PERSONAL USE
ONLY
436
Olga Nowotny-Czupryna
1(A,E,F)
, Krzysztof Czupryna
2(B,D,F)
,
Anna Brzêk
1(C)
, Anna Kowalczyk
2(B)
,
Ma³gorzata Domagalska
2(D)
, Andrzej Szopa
2(D)
1
Zak³ad Kinezjologii, Œl¹ski Uniwersytet Medyczny, Katowice
2
Katedra i Zak³ad Fizjoterapii, Œl¹ski Uniwersytet Medyczny, Katowice
1
Division of Kinesiology, Silesian Medical University, Katowice
2
Department and Division of Physiotherapy, Silesian Medical University, Katowice
Wp³yw obci¹¿enia zewnêtrznego u dzieci
ze skoliozami na zmiany kompensacji
ciê¿arowej w warunkach statycznych oraz
zachowanie siê miednicy podczas chodu
The influence of external loading on weight
compensatory changes and pelvic behaviour
during walking in scoliotic children
S³owa kluczowe: skoliozy, si³y nacisku stóp na pod³o¿e, chód, obci¹¿enie zewnêtrzne,
wyznaczniki chodu
Key words: scolioses, foot pressure, gait/locomotion, external loading, gait determinants
STRESZCZENIE
Wstêp. Charakterystyczne dla rozwoju skoliozy s¹ kompensacyjne zmiany przestrzennego uk³adu segmentów cia³a. Dodatko-
we obci¹¿enia zewnêtrzne mog¹ powodowaæ nasilenie istniej¹cych objawów zarówno w warunkach statycznych, jak i dynamicz-
nych. Wa¿ny jest powtarzaj¹cy siê codziennie sposób noszenia ciê¿kich przedmiotów. Celem pracy by³a ocena zmian niektórych
parametrów statycznych i dynamicznych pod wp³ywem noszenia baga¿u szkolnego przez dziecko ze skolioz¹.
Materia³ i metody. Badano 36 dzieci z niskostopniowymi skoliozami, w wieku 8-15 lat. Na platformie baropedograficznej reje-
strowano rozk³ad si³ nacisku stóp na pod³o¿e w warunkach statycznych – bez dodatkowego obci¹¿enia oraz z obci¹¿eniem ze-
wnêtrznym, trzymanym w ró¿norodny sposób (symetