX DUFKHRORJLL

ZNV]WDâWRZDQLXVLęZL]MLSRF]ĊWNyZ3ROVNLSRGQLRVĊVLę]DSHZQHJâRV\

VSU]HFLZX ER SU]HFLHů RG F]DVX UR]SRF]ęFLD DUFKHRORJLF]Q\FK EDGDľ

PLOHQLMQ\FK Z ODWDFK SLęýG]LHVLĊW\FK ;; ZLHNX ]DVyE UR]SR]QDQ\FK

ŭUyGHâDUFKHRORJLF]Q\FKLRELHNWyZ²ZVWRVXQNXGRU]HF]\ZLœFLHXER

JLFK SRG W\P Z]JOęGHP EDGDľ DUFKHRORJLF]Q\FK F]DVyZ SRSU]HGQLFK

²Z]UyVâQLHSRPLHUQLH:LFKUH]XOWDFLHEDGDF]HPRJOLQLHW\ONRUR]SUD

ZLDýRRUJDQL]DFMLJURGRZHMSLHUZV]\FK3LDVWyZMDNRSHZQHMDEVWUDNFML

EęGĊFHMNRQVWUXNWHPZ\SUDFRZDQ\PQDSRGVWDZLHODNRQLF]Q\FKŭUyGHâ

SLVDQ\FK DOH PRJOL ZUęF] GRWNQĊý V]F]ĊWNyZ ZDâyZ QDMZDůQLHMV]\FK

RœURGNyZZF]HVQRSLDVWRZVNLFK]REDF]\ýMDNLHME\â\ZLHONRœFLDQDZHW

]DREVHUZRZDý LFK HWDSRZH SRZVWDZDQLH 3RGREQLH QDPDFDOQH SRG

Z]JOęGHP PDWHULDOQ\P VWDâ\ VLę RELHNW\ DUFKLWHNWXU\ VDNUDOQHMNWyU\FK

W\ONR F]ęœý E\âD SRWZLHUG]RQD Z ŭUyGâDFK SLVDQ\FK QLH PyZLĊF MXů

ROHSLHMUR]SR]QDQHMNXOWXU]HPDWHULDOQHM;ZLHNXMDNRSHZQHMFDâRœFL

7DRVWDWQLDQLHSR]RVWDZLâDSU]HFLHůůDGQ\FKœODGyZZŭUyGâDFKSLVD

2GVWDMĊRGWHJRREUD]XSUDFH$QGU]HMDŮDNLHJRL/HFKD/HFLHMHZLF]D

.XUQDWRZVND.XUQDWRZVND.DUD

background image

-DNZ\JOĊGDâDE\QDV]DZLHG]DRSRF]ĊWNDFK3ROVNLEH]ŭUyGHâ

Q\FKLZ\NRSDOLVNDU]HF]\ZLœFLHSRUD]SLHUZV]\GDâ\PRůOLZRœý]DSR

]QDQLDVLę]QLĊ

6SU]HF]QRœýPLęG]\EURQLRQĊWXWH]ĊDUR]ZRMHPEDGDľDUFKHROR

JLF]Q\FKRGSRâRZ\;;ZLHNXMHVWSR]RUQD%DGDQLDPLOHQLMQHREMęâ\

VWDQRZLVN JâyZQLH JURGyZ

7\SRZDQLH PLHMVF EDGDľ Z\QLNDâR

]DQDOL]ŭUyGHâSLVDQ\FK=DWHPRGNU\FLHSRWęůQ\FKREZDâRZDľZ3R

]QDQLX F]\ *QLHŭQLH MHG\QLH XWZLHUG]LâR L WDN SDQXMĊFH ZœUyG KLVWRU\

NyZ L DUFKHRORJyZ SU]HNRQDQLH R GRPLQXMĊFHM UROL W\FK RœURGNyZ

Z SDľVWZLH SLHUZV]\FK 3LDVWyZ 5ROD *LHF]D E\âD SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP

SRWZLHUG]RQDZ.URQLFH$QRQLPD*DOODDVDPRJURG]LVNRE\âRZLGRF]

QHZWHUHQLH3RGMęWHEDGDQLDDUFKHRORJLF]QHÅ]DVNRF]\â\µRGVâRQLęFLHP

IXQGDPHQWyZSDODWLXP]URWXQGĊ7HRGNU\FLDQLHZSURZDG]Dâ\MHGQDN

LVWRWQ\FK ]PLDQ GR yZF]HVQ\FK ZL]ML SRF]ĊWNyZ SDľVWZD SROVNLHJR

:SUDZG]LH UH]XOWDW\ EDGDľ DUFKHRORJLF]Q\FK G]LDâDâ\ QD Z\REUDŭQLę

ZU]HF]\ZLVWRœFLQDWRPLDVWQLH]E\W]PLHQLDâ\PLHMVFDW\FKJURGyZZyZ

F]HVQ\FKUHNRQVWUXNFMDFKKLVWRU\F]Q\FKŬUyGâDSLVDQHQLHSR]ZDODâ\QD

XV]F]HJyâRZLHQLH F]\P E\â\ Z\PLHQLDQH Z QLFK RœURGNL 3RG MHGQ\P

Z]JOęGHPEDGDQLDPLOHQLMQH]DLQVSLURZDâ\GRœýWUZDOHKLVWRU\NyZ²GR

WUDNWRZDQLDJURGyZZUD]]SRGJURG]LDPLMDNRSURWRPLDVW]HZV]\VWNLPL

WHJRNRQVHNZHQFMDPLGODZL]MLG]LHMyZJRVSRGDUF]\FKWHJRRNUHVX

'UXJLPSRZRGHPHZHQWXDOQHJRSURWHVWXZREHFJâRV]RQHMWXWH]\

PRůHE\ýWRůHMHœOLQDZHWW\ONRSRZLHU]FKRZQLHSU]HMU]\P\SUDFHRFKD

UDNWHU]H RJyOQLHMV]\P GRW\F]ĊFH SRF]ĊWNyZ 3ROVNL WR ]DXZDů\P\

ůHPDWHULDâDUFKHRORJLF]Q\ZSRVWDFLLOXVWUDFMLU\VXQNyZ]GMęýQLHNLHG\

Z\NUHVyZMHVWSU]HGVWDZLDQ\ZGRœýERJDW\PZ\ERU]H1LHMHVWPRLP

]DPLDUHP ² FR RF]\ZLVWH ² SU]HF]HQLH IDNWRP DOH ůHE\ PyF RFHQLý

U]HF]\ZLVW\ ZNâDG DUFKHRORJLL Z REUD] 3ROVNL ZF]HVQRSLDVWRZVNLHM

QDOHů\ SU]HœOHG]Lý DUJXPHQWDFMę KLVWRU\NyZ Z NZHVWLDFK Z NWyU\FK

DUFKHRORJLDPDOXEPRJâDE\PLHýFRœGRSRZLHG]HQLD1LHPRůHP\GDý

VLę]ZLHœýW\ONR]HZQęWU]QHPXV]WDIDůRZLLOXVWUDF\MQHPXJG\ůQLHNLHG\

²MDNSU]\SXV]F]DP²LOXVWUDFMHE\â\ZSURZDG]DQHQLHSU]H]DXWRUyZ

DOH UHGDNWRUyZ L Z\GDZFyZ SR WR ůHE\ VDPĊ SXEOLNDFMę XDWUDNF\MQLý

LXâDWZLýMHMRGELyUSU]HFLęWQHPXF]\WHOQLNRZL

1DZHWUR]PLHV]F]HQLH

LOXVWUDFMLZWHNœFLHMHVWZWDNLFKZ\SDGNDFK]XSHâQLHSU]\SDGNRZHLEH]

3RU0RŭG]LRFK

1SLOXVWUDFMHZSRSXODUQRQDXNRZHMZHUVMLELRJUDILL0LHV]ND,,DXWRUVWZD*/DEX

G\ZHUVMDQDXNRZDQLHPDůDGQ\FKLOXVWUDFMLSU]\JRWRZDâHPRVRELœFLHQDů\F]HQLH

Z\GDZQLFWZDEH]NRQVXOWDFML]DXWRUHP6ĊG]ęůHZZLHOXSU]\SDGNDFKLOXVWUDFMH

WDNůHWHRGQRV]ĊFHVLęGRDUFKHRORJLLE\â\GRELHUDQHZSRGREQ\VSRVyE

background image

'$5,86=$1'5=(-6,.256.,

]ZLĊ]NX]WHNVWHP1LHMHGQRNURWQLHQDZLĊ]DQLHGREDGDľDUFKHRORJLF]

Q\FKE\âRSRG\NWRZDQHFKęFLĊGRVWRVRZDQLDVLęGRSHZQHMNRQZHQFML

NWyUD]DNâDGDâDůHPDWHULDâDUFKHRORJLF]Q\SRZLQLHQE\ýREHFQ\ZWHJR

URG]DMXSXEOLNDFMDFKDOHQLHSU]HNâDGDâRVLęWRQDEXGRZDQLHU]HF]\ZL

VWHMDUJXPHQWDFMLKLVWRU\F]QHMQDSRGVWDZLHŭUyGHâDUFKHRORJLF]Q\FK

: ]ELRURZ\P G]LHOH MDNLP E\â\ 3RF]ĊWNL 3DľVWZD 3ROVNLHJR ² SU]\

SRPQęůHSUDFDE\âDZ\GDQDZURNXF]\OLZWHG\NLHG\SLHUZV]H

Z\QLNLEDGDľPLOHQLMQ\FKE\â\MXů]QDQH²QDZHWWHNVW\œFLœOHDUFKHROR

JLF]QH PLDâ\ FKDUDNWHU LOXVWUDF\MQ\ D QLH DQDOLW\F]Q\

1D SU]\NâDG

:LWROG +HQVHO ]D FHO VZRMHM UR]SUDZ\ %XGRZQLFWZR REURQQH ]D F]DVyZ

SLHUZV]\FK3LDVWyZX]QDâÅ]DU\VRZDQLHJâyZQ\FKHOHPHQWyZZUR]ZRMX

SROVNLHJREXGRZQLFWZDREURQQHJRµ

7R]DJDGQLHQLH]RVWDâR]DWHPZ\L

]RORZDQH]FDâRœFLSUREOHPDW\NLLSRWUDNWRZDQHEH]]ZLĊ]NX]SURFH

VHPIRUPRZDQLDVLęZâDG]WZD3LDVWyZ5R]SDWU]RQRMHMDNRF]ęœýNXOWX

U\PDWHULDOQHMPLHV]NDľFyZ]LHPSROVNLFK3U]HVâDQLHPWHJRWHNVWXMHVW

SRND]DQLHLůÅEXGRZQLFWZRREURQQHMHVWUyZQLHůMHGQĊ]HZVND]yZHN

ůH]LHPLHSROVNLHUR]ZLMDâ\VLęSRP\œOQLHSU]HG;ZLHNLHPµ

3RGREQ\

FKDUDNWHUPLDâ\SR]RVWDâHZ\VWĊSLHQLDDUFKHRORJLF]QH-y]HID.RVWU]HZ

VNLHJR .D]LPLHU]D ŮXURZVNLHJR L =G]LVâDZD .DF]PDUF]\ND -HG\QLH

SUDFD=\JPXQWDŒZLHFKRZVNLHJRRSRF]ĊWNDFKQDMVWDUV]HMDUFKLWHNWXU\

PXURZDQHM E\âD QLH W\ONR ]HVWDZLHQLHP PDWHULDâX ŭUyGâRZHJR JG\ů

$XWRUVWDUDâVLęQDMHJRSRGVWDZLHZVND]Dý]MDNLFKNLHUXQNyZGRFLHUDâ\

QD]LHPLHSROVNLHQRZHLPSXOV\NXOWXURZH'RNRQDâZLęFLQWHUSUHWDFML

KLVWRU\F]QHMPDWHULDâXDUFKHRORJLF]QHJR

'RVNRQDâ\PSU]\NâDGHPLOXVWUXMĊF\PPLHMVFHŭUyGHâDUFKHRORJLF]

Q\FKZZDUV]WDFLHEDGDZF]\PKLVWRU\NDMHVWV\QWHW\F]QHXMęFLHSRF]ĊW

NyZ 3ROVNL *HUDUGD /DEXG\ MHG\QH NWyUH RSXEOLNRZDâ Z URNX

SRGW\WXâHP3LHUZV]HSDľVWZRSROVNLHZGREU]H]QDQHMVHULL']LHMH1DURGX

L3DľVWZD3ROVNLHJR

:SUDZG]LHMHVWWRSXEOLNDFMDSRSXODUQRQDXNRZD

DOHW\ONRZWHMSRVWDFL*/DEXGDQDMSHâQLHMZ\âRů\âVZRMHSRJOĊG\QD

SRF]ĊWNL3ROVNL1DVWURQLH]DPLHœFLâRQGZLHPDS\UR]PLHV]F]HQLD

JURG]LVNZ:LHONRSROVFHMHGQĊ]HVWDQHPGRSRâRZ\;ZLHNXGUXJĊ

RG]ZLHUFLHGODMĊFĊ VWDQ Z GUXJLHM SRâRZLH ; L Z SLHUZV]HM SRâRZLH

;,ZLHNXRGGDZDâ\V\WXDFMęMHV]F]HVSU]HGÅUHZROXFMLµGHQGURFKURQR

ORJLF]QHM 0RJâR WR VXJHURZDý ůH QD LFK SRGVWDZLH KLVWRU\N ]DF]QLH

7\PLHQLHFNLUHGZ\G

+HQVHOV

7DPůHV

/DEXGD3yŭQLHMGZXNURWQLHSU]HGUXNRZDQH²ZW\PUD]EH]LOXVWUDFML

background image

-DNZ\JOĊGDâDE\QDV]DZLHG]DRSRF]ĊWNDFK3ROVNLEH]ŭUyGHâ

NRQVWUXRZDýDUJXPHQWDFMęGODGDOV]HMF]ęœFLMHJRZ\ZRGyZ:U]HF]\ZL

VWRœFLQLHVâXůĊRQHMDNRPDWHULDâGRZRGRZ\ZDUJXPHQWDFML$XWRUDDOH

MHG\QLHPDMĊLOXVWURZDýWH]ęR«VWRSQLRZHMPLOLWDU\]DFMLVSRâHF]HľVWZD

7H]D R SRGERMX ZHZQęWU]Q\P MHVW EXGRZDQD Z\âĊF]QLH QD SRGVWDZLH

DQDORJLLMDNĊGOD]LHPSROVNLFKPDMĊE\ýSURFHV\NWyUH]DFKRG]Lâ\QD

5XVLDNWyUHVĊGRœýERJDWRLOXVWURZDQH]DSLVDPLŭUyGâRZ\PL]3RZLHœFL

PLQLRQ\FKODW²ŭUyGâDVWRVXQNRZRSyŭQHJR$QDOL]DPDWHULDâXDUFKHROR

JLF]QHJRMHVWWXSRPLQLęWDFKRFLDůZâDœQLHWHŭUyGâDPRJĊGRVWDUF]\ý

REV]HUQLHMV]HMDUJXPHQWDFML3RGREQLHU]HF]VLęPD]GLDJUDPHPSRND

]XMĊF\P UDP\ FKURQRORJLF]QH IXQNFMRQRZDQLD JURGyZ ZLHONRSROVNLFK

NWyUHJRZ\PRZD²DEVWUDKXMĊFRGQLHDNWXDOQ\FKG]LœGDQ\FKFKURQROR

JLF]Q\FK²E\âD]QDF]ĊFDDQDMHJRSRGVWDZLHPRůQDE\âRIRUPXâRZDý

UDF]HM WH]ę R ÅSU]HâRPLH SDľVWZRZRWZyUF]\Pµ ² Xů\ZDMĊF WHUPLQX

= .XUQDWRZVNLHM L 0 .DU\ ² QLů WH]ę IRUPXâRZDQĊ SU]H] /DEXGę

ůH ÅZ RGQLHVLHQLX GR SDľVWZD SLDVWRZVNLHJR SHâQH ]DVWRVRZDQLH PD

WHRULDHZROXFMLµ

0DMĊFyZGLDJUDPGRG\VSR]\FML*/DEXGDVWZLHUG]D

ůH ] EUDNX ŭUyGHâ QLH PDPRůOLZRœFL ÅRœZLHWOHQLD SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK ID]

WHJRSURFHVXµ

=GLDJUDPXHZLGHQWQLHZ\QLNDůHRSLV\ZDQH]MDZLVNR

PRůQDUR]G]LHOLýQDWU]\ID]\]DWHPZQLRVHNSR]QDľVNLHJRKLVWRU\ND

MHVW ]DVNDNXMĊF\ 3RGHMPXMĊF SUREOHP F]\ SDľVWZR SROVNLH SRZVWDâR

Z Z\QLNX NRQW\QXDFML F]\ SU]HZURWX

* /DEXGD FDâNRZLFLH RSLHUD

VLęQDŭUyGâDFKSLVDQ\FKLSUDFDFKKLVWRU\NyZ2SRZLDGDVLę]DPRGH

OHPHZROXF\MQ\P:WDNZDůQHMNZHVWLLMDNÅ]DSURZDG]HQLHFKU]HœFL

MDľVWZDZ3ROVFHµW\ONRUD]RGZRâXMHVLęGRŭUyGHâDUFKHRORJLF]Q\FK

ZyZF]DV JG\ V]XND DUJXPHQWX SU]HFLZ KLSRWH]LH R ZF]HœQLHMV]HM

REHFQRœFLQD]LHPLDFKSRâXGQLRZHM3ROVNLFKU]HœFLMDľVWZDZREU]ĊGNX

VâRZLDľVNLP 0D QLP E\ý XWU]\P\ZDQLH VLę FLDâRSDOHQLD Z REU]ĊGNX

SRJU]HERZ\PDůGRSRâRZ\;ZLHNX1LHPQLHMRV]F]ęGQ\ZRGZR

â\ZDQLXVLęGRŭUyGHâDUFKHRORJLF]Q\FKE\â/DEXGDZSU]\SDGNXDQD

OL]\SU]HPLDQZHZQęWU]Q\FKZ3ROVFH;LSLHUZV]HMSRâRZ\;,ZLHNX

7XWDMJâyZQLHRGZRâXMHVLęGRZ\QLNyZX]\VNDQ\FKPHWRGĊUHWURJUH

V\ZQĊ ² PDWHULDâ DUFKHRORJLF]Q\ MHVW W\ONR LOXVWUDFMĊ 7DNLH GDQH

MDNSRZLHU]FKQLDRVDGRWZDUW\FKLZLHONRœýDUHDâXXSUDZQHJRSU]\SDGD

MĊFDQDMHGQRJRVSRGDUVWZRZ9,²9,,,ZLHNXVĊSRGDQHEH]RGZRâDQLD

VLęGRGDQ\FKDUFKHRORJLF]Q\FKDVĊWRGDQHSU]\MęWH]DNDONXODFMDPL

RFKDUDNWHU]HVSHNXODW\ZQ\P

7DPůHV

7DPůH

7DPůHVQ

background image

'$5,86=$1'5=(-6,.256.,

2PDZLDQ\ WX V]HU]HM SU]\SDGHN * /DEXG\ MHVW V\PSWRPDW\F]Q\

GOD SROVNLHM PHGLHZLVW\NL -HœOL MXů Z ZDUV]WDFLH EDGDZF]\P KLVWRU\ND

SRMDZLDMĊVLęŭUyGâDDUFKHRORJLF]QHWRSHâQLĊUROęLOXVWUDFMLGRWH]Z\SUD

FRZDQ\FKSU]H]KLVWRU\NyZ:QLHOLF]Q\FKSU]\SDGNDFKEDGDQLDDUFKHR

ORJLF]QHVâXů\â\KLVWRU\NRPMHG\QLHGRZHU\ILNDFML]DSLVyZKLVWRU\F]Q\FK

$OH L Z W\P RVWDWQLP SU]\SDGNX SRGHMœFLH GR ŭUyGHâ DUFKHRORJLF]Q\FK

E\âRVSHF\ILF]QH0LDQRZLFLHZDUFKHRORJLLV]XNDQRSRSDUFLDŭUyGâRZHJR

GODSUHIHURZDQ\FKSU]H]KLVWRU\NyZWH]NWyUHZPDWHULDOHSLVDQ\PQLH

]QDMGRZDâ\Z\VWDUF]DMĊFHJRX]DVDGQLHQLDOXESRSURVWXV]XNDQRMDNLHJR

NROZLHN ZVSDUFLD GOD UR]ZDůDľ F]\VWR VSHNXODW\ZQ\FK NWyU\FK ZâDœQLH

VSHNXODW\ZQ\FKDUDNWHUQDJUXQFLHŭUyGHâSLVDQ\FKXNU\ZDQR²RLOHE\âD

W\ONRRND]MD²]DZ\JRGQ\PLEREDUG]LHMHODVW\F]Q\PLFKRýE\]HZ]JOęGX

QDQLHMHGQR]QDF]QĊFKURQRORJLęLQWHUSUHWDFMDPLPDWHULDâyZDUFKHRORJLF]

Q\FK3RQDGWRZLHOXKLVWRU\NyZQLHSRGHMPRZDâRVLęG\VNXVML]RND]MRQDO

QLH ZSURZDG]DQ\PL DUJXPHQWDPL ]DF]HUSQLęW\PL ] DUFKHRORJLL :\QLNL

EDGDľDUFKHRORJLF]Q\FKL QDGDZDQHLPSU]H]DUFKHRORJyZLQWHUSUHWDFMH

E\â\ WUDNWRZDQH MDNR SRGUęF]QD VNâDGQLFD GRJRGQ\FK Z IRUPXâRZDQLX

WH]KLVWRU\F]Q\FKDUJXPHQWyZZNWyU\FKKLVWRU\NPRůHSU]HELHUDýZH

GâXJSRWU]HEG\NWRZDQ\FKZ\PRZĊŭUyGHâSLVDQ\FK

-DNRQDMQRZV]\SU]\NâDGWUDNWRZDQLDŭUyGHâDUFKHRORJLF]Q\FKSU]H]

KLVWRU\NyZQLHFKSRVâXů\PRQRJUDILDG]LHMyZáęF]\F\RSXEOLNRZDQDSU]H]

7RPDV]D-XUND-HVWRQDF]ęœFLĊHG\FMLPDWHULDâyZ]EDGDľDUFKHRORJLF]

Q\FKJURGXZáęF]\F\SU]HSURZDG]RQ\FKZRVWDWQLPSyâZLHF]XRUD]NLONX

VWDQRZLVNX]QDQ\FK]DEH]SRœUHGQLRZLĊůĊFHVLę]W\PJURGHP

0RQR

JUDILDRG]ZLHUFLHGOD²MDNVĊG]ę²ZVSyâF]HVQHUR]XPLHQLHZVSyâSUDF\

KLVWRU\NyZLDUFKHRORJyZNWyUDZW\PSU]\SDGNXSRGNUHœORQDMHVWIDNWHP

ůHUHGDNWRUDPLWHMHG\FMLVĊDUFKHRORJLKLVWRU\N3RPLľP\QDSRWU]HE\

QLQLHMV]HJRZ\VWĊSLHQLDNZHVWLHDUFKHRORJLF]QH6ZRMH]DGDQLHZREOLF]X

GDQ\FKDUFKHRORJLF]Q\FK7-XUHNMDNRKLVWRU\NZLG]LQDVWęSXMĊFR

-DNE\QLHE\âRF]DV\WHSR]RVWDMĊQLHXFKZ\WQHGODZâDœFLZHJRKLVWRU\NDRSH

UXMĊFHJRSU]HND]DPLSLVHPQ\PL&DâDQDV]DZLHG]DRWHMHSRFHZVSLHUDVLęQD

GDQ\FK GRVWDUF]DQ\FK SU]H] DUFKHRORJLę &yů PD ]DWHP SRZWyU]P\ QLHZ\

JRGQHS\WDQLHGRSRZLHG]HQLDKLVWRU\N"-HJRURODRJUDQLF]\ýVLęPXVLGRSUyE\

ZPRQWRZDQLDV]F]HJyâRZ\FKXVWDOHľDUFKHRORJyZZSHZLHQV]HUV]\NRQWHNVW

L]EXGRZDQLD]QLFKMDNLHJRœFKRýE\KLSRWHW\F]QHJRREUD]X

=DMHGQR]ZDůQLHMV]\FKRVLĊJQLęýDUFKHRORJLLRGQRœQLHGRG]LHMyZ

áęF]\F\7-XUHNX]QDMHZQLHVLHQLHNRQNUHWQ\FKLGRNâDGQLHGDWRZDQ\FK

*U\JLHO-XUHNUHGDEF6LNRUVNL

*U\JLHO-XUHNUHGFV

background image

-DNZ\JOĊGDâDE\QDV]DZLHG]DRSRF]ĊWNDFK3ROVNLEH]ŭUyGHâ

LQIRUPDFML -HJR ]GDQLHP ÅGOD KLVWRU\ND ZLHG]D WR EH]FHQQD ² EęG]LH

PLDâD]QDF]HQLHGODZâDœFLZV]HJRRGF]\W\ZDQLDSU]HND]yZSLVHP

Q\FK >Z\UyůQLHQLH ² '$6@µ

:LG]LP\ ůH QDZHW G]LVLDM SRQDG Syâ

ZLHNX SR SLHUZV]\FK SROVNLFK UHIOHNVMDFK QDG Z\NRU]\VWDQLHP GDQ\FK

DUFKHRORJLF]Q\FKZSR]QDZDQLXZF]HVQHJRœUHGQLRZLHF]DPRW\ZDUFKHR

ORJLLMDNRVZRLVWHMQDXNLSRPRFQLF]HMKLVWRULLMHVWFLĊJOHů\Z\:\SRZLHGŭ

WDEĊGŭFREĊGŭKLVWRU\NDœUHGQLHJRSRNROHQLDSRND]XMHLůFLĊJOHSRNX

WXMH ZœUyG KLVWRU\NyZ Z\REUDůHQLH ůH WR ZâDœQLH RQL PDMĊ ]D ]DGDQLH

QDGDýRVWDWHF]Q\NV]WDâWSHZQHMRJyOQLHMV]HMZL]MLF]DVyZZF]HVQRSLD

VWRZVNLFK L GR KLVWRU\NyZ QDOHů\ GHF\]MD R Z\NRU]\VWDQLX PDWHULDâX

DUFKHRORJLF]QHJR $UFKHRORG]\ VĊ VSURZDG]HQL GR UROL GRVWDUF]\FLHOL

LQIRUPDFML 2FHQD SU]\GDWQRœFL UH]XOWDWyZ LFK EDGDľ PLHMVFD L UROL

ZUHNRQVWUXNFMLKLVWRU\F]QHMPD]QDMGRZDýVLęZUęNDFKKLVWRU\NyZ

6SUyEXMP\]DU\VRZDýGURJęNWyUDGRSURZDG]LâDGRREHFQHJRVWD

QXU]HF]\6WRVXQHNKLVWRU\NyZGRDUFKHRORJLLZ\QLNDâ]UR]ZRMXQDXNL

KLVWRU\F]QHMLDUFKHRORJLLZF]HVQHJRœUHGQLRZLHF]DRG;,;ZLHNXNLHG\

RELH WH G\VF\SOLQ\ DUFKHRORJLD MHV]F]H EH] VSHF\ILNDFML XNV]WDâWRZDâ\

VLęMDNRQDXNLZG]LVLHMV]\PVHQVLHWHJRWHUPLQX3RQLHZDůWUDG\FMDED

GDZF]D XNRQVW\WXRZDâD SRZV]HFKQLH SRG]LHODQH SU]HNRQDQLH R SLHUZ

V]HľVWZLHŭUyGHâSLVDQ\FKQDZHWQLH]Z\NOHVNURPQ\FKOLF]HEQLHLQDM

F]ęœFLHM ODNRQLF]Q\FK Z Z\PRZLH WR WD VDPD WUDG\FMD SU]HýZLF]RQD

QD EDGDQLDFK QDG DQW\NLHP X]QDâD DUFKHRORJLę ]D QDXNę SRPRFQLF]Ċ

NWyUDPLQ]DMPXMHVLęGRVWDUF]DQLHPQRZ\FKLQVNU\SFMLX]\VNLZDQ\FK

PHWRGDPL DUFKHRORJLF]Q\PL D GOD KLVWRU\NyZ V]WXNL ² GRVWDUF]DQLHP

QRZ\FKRELHNWyZV]WXNLDQW\F]QHM

'RSLHURZ;;ZLHNXGRVWU]HůRQR

VDPRG]LHOQĊ ZDUWRœý DUFKHRORJLL NODV\F]QHM GOD EDGDľ QDG KLVWRULĊ DQ

W\F]QĊ-HGQDNXNV]WDâWRZDQHZEDGDQLDFKQDGDQW\NLHPUHODFMHPLęG]\

KLVWRU\NDPL VWDURů\WQLNDPL D DUFKHRORJDPL NODV\F]Q\PL FLĊů\â\ Z F]D

VDFK SyŭQLHMV]\FK QD SRMPRZDQLX W\FK ]ZLĊ]NyZ QD LQQ\FK SRODFK

ZVSyOQ\FK]DLQWHUHVRZDľSU]HGVWDZLFLHOLREXG\VF\SOLQ1LHEH]SRZR

GX DUFKHRORJLD NODV\F]QD V]\EFLHM VLę XVDPRG]LHOQLâD ZREHF KLVWRULL

%RJDFWZR DUFKHRORJLF]QHJR PDWHULDâX ŭUyGâRZHJR MHJR LQIRUPDF\MQD

NRQNXUHQF\MQRœýZREHFSU]HND]yZSLVDQ\FK]F]DVyZDQW\F]Q\FKSR

WZLHUG]DQDZLHORNURWQLHQLH]EęGQRœýŭUyGHâDUFKHRORJLF]Q\FKDZNRľFX

XGDQHQDLFKSRGVWDZLHNRUHNW\SU]HND]yZSLVDQ\FKSRND]Dâ\ůHDUFKHR

ORJLDNODV\F]QDPDRJURPQ\SRWHQFMDâEDGDZF]\LMHVWSR]QDZF]RQLH

]DVWĊSLRQD QLH W\ONR ZWHG\ NLHG\ ŭUyGâD SLVDQH FDâNRZLFLH ]DZRG]Ċ

7DPůHV

3RU1LHPH\HU:LOOHUV6FKZHL]HU'\VRQ

background image

'$5,86=$1'5=(-6,.256.,

: SU]\SDGNX DUFKHRORJLL œUHGQLRZLHF]QHM G\VF\SOLQ\ ]QDF]QLH PâRG

V]HMSRZ\ůV]HF]\QQLNLVSU]\MDMĊFHXVDPRG]LHOQLHQLXRGKLVWRULLEDUG]R

GâXJRVLęQLHSRMDZLâ\/LF]EDEDGDQ\FKVWDQRZLVNSU]H]GâXJLF]DVE\âD

]QLNRPDZSRUyZQDQLXGRDUFKHRORJLLNODV\F]QHMEDGDQLDSURZDG]RQR

F]ęVWR SU]\SDGNRZR D SUREOHP\ ] GDWRZDQLHP ]DE\WNyZ UXFKRP\FK

LRELHNWyZ]QLHFKęFDâ\GRZ\VQXZDQLDQDLFKSRGVWDZLHMDNLFKœVDPR

G]LHOQ\FKZQLRVNyZKLVWRU\F]Q\FKDMXů]SHZQRœFLĊQLHWDNLFKNWyUH

SU]HFLZVWDZLDâ\ VLę ZLHG]\ KLVWRU\F]QHM RSDUWHM QD ŭUyGâDFK SLVDQ\FK

3URFHV XVDPRG]LHOQLDQLD VLę DUFKHRORJLL œUHGQLRZLHF]QHM WUZD ]QDF]QLH

GâXůHMQLůNODV\F]QHMLMHV]F]HVLęQLH]DNRľF]\â

6ĊG]ęLůDUFKHRORJLD

œUHGQLRZLHF]QD Z 3ROVFH MHVW QD W\OH UR]ZLQLęWD ůH SR]ZDOD DUFKHR

ORJRPQDSRGVWDZLHGRœýERJDWHJRLZPLDUęUHSUH]HQWDW\ZQHJRPDWH

ULDâX ŭUyGâRZHJR QD IRUPXâRZDQLH QLH]DOHůQ\FK RG KLVWRU\NyZ ZL]ML

QDMVWDUV]\FKG]LHMyZ3ROVNL

: SU]\SDGNX KLVWRULRJUDILL SROVNLHM SRGU]ęGQH WUDNWRZDQLH ŭUyGHâ

DUFKHRORJLF]Q\FKGRSRâRZ\;;ZLHNXE\âRXVSUDZLHGOLZLRQHZRJyOH

VâDE\PQDXNRZ\PUR]SR]QDQLHPDUFKHRORJLF]Q\PZF]HVQHJRœUHGQLR

ZLHF]D QD ]LHPLDFK SROVNLFK

%DGDQLD Z *QLHŭQLH ]DSRF]ĊWNRZD

QH Z ODWDFK GZXG]LHVW\FK ;; ZLHNX PLDâ\ FKDUDNWHU SRZLHU]FKQLR

Z\DEDGDQLDZHZQęWU]XNDWHGU\SURZDG]LâQLHPHWRG\F]QLHDUF\ELVNXS

$QWRQL/DXELW]3RGVXPRZDQLHPGDMĊF\PREUD]yZF]HVQHMZLHG]\MHVW

SUDFD ]ELRURZD SRG UHGDNFMĊ - .RVWU]HZVNLHJR ] URNX L VNURP

QH UHODFMH $ /DXELW]D

'UXJL ] RœURGNyZ SLDVWRZVNLFK 3R]QDľ

E\âGRF]DVyZEDGDľPLOHQLMQ\FKSRGREQLHVâDERUR]SR]QDQ\3LHUZV]H

Z\QLNLSUDFZ\NRSDOLVNRZ\FKXND]Dâ\VLęWXůSU]HGGUXJĊZRMQĊœZLD

WRZĊDOHQLHQDGDZDâ\VLęVSHFMDOQLHGRZ\NRU]\VWDQLDZEDGDQLDFKKL

VWRU\F]Q\FK

'RœýVNĊS\PLLQIRUPDFMDPLX]\VNDQ\PLDUFKHRORJLF]QLH

G\VSRQRZDQRSU]HGRVWDWQLĊZRMQĊMHG\QLHGOD6DQWRNDL.âHFND

JUyG

ZF]HVQRœUHGQLRZLHF]Q\Z%LVNXSLQLHE\âHNVSORURZDQ\SU]\RND]MLEDGDľ

RVDG\âXů\FNLHM

&]DVRSLVPDVSHFMDOLVW\F]QHGODDUFKHRORJLLPHGLHZLVW\F]QHM]DF]\QDMĊVLęXND

]\ZDý GRSLHUR RG ODW VLHGHPG]LHVLĊW\FK ;; ZLHNX Å$UFKpRORJLH PpGLpYDOHµ

RGURNXRUD]Å=HLWVFKULIWIUGLH$UFKDHRORJLHGHV0LWWHODOWHUVµRGURNX

3LHUZV]D NDWHGUD XQLZHUV\WHFND DUFKHRORJLL œUHGQLRZLHF]QHM SRZVWDâD Z NRľFX

ODWRVLHPG]LHVLĊW\FK;;ZLHNXZ%DPEHUJX

0DP WX QD P\œOL Z\âĊF]QLH EDGDQLD QDXNRZH D QLH NROHNFMRQHUVWZR EęGĊFH

Z\UD]HP]DLQWHUHVRZDľDQW\NZDU\F]Q\FK

.RVWU]HZVNLUHG/DXELW]

+HQVHODEF

+HQVHO

background image

-DNZ\JOĊGDâDE\QDV]DZLHG]DRSRF]ĊWNDFK3ROVNLEH]ŭUyGHâ

0LPR WHM QLHNRU]\VWQHM V\WXDFML WXů SR GUXJLHM ZRMQLH SRMDZLâ\ VLę

SUyE\ D ZâDœFLZLH SURMHNW\ Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQLD ŭUyGHâ DUFKHRORJLF]Q\FK

GRUR]ZLĊ]DQLD]DJDGQLHľSRZDůQLHMV]\FK=RILD:DUWRâRZVNDSRVWXOR

ZDâD SRGMęFLH DQDOL]\ EXGRZQLFWZD JURGRZHJR MDNR HOHPHQWX XVWURMR

ZHJR

-HU]\$QWRQLHZLF]ZLG]LDâ]DGDQLDDUFKHRORJLL]QDF]QLHV]HU]HM

QLůMHJRNROHG]\JG\ůXZDůDâůHŭUyGâDDUFKHRORJLF]QHVĊZDůQHWDNůH

GODSyŭQLHMV]HJRœUHGQLRZLHF]D

1DOHů\SRGNUHœOLýůHyZF]HVQ\VWDQDUFKHRORJLLœUHGQLRZLHF]QHMQLH

SR]ZDODâQDWUDNWRZDQLHŭUyGHâDUFKHRORJLF]Q\FKQLHW\ONRMDNRUyZQR

SUDZQ\FK ŭUyGâRP SLVDQ\P 1LH PRůQD E\âR Z VSRVyE ]QDF]ĊF\

Z]PRFQLýQDLFKSRGVWDZLH]DVREXŭUyGâRZHJRGRSR]QDQLDSRF]ĊWNyZ

3ROVNL 3RZRGyZ E\âR NLOND 1DMZDůQLHMV]\ GRW\F]\â RGZLHF]QHM SLęW\

DFKLOOHVRZHM DUFKHRORJLL œUHGQLRZLHF]QHM MDN L Z RJyOH DUFKHRORJLL MDNĊ

MHVWFKURQRORJLD=EUDNXSHZQ\FKGDWRZQLNyZLGRSLHURUR]ZLMDMĊFHMVLę

SR ZRMQLH NODV\ILNDFML SRGVWDZRZ\FK Z\]QDF]QLNyZ FKURQRORJLF]Q\FK

Z W\P FHUDPLNL GDWRZDQLH RELHNWyZ PLDâR FKDUDNWHU EDUG]R V]HURNLFK

SU]HG]LDâyZF]DVRZ\FK8WUXGQLDâRWRZPRQWRZDQLHW\FKGDQ\FKGRUH

NRQVWUXRZDQHJR SURFHVX KLVWRU\F]QHJR NWyU\ Z\PDJDâ ZLęNV]HM SUHF\]ML

FKURQRORJLF]QHM'RWHJR]F]HJRF]ęVWRQLH]GDZDQRVRELHZ\VWDUF]DMĊ

FRVSUDZ\XVWDOHQLDFKURQRORJL]XMĊFHE\â\GRSHZQHJRVWRSQLDVWHURZDQH

EDGDQLDPL KLVWRU\F]Q\PL 5HZROXFMD GHQGURFKURQRORJLF]QD ] NRľFD

;;ZLHNXZF]ęœFL]DUDG]LâDWHPXSUREOHPRZLSRND]XMĊFZMDN]QDF]

Q\P VWRSQLX GDZQD FKURQRORJLD SRVWDU]DâD ZLęNV]Rœý VWDQRZLVN ZF]H

VQRœUHGQLRZLHF]Q\FK3RQDGWRQLH]EęGQDED]DSRUyZQDZF]D]HZ]JOęGX

QDUHODW\ZQLHQLHZLHONĊOLF]EęœUHGQLRZLHF]Q\FKVWDQRZLVNDUFKHRORJLF]

Q\FKGâXJRE\âDQLHZ\VWDUF]DMĊFD7UXGQRE\âRZ\FLĊJDýZQLRVNLEDUG]LHM

JHQHUDOL]XMĊFH QD SRGVWDZLH ]E\W PDâHM OLF]E\ SU]HEDGDQ\FK VWDQRZLVN

:XMęFLX=.XUQDWRZVNLHML0.DU\WHQSRF]ĊWNRZ\HWDSUR]ZRMXDUFKHR

ORJLLZF]HVQRœUHGQLRZLHF]QHM]RVWDâQDVWęSXMĊFRSRGVXPRZDQ\

= WHJR SRZRGX ZœUyG PHGLHZLVWyZ XWUZDOLâ VLę P\OQ\ SRJOĊG ]DNâDGDMĊF\

EUDNDXWRQRPLF]QHJRFKDUDNWHUXŭUyGHâDUFKHRORJLF]Q\FKNWyUH]UDFMLRJUD

QLF]RQ\FKPRůOLZRœFLLQWHUSUHWDF\MQ\FKDWDNůHFKURQRORJL]DF\MQ\FKPRJâ\

MHG\QLHVâXů\ýMDNRLOXVWUDFMDWH]IRUPXâRZDQ\FKZGURG]HDQDOL]\ŭUyGHâSL

VDQ\FK6WHUHRW\SXWHJRQLHSU]HâDP\ZDâ\V\QWH]\SRF]ĊWNyZ3ROVNLVSRUD

G\F]QLHSLVDQHSU]H]DUFKHRORJyZZRNUHVLHÅPLOHQLMQ\Pµ

3RF]ĊWNRZRQLHSU]\GDZDQRPDWHULDâRPDUFKHRORJLF]Q\PLVWRWQLHM

V]HJR]QDF]HQLDGODUHNRQVWUXNFMLSURFHVXG]LHMRZHJR²WU]\PDMĊFVLęWHM

:DUWRâRZVND

$QWRQLHZLF]

.XUQDWRZVND.DUDV

background image

'$5,86=$1'5=(-6,.256.,

WHUPLQRORJLL3U]HFLHůZLVWQLHQLHJURGyZSLDVWRZVNLFKZ3R]QDQLXF]\

*QLHŭQLH QLNW QLH ZĊWSLâ ]DQLP MHV]F]H âRSDWD DUFKHRORJD RGVâRQLâD

SLHUZV]HSR]RVWDâRœFLZDâyZDyZF]HVQH²WMGRPLQXMĊFHGRODWRVLHP

G]LHVLĊW\FK ;; ZLHNX ² V]HURNLH Z F]DVLH GDWRZDQLD QDMZDůQLHMV]\FK

JURGyZE\â\WUDNWRZDQHMDNRSRWZLHUG]HQLHZF]HœQLHMVIRUPXâRZDQ\FK

WH]KLVWRU\F]Q\FKRGâXJLPSURFHVLHSURZDG]ĊF\PGRZ\NV]WDâFHQLDVLę

Z SRâRZLH ; ZLHNX SDľVWZD SLDVWRZVNLHJR 2GNU\FLD DUFKHRORJLF]QH

MHG\QLH XQDRF]QLâ\ WR FR VRELH PRůQD E\âR Z\REUD]Lý 0RůH W\ONR

RJURPRGNU\W\FK]DâRůHľREURQQ\FKSU]HUyVâWHZ\REUDůHQLD

3RF]ĊWNLDUFKHRORJLLZF]HVQRœUHGQLRZLHF]QHMEDUG]RV]\ENRSREX

G]Lâ\KLVWRU\NyZGRUHIOHNVMLPHWRGRORJLF]QHMFKRFLDůGâXJRQLHSU]\

EUDâDRQDSRVWDFLZSHâQLUR]EXGRZDQHMLE\â\WRUDF]HMUHIOHNVMHLLP

SUHVMH QLů SRZDůQLHMV]H DQDOL]\ -HGQ\P ] F]\QQLNyZ ]QLHFKęFDMĊF\FK

KLVWRU\NyZGRNRU]\VWDQLD]RVLĊJQLęýDUFKHRORJLLE\âD²MDNWRXMĊâMXů

ZURNX.7\PLHQLHFNL²Å]PLHQQRœýKLSRWH]OXESURVW\FKQDZHW

SU]\SXV]F]HľZSUHKLVWRULL>@F]ęVWRZSURVWGH]RULHQWXMĊFDGODKLVWRU\

ND NWyU\ SUDJQĊâE\ ] PDWHULDâyZ SUHKLVWRU\F]Q\FK NRU]\VWDý GOD ZâD

VQ\FKFHOyZQDXNRZ\FKµ-HVWWRXZDJDQLHVâ\FKDQLHWUDIQDLQLHVWHW\

FLĊJOH DNWXDOQD -HGQRF]HœQLH SR]QDľVNL PHGLHZLVWD VWZLHUG]Lâ ůH GR

ZVSyâSUDF\ ] DUFKHRORJLĊ ÅMHVW ZSURVW ]PXV]RQ\ JG\ů ² L WR Z W\P

Z\SDGNXQDMZDůQLHMV]H²œFLVâHMJUDQLF\PLęG]\KLVWRULĊDSUHKLVWRULĊQLH

GD VLę Z RJyOH SU]HSURZDG]Lý Z ]DNUHVLH SR]QDZF]\Pµ

: LQQ\P

PLHMVFX SLVDâ ůH ÅSU]HGPLRW KLVWRULL L SUHKLVWRULL MHVW RVWDWHF]QLH WHQ

VDPµ

DÅRGUęEQRœýW\FKGZyFKQDXNGDVLęZLęFVSURZDG]LýGRUyůQLF

Z]DNUHVLHKHXU\VW\NLJURPDG]HQLHPDWHULDâXLNU\W\NLµ

-XůZyZF]DV]HVWURQ\KLVWRU\NyZSODQXMĊF\FKZVSyâSUDFę]DUFKHR

ORJLĊZLGDýSHZQHJRURG]DMXZ\ůV]RœýZâDVQHMG\VF\SOLQ\QDGDUFKHROR

JLĊ²PLPRœZLDGRPRœFLůHMHG\QLHWDGUXJDPRůHGRVWDUF]\ýQRZ\FK

LQIRUPDFMLŭUyGâRZ\FK3U]HMDZLDVLęRQDMXůZSURJUDPRZ\PGODEDGDľ

PLOHQLMQ\FK WHNœFLH $OHNVDQGUD *LH\V]WRUD NWyU\ SRGNUHœODâ ůH VNRUR

ZHMœFLH DUFKHRORJLL Z RNUHV ZF]HVQRG]LHMRZ\ ]RVWDâR ÅZ\SURV]RQHµ

SU]H]KLVWRU\NyZWRZâDœQLHGRQLFKQDOHů\ÅZ\W\F]HQLHHWDSyZEDGDQLD

JHQH]\SDľVWZDSROVNLHJRµ

:SUDZG]LHSU]\]QDâůHSLHUZV]ĊWH]ĊMHVW

UyZQRU]ęGQRœýREXG\VF\SOLQDOHWH]DGUXJDEU]PLDâDLůÅSODQEDGDľ

7\PLHQLHFNLV

7DPůHV

7DPůHV

*LH\V]WRU6WRVXQHN$*LH\V]WRUDGRDUFKHRORJLLRPyZLâD(OůELHWD.RZDO

F]\N7DPWHůELEOLRJUDILDSUDF$*LH\V]WRUDRGQRV]ĊF\FKVLęGRDUFKHRORJLL

:NâDG*LH\V]WRUDZSURMHNWPLOHQLMQ\]DU\VRZDâ5\V]DUG.LHUVQRZVNL

background image

-DNZ\JOĊGDâDE\QDV]DZLHG]DRSRF]ĊWNDFK3ROVNLEH]ŭUyGHâ

ZF]HVQRG]LHMRZ\FKZ]DNUHVLHZ\NRSDOLVNXâRů\P\JâyZQLHQDSRGVWD

ZLHZLDGRPRœFLSâ\QĊF\FK]HŭUyGHâSLVDQ\FKµ

&KRFLDůZSLHUZV]\P

RNUHVLH]DâRůHQLHWRE\âRVâXV]QHWRXVXZDâR]KRU\]RQWXVWDQRZLVND

QLHPDMĊFHKLVWRULLSLVDQHM

3U]\F]\Q\ U]HF]\ZLVWHJR EUDNX DUFKHRORJLL Z NV]WDâWRZDQLX ZL]ML

SRF]ĊWNyZ 3ROVNL QDOHů\ FK\ED GRV]XNLZDý VLę Z W\P Lů KLVWRU\NRP

WUXGQR DGDSWRZDý SURSR]\FMH DUFKHRORJyZ ]H ZV]\VWNLPL LFK NRQVH

NZHQFMDPLGODGRW\FKF]DVRZHJRZLG]HQLDWHJRSUREOHPX:WHMV\WXDFML

F]ęVWRVWRVRZDQĊVWUDWHJLĊREURQQĊKLVWRU\NyZMHVW«LJQRURZDQLHZ\

PRZ\GDQ\FKDUFKHRORJLL

+LVWRU\F\ Z\SUDFRZDOL VZRLVW\ VXEVW\WXW GOD EDGDľ F]DVyZ VâDER

RœZLHWORQ\FKŭUyGâDPLSLVDQ\PLSR]ZDODMĊF\LPSRPLQĊýDUFKHRORJLę

-HVWQLPPHWRGDUHWURJUHV\ZQDNWyUDZ\GDZDâDVLęLZ\GDMHVLęQDGDO

KLVWRU\NRP QDMEDUG]LHM RELHFXMĊFD : RNUHVLH SU]HGDUFKHRORJLF]Q\P

]DQLPUR]SR]QDQLHDUFKHRORJLF]QHFRNROZLHN]DF]ęâRZQRVLýGRZLH

G]\RZF]HVQ\PœUHGQLRZLHF]XVLęJDQLHGRQLHME\âRSHZQĊNRQLHF]

QRœFLĊ DOHXSRUF]\ZH WU]\PDQLH VLęMHM ZREHFQHMV\WXDFML Z]JOęGQHM

REILWRœFLGDQ\FKDUFKHRORJLF]Q\FKMHVWMXůSRG\NWRZDQHZF]ęœFLLQ

Q\PLPRW\ZDPL1LH]QDF]\WRůHRGPDZLDPPHWRG]LHUHWURJUHV\Z

QHMXů\WHF]QRœFLZVSUDZDFKNWyUH]QDMGXMĊRG]ZLHUFLHGOHQLHMHG\QLH

ZŭUyGâDFKSLVDQ\FK3U]\ZLĊ]DQLHGRPHWRG\UHWURJUHV\ZQHMLMHMVWR

VRZDQLH Z NZHVWLDFK FRUD] OHSLHM RœZLHWORQ\FK PDWHULDâHP DUFKHROR

JLF]Q\PMXůZRNUHVLHEXMQHJRUR]ZRMXDUFKHRORJLLZF]HVQRG]LHMRZHM

Z\QLNDâR ] WHJR ůH âDWZLHM E\âR KLVWRU\NRP ]DSDQRZDý QDG PHWRGĊ

UHWURJUHV\ZQĊ FLĊJOH ŭUyGâD SLVDQH QLů ZHMœý Z QRZ\ GOD VLHELH

ZDUV]WDWDUFKHRORJLF]Q\0HWRGDUHWURJUHV\ZQDGDZDâDLGDMH]âXG]H

QLH ůH PRůQD SDQRZDQLH KLVWRU\NyZ QDG QDMZF]HœQLHMV]\P RNUHVHP

SU]HVXQĊýZJâĊEG]LHMyZQDZHWWDPJG]LHSUDNW\F]QLHQLHPDŭUyGHâ

SLVDQ\FK :DUWR SU]\SRPQLHý ůH QLHNWyUH NOXF]RZH GOD SRF]ĊWNyZ

3ROVNLWH]\X]\VNDQHWĊPHWRGĊQSZ\REUDůHQLHRRUJDQL]DFMLZâDG]WZD

SLHUZV]\FK3LDVWyZ0RG]HOHZVNLHJRL%XF]NDRRUJDQL]DFMLVâXůHEQHM

VĊZ\SUDFRZDQHZâDœQLHG]LęNLWHMPHWRG]LHDQLHQDSRGVWDZLHGRFLH

NDľDUFKHRORJLF]Q\FK=SXQNWXZLG]HQLDKLVWRU\NyZWDNRQNUHWQDSUyED

RND]DâD VLę VXNFHVHP JG\ů GR G]LVLDM WDNůH ZLęNV]Rœý DUFKHRORJyZ

SU]\MPXMH ZL]Mę RUJDQL]DFML ZâDG]WZD SLHUZV]\FK 3LDVWyZ Z\SUDFRZDQĊ

SU]H] KLVWRU\NyZ MDNR QDGU]ęGQĊ IXQGDPHQWDOQĊ VWUXNWXUę Z NWyUHM

PXV]Ċ VLę PLHœFLý LFK ZâDVQH LQWHUSUHWDFMH RGQRV]ĊFH VLę GR WHJR VD

PHJR]DJDGQLHQLD

*LH\V]WRUV

background image

'$5,86=$1'5=(-6,.256.,

0HWRGę Wę VWRVXMH VLę UyZQLHů Z NZHVWLDFK ] QDWXU\ DUFKHRORJLF]

Q\FKMDNQSGODRGWZRU]HQLDRVDGQLFWZDLPDS\SOHPLHQQHM]ZF]HVQH

JRœUHGQLRZLHF]D:XMęFLDFKKLVWRU\NyZVĊWR]DGDQLDUHDOL]RZDQHEH]

XZ]JOęGQLHQLDDQDOL]RVDGQLF]\FKSU]HSURZDG]RQ\FKQDSRGVWDZLHŭUy

GHâ DUFKHRORJLF]Q\FK $ WR RQH VĊ SRG W\P Z]JOęGHP ]GHF\GRZDQLH

EDUG]LHM Z\PRZQH 3RPLMDP WX G\VNXV\MQH NZHVWLH PHWRG\F]QH GRW\

F]ĊFHZLDU\JRGQRœFLPDWHULDâX]HEUDQHJRZSURMHNFLH$UFKHRORJLF]QHJR

=GMęFLD 3ROVNL DOH WHJR URG]DMX PDSę RSXEOLNRZDâ /HFK /HFLHMHZLF]

Z URNX SU]\ RND]ML GUXJLHJR Z\GDQLD 6âRZLDľV]F]\]Q\ =DFKRGQLHM

]QDPLHQQHůHZSLHUZV]\PZ\GDQLX]URNX//HFLHMHZLF]PLPR

NRPSHWHQFMLUHSUH]HQWRZDâMHV]F]HW\SRZ\SXQNWZLG]HQLDKLVWRU\ND

D GOD 6âRZLDľV]F]\]Q\ SRâDEVNLHM SU]\NâDGHP MHVW PDSD RSXEOLNR

ZDQDZ'LH6ODZHQLQ'HXWVFKODQG

&KRýE\ZQDMQRZV]HMSXEOLNDFMLPDWHULD

âyZ]áęF]\F\]DVLęJGRPQLHPDQHJRSOHPLHQLDGODNWyUHJRáęF]\FDPLD

âDE\ýJURGHPQDF]HOQ\PUHNRQVWUXRZDQ\MHVWSU]H]7-XUNDZ\âĊF]QLH

QDSRGVWDZLHGDQ\FKIL]MRJUDILF]Q\FKEH]XZ]JOęGQLHQLDVLHFLRVDGQLF]HM

=GUXJLHMVWURQ\QDZHWSUyE\V]HUV]HJRXZ]JOęGQLHQLDPDWHULDâXDU

FKHRORJLF]QHJRSRGMęWHSU]H]VDP\FKDUFKHRORJyZVĊF]ęVWR]PDJDQLHP

VLę]PDWHULĊF]\VWRKLVWRU\F]QĊ3URZDG]LWRGRSRGSRU]ĊGNRZ\ZDQLDVLę

DUFKHRORJyZ ZL]ML QDU]XFDQHM SU]H] KLVWRU\NyZ &LĊů\ WR QLHVWHW\ QD

MDNE\VLęZ\GDZDâRF]\VWRDUFKHRORJLF]QHMPRQRJUDILLSRF]ĊWNyZ3ROVNL

DXWRUVWZD0.DU\

$XWRUPLPRSUyEXZROQLHQLDVLęRGZL]MLKLVWRU\

NyZ L NU\W\F]QHJR VWRVXQNX GR UHODFML PLęG]\ KLVWRULĊ D DUFKHRORJLĊ

ZRNUHVLHEDGDľPLOHQLMQ\FKZZLHOXNOXF]RZ\FKPRPHQWDFKFK\EDQLH

œZLDGRPLHSRGSRU]ĊGNRZXMHZâDVQĊLQWHUSUHWDFMęŭUyGHâDUFKHRORJLF]Q\FK

W]Z XVWDOHQLRP KLVWRU\NyZ ,QQ\P SU]\NâDGHP PRůH E\ý VHULD NVLĊůHN

DXWRUVWZD3U]HP\VâDZD8UEDľF]\NDNWyUH²]DVNDNXMĊFR]HZ]JOęGXQD

SURIHVMę$XWRUD²UHODW\ZQLHVâDERRSLHUDMĊVLęQDPDWHULDOHDUFKHRORJLF]

Q\P

7DNLHSUREOHP\MDNÅ2GªSOHPLHQLD©GRSDľVWZDµÅ2GJURGX

GRPLDVWDµÅ=PLDQ\VWUXNWXUZâDG]\ZSyâQRFQHMF]ęœFL(XURS\ŒURG

NRZHMZ,W\VLĊFOHFLXQHµNWyUHVXJHUXMĊůHDUFKHRORJLDPRůHZSHZQHM

F]ęœFLZQLHœýFRœZâDVQHJRLQDWOHGRW\FKF]DVRZ\FKVSRUyZZKLVWRULR

JUDILLXQLNDOQHJRVĊGRœýSRZLHU]FKRZQLHRVDG]RQHZDUFKHRORJLL

:RVWDWQLHMGHNDG]LHSRMDZLâ\VLę²MDNPLVLęZ\GDMH²V\PSWRP\

VZRLVWHJR SU]HâRPX RGZUyFHQLD ]DOHůQRœFL PLęG]\ DUFKHRORJLĊ œUHG

+HUUPDQQUHG

.DUDSRU6LNRUVNL

8UEDľF]\N L MHM ZHUVMD ]PXWRZDQD 3RU 6LNRUVNL RUD]

GDOV]\FLĊJG\VNXVMLZ6LNRUVNL8UEDľF]\N

background image

-DNZ\JOĊGDâDE\QDV]DZLHG]DRSRF]ĊWNDFK3ROVNLEH]ŭUyGHâ

QLRZLHF]QĊ D KLVWRULĊ &RUD] F]ęœFLHM ZLGRF]QH MHVW WR QD UD]LH Z SUD

FDFK DQDOLW\F]Q\FK 7HUD] WR KLVWRU\F\ SRGSRU]ĊGNRZXMĊ VLę ZL]MRP

VQXW\PSU]H]DUFKHRORJyZQDSRGVWDZLHLFKEDGDľŭUyGHâDUFKHRORJLF]

Q\FKNWyUH²QDZLDVHPPyZLĊF²QDHWDSLHMHV]F]HDQDOLW\F]Q\PPLH

V]DMĊ ] GDQ\PL KLVWRU\F]Q\PL -Xů G]LVLDM PDâR NWyU\ KLVWRU\N ZĊWSL

ůHSDľVWZRSROVNLHSRZVWDâRZGUXJLHMýZLHUFL;ZLHNXDSURFHVMHJRSR

ZVWDQLDE\âUHODW\ZQLHNUyWNLDOHSRGZ]JOęGHP]DNUHVXSRMDZLDMĊF\FK

VLęZyZF]DV]PLDQQLH]Z\NOHLQWHQV\ZQ\WDNMDNWR]DU\VRZDOL.XUQD

WRZVND ] .DUĊ 2EHFQH SRGSRU]ĊGNRZ\ZDQLH VLę KLVWRU\NyZ MHVW MDN

OXVWU]DQHRGELFLHZF]HœQLHMV]\FKUHODFMLNLHG\DUFKHRORG]\EH]NU\W\F]QLH

SU]HMPRZDOLUyůQHNRQFHSFMHSRZVWDâHQDELXUNDFKKLVWRU\NyZVWDUDMĊF

VLę MHG\QLH GRSDVRZDý VZRMH ZQLRVNL GR GDQ\FK KLVWRU\F]Q\FK 7HUD]

WRKLVWRU\F\VĊFRUD]F]ęœFLHM]PXV]HQLGRSU]\MęFLDSRGREQHMSRVWDZ\

SRGREQLHEH]NU\W\F]QHMÐZEUDNNU\W\F\]PXZ\QLNDQDMF]ęœFLHM]QLH

]UR]XPLHQLD ZDUV]WDWX EDGDZF]HJR GUXJLHM G\VF\SOLQ\ L SU]\MPRZDQLD

UH]XOWDWyZSRV]F]HJyOQ\FKDQDOL]ÅQDZLDUęµNLHG\WRJâRVMHGQHJRDU

FKHRORJDEUDQ\MHVW]DVWDQRZLVNRDUFKHRORJLLMDNRWDNLHM7DNMDNNLHG\œ

DUFKHRORG]\F]XOLVLęSU]\WâRF]HQLRJURPHP²]LFKSXQNWXZLG]HQLD²

SHZQ\FK LQIRUPDFML NWyUH GRVWDUF]DOL KLVWRU\F\ WDNWHUD] WR KLVWRU\F\

Z REOLF]X PDVRZR SU]\UDVWDMĊFHJR PDWHULDâX DUFKHRORJLF]QHJR L Z\QL

NyZ MHJR DQDOL] F]XMĊ VLę SU]\WâRF]HQL LQIRUPDFMDPL GRVWDUF]DQ\PL

SU]H] DUFKHRORJLę

1LHVWHW\ V\QWHW\F]Q\ REUD] SRF]ĊWNyZ PRQDUFKLL

SLDVWRZVNLHM MHVW FLĊJOH NRQVWUXRZDQ\ EH] Z\NRU]\VWDQLD GDQ\FK NWyUH

RIHUXMĊQDPEDGDQLDDUFKHRORJLF]QH

1DNRQLHFMDNRSHZLHQSRVWXODWZDUWRE\VLę]DVWDQRZLýMDNZ\

JOĊGDâDE\ZL]MDWHJRFRVLęG]LDâRQD]LHPLDFKSROVNLFKZ;LZSLHUZ

V]HM SRâRZLH ;, ZLHNX ZLG]LDQD EH] ŭUyGHâ KLVWRU\F]Q\FK MHG\QLH

]SHUVSHNW\Z\ŭUyGHâLZLHG]\DUFKHRORJLF]QHM

:\ND]F\WRZDQ\FKRSUDFRZDĔ

$QWRQLHZLF]-
2PHWRGęDUFKHRORJLF]QĊZEDGDQLDFKQDGQDV]\PœUHGQLRZLHF]HPÅ1DXNDL6]WXNDµ

QUV²

'\VRQ6/
,Q3XUVXLWRI$QFLHQW3DVWV$+LVWRU\RI&ODVVLFDO$UFKDHRORJ\LQWKH1LQHWHHQWKDQG

7ZHQWLHWK&HQWXULHV1HZ+DYHQ²/RQGRQ

3UREOHPWHQV]HU]HMRPDZLDPZ6LNRUVNL

background image

'$5,86=$1'5=(-6,.256.,

*LH\V]WRU$
3ROVNLH PLOOHQLXP = ]DJDGQLHľ ZVSyâSUDF\ KLVWRULL L DUFKHRORJLL ZF]HVQRG]LHMRZHM

Å3U]HJOĊG+LVWRU\F]Q\µW]GRGDWNRZ\V²

*U\JLHO5-XUHN7UHG
D 3RF]ĊWNLáęF]\F\W$UFKHRORJLDœURGRZLVNRZDœUHGQLRZLHF]QHMáęF]\F\3U]\URGD²

*RVSRGDUND²6SRâHF]HľVWZRáyGŭ

E 3RF]ĊWNLáęF]\F\W$UFKHRORJLDRSRF]ĊWNDFKáęF]\F\áyGŭ
F 3RF]ĊWNLáęF]\F\W:NUęJXKLVWRULLLKLVWRULLV]WXNLáyGŭ

+HQVHO:
D 3R]QDľZF]HVQRG]LHMRZ\Å.URQLND0LDVWD3R]QDQLDµ5QUV²
E =DJDGQLHQLHSRF]ĊWNyZ3R]QDQLDLNZHVWLDMHJRVWRâHF]QHJRFKDUDNWHUXZœZLHWOHZ\QL

NyZ SUDF Z\NRSDOLVNRZ\FK QD 2VWURZLH 7XPVNLP Å.URQLND 0LDVWD 3R]QDQLDµ
5QUV²

F =DâRůHQLH3R]QDQLDLMHJRQDMVWDUV]HG]LHMHZœZLHWOHZ\NRSDOLVNÅ=2WFKâDQL:LH

NyZµ5QU²V²

*UyG ZF]HVQRG]LHMRZ\ Z .âHFNX Z SRZ JQLHŭQLHľVNLP Å:LDGRPRœFL $UFKHROR

JLF]QHµWV²

%XGRZQLFWZRREURQQH]DF]DVyZSLHUZV]\FK3LDVWyZ>Z@3RF]ĊWNL3DľVWZD3ROVNLHJR

.VLęJD 7\VLĊFOHFLD W 2UJDQL]DFMD SROLW\F]QD UHG . 7\PLHQLHFNL 3R]QDľ

+HUUPDQQ-UHG
'LH6ODZHQLQ'HXWVFKODQG*HVFKLFKWHXQG.XOWXUGHUVODZLVFKHQ6WlPPHZHVWOLFKYRQ

2GHUXQG1HL‰HYRPELV-DKUKXQGHUW(LQ+DQGEXFKQRZHRSUDF9HU|I
IHQWOLFKXQJHQ GHV =HQWUDOLQVWLWXWV IU $OWH *HVFKLFKWH XQG $UFKlRORJLH GHU
$NDGHPLHGHU:LVVHQVFKDIWHQGHU''5W%HUOLQ

-XUHN7.L]LN(
+LVWRULD3ROVNLGR:DUV]DZD
.DUD0
1DMVWDUV]H SDľVWZR 3LDVWyZ ² UH]XOWDW SU]HâRPX F]\ NRQW\QXDFML" 6WXGLXP DUFKHROR

JLF]QH3R]QDľ

.LHUVQRZVNL5
:VSRPLQDMĊF $OHNVDQGUD *LH\V]WRUD Z Å0LOOHQLXPµ Å3U]HJOĊG +LVWRU\F]Q\µ

W]V²

.RVWU]HZVNL-UHG
*QLH]QRZ]DUDQLXG]LHMyZRG9,,,GR;,,,ZZœZLHWOHZ\NRSDOLVN%LEOLRWHND

3UHKLVWRU\F]QDW3R]QDľ

background image

-DNZ\JOĊGDâDE\QDV]DZLHG]DRSRF]ĊWNDFK3ROVNLEH]ŭUyGHâ

.RZDOF]\N(

$OHNVDQGHU*LH\V]WRU²SU]\MDFLHODUFKHRORJLLLDUFKHRORJyZÅ3U]HJOĊG+LVWRU\F]Q\µ

W]V²

.XUQDWRZVND=

3RF]ĊWNL3ROVNL0DâD%LEOLRWHND3731W3R]QDľ
.XUQDWRZVND=.DUD0

:F]HVQRSLDVWRZVNLHUHJQXP²MDNSRZVWDâRLMDNLPLDâRFKDUDNWHU"3UyEDVSRMU]HQLD

RGVWURQ\ŭUyGHâDUFKHRORJLF]Q\FKÅ6ODYLD$QWLTXDµWV²

/DEXGD*

3LHUZV]HSDľVWZRSROVNLH']LHMH1DURGXL3DľVWZD3ROVNLHJRW.UDNyZ

0LHV]NR,,NUyO3ROVNL²&]DV\SU]HâRPXZG]LHMDFKSDľVWZDSROVNLHJR

.UDNyZ

0LHV]NR,:URFâDZ
/DXELW]$

2 SRF]ĊWNDFK .RœFLRâD JQLHŭQLHľVNLHJR Z œZLHWOH RVWDWQLFK EDGDľ Z\NRSDOLVNRZ\FK

Å%LXOHW\Q+LVWRULL6]WXNLL.XOWXU\µ5QUV²

/HFLHMHZLF]/

6âRZLDQLH=DFKRGQL=G]LHMyZWZRU]HQLDVLęœUHGQLRZLHF]QHM(XURS\:URFâDZ
áRZPLDľVNL+

3RF]ĊWNL3ROVNLW:DUV]DZD

3RF]ĊWNL3ROVNLWF]:DUV]DZD
0DQWHXIIHO7UHG

3ROVNDSLHUZV]\FK3LDVWyZ3DľVWZR²VSRâHF]HľVWZR²NXOWXUD:DUV]DZD
0RŭG]LRFK6

*URG\ZF]HVQRSLDVWRZVNLHZœZLHWOHZ\QLNyZW]ZEDGDľÅPLOHQLDOQ\FKµRUD]HIHNWyZ

QDMQRZV]\FK SUDF Z\NRSDOLVNRZ\FK >Z@ 0H]L UDQëP D YUFKROQëP VWőHGRYěNHP

3DYOX.RXőLORYLNäHGHViWëPQDUR]HQLQiPSőiWHOpNROHJRYpDæiFLUHG-'ROHæHO

0:LKRGD%UQRV²

1LHPH\HU+*:LOOHUV'6FKZHL]HU%

.ODVVLVFKH$UFKlRORJLH>Z@'HU1HXH3DXO\W6WXWWJDUWV²
6LNRUVNL'$

3RZVWDQLH SDľVWZD 3LDVWyZ Z œZLHWOH QDMQRZV]\FK EDGDľ DUFKHRORJLL œUHGQLRZLHF]QHM

Å5RF]QLNL+LVWRU\F]QHµ5V²

$UFKHRORJLDLKLVWRULDZHZ]DMHPQ\FKUHODFMDFKLSUDNW\FHQDXNRZHM>Z@$UFKDHRORJLD

YHUVXV KLVWRULDP ² KLVWRULD YHUVXV DUFKDHRORJLDP F]\OL MDN ZVSyOQLH SR]QDZDý œUHGQLR

ZLHF]H" UHG 0 %U]RVWRZLF] 0 3U]\E\â '$ 6LNRUVNL 3UDFH .RPLVML $U

FKHRORJLF]QHM3731W3R]QDľV²

background image

'$5,86=$1'5=(-6,.256.,

0LHV]NR 3LHUZV]\ 7DMHPQLF]\ L MHV]F]H EDUG]LHM WDMHPQLF]D PHWRGD KLVWRULRJUDILF]QD

Å5RF]QLNL+LVWRU\F]QHµ5V²

0LHV]NR,PQLHMMXůWDMHPQLF]\RGSRZLHGŭ3U]HP\VâDZRZL8UEDľF]\NRZLÅ5RF]QL

NL+LVWRU\F]QHµ5V²

UHF3RF]ĊWNLáęF]\F\UHG5*U\JLHO7-XUHNW²áyGŭÅ6ODYLD$Q

WLTXDµWV²

6WU]HOF]\N-

0LHV]NR,3R]QDľ

%ROHVâDZ&KUREU\3R]QDľ
6]F]XU6

+LVWRULD3ROVNLŒUHGQLRZLHF]H.UDNyZ
7\PLHQLHFNL.

+LVWRULDLSUHKLVWRULDÅ5RF]QLNL+LVWRU\F]QHµ5]V²

3ROVNDZœUHGQLRZLHF]X:DUV]DZD
7\PLHQLHFNL.UHG

3RF]ĊWNL3DľVWZD3ROVNLHJR.VLęJD7\VLĊFOHFLDW²3R]QDľ
8UEDľF]\N3

7UXGQHSRF]ĊWNL3ROVNL:URFâDZ

0LHV]NR3LHUZV]\7DMHPQLF]\7RUXľ

)XURU6LNRUVFLDQXVF]\OLSU\QF\SLDOQ\VWUDůQLNRUWRGRNVMLÅ5RF]QLNL+LVWRU\F]QHµ

5V²

=DQLP3ROVND]RVWDâD3ROVNĊ:URFâDZ
:DUWRâRZVND=

0HWRG\F]QHEDGDQLDJURG]LVND]DJDGQLHQLHXVWURMXVSRâHF]QHJRÅŒZLDWRZLWµW

:\UR]XPVNL-

']LHMH3ROVNLSLDVWRZVNLHM9,,,ZLHN²:LHOND+LVWRULD3ROVNLW.UDNyZ
ŮDNL$

$UFKHRORJLD 0DâRSROVNL ZF]HVQRœUHGQLRZLHF]QHM 3UDFH .RPLVML $UFKHRORJLF]QHM

3$12GG]LDâZ.UDNRZLHQU:URFâDZ

:KDWZRXOGRXUNQRZOHGJHDERXWWKHEHJLQQLQJVRI3RODQG

ORRNOLNHZLWKRXWWKHDUFKHRORJLFDOVRXUFHV"

6XPPDU\

7KH DXWKRU SXWV IRUZDUG WKH WKHVLV WKDW LQ WKH VWXGLHV RQ WKH EHJLQQLQJV

RI WKH 3ROLVK VWDWH DUFKHRORJLFDO VRXUFHV ZHUH QRW FRQVLGHUHG FRJQLWLYHO\ LQGH

background image

-DNZ\JOĊGDâDE\QDV]DZLHG]DRSRF]ĊWNDFK3ROVNLEH]ŭUyGHâ

SHQGHQW XQWLO WKH ODVW EXW RQH GHFDGH RI WKH

WK

FHQWXU\ $OWKRXJK VLQFH WKH

EHJLQLQJRIPRUHVHULRXVVWXGLHVRQHDUO\3ROLVK0LGGOH$JHVKLVWRULDQVZLOOLQJO\

UHIHUUHGWRDUFKHRORJLFDOVRXUFHVEXWWKH\ZHUHFLWHGDVDQH[FOXVLYHO\LOOXVWUDWLRQ

RUWRVWUHQJWKHQWKHWKHVLVHODERUDWHGRQWKHEDVLVRIZULWWHQVRXUFHV2QO\LQWKH

ODVWWKUHHGHFDGHVVXFFHVVIXODWWHPSWVWRWUHDWDUFKHRORJLFDOVRXUFHVDVFRPSOHWHO\

LQGHSHQGHQW IURP WKH ZULWWHQ VRXUFHV EDVLV IRU WKH UHFRQVWUXFWLRQ RI FHUWDLQ

DVSHFWVRIKLVWRULFDOSURFHVVHVLQWKH

WK

DQG

WK

FHQWXULHVKDYHDSSHDUHG7KH

DXWKRUDQDO\]HVWKHUHDVRQVIRUWKHUHODWLYHO\ODWHUHDOLQFOXVLRQRIDUFKHRORJ\LQWR

VWXGLHVRQWKHEHJLQQLQJVRIWKH3ROLVKVWDWHDPRQJZKLFKWKHPRVWLPSRUWDQW

DUHDDVVXPLQJWKHSUHYDOHQFHRIZULWWHQVRXUFHVRYHUWKHDUFKHRORJLFDORQHVE\

DUFKHRORJLVWVWKHPVHOYHVEORQJSHULRGRIUHODWLYHO\ZHDNDUFKHRORJLFDOUHFRJQL

WLRQRIWKH3ROLVKODQGLQWKH

WK

DQG

WK

FHQWXULHVZKLFKPDGHLWLPSRVVLEOH

WR GUDZ ELQGLQJ FRQFOXVLRQV DQG F XQWLO WKH GHQGURFKURQRORJLFDO UHYROXWLRQ

GDWLQJ SKHQRPHQD REVHUYHG E\ DUFKHRORJLVWV ZDV QRW SUHFLVH HQRXJK IRU WKH

QHHGVRIKLVWRULFDOUHFRQVWUXFWLRQ

GUKDE'DULXV]$QGU]HM6LNRUVNL

,QVW\WXW+LVWRULL

8QLZHUV\WHWLP$GDPD0LFNLHZLF]DZ3R]QDQLX

XO8PXOWRZVND'

3R]QDľ

GDULXV]VLNRUVNL#DPXHGXSO

background image


Wyszukiwarka

Podobne podstrony:
praktyczny z protetyki jak wygląda
Słówka, Jak wygląda niedziela oglądana przez, Jak wygląda niedziela oglądana przez
3 jak wygląda Twoja droga do szkoły, scenariusze zajęć kl. I-III
Historia muzeów Jak wyglądało pierwsze muzeum
Condohotel jak wygląda inwestycja w pokój hotelowy i ile można na tym zarobić ebook demo
Historia muzeów, Jak wyglądało pierwsze muzeum
WSZECHŚWIAT JAK NOWY, NAUKA, WIEDZA
Program Funkcje potęgowe służy do rysowania i sprawdzania jak wygląda wybrana funkcja potęgowa , Pro
JAK WYGLĄDA WIATR - plastyka, Scenariusze zajęć przedszkole czterolatki
Trening autogenny - jak wygląda i czemu służy, RELAX, Trening autogenny
Miałem pytanie jak wygląda aspergiloza w płucach, weterynaria, Anapaty
Jak wygląda życie po śmierci
Spisek wszech czasów Jak wygląda nowy porządek świata
Jak wyglądał dzień więźnia w obozie
Jak wygląda egzamin język obcy
jak zorganizować naszą przestrzeń dyskową, Do Systemu, Instrukcje instalacji
PIWO JAK WINO, NAUKA, WIEDZA

więcej podobnych podstron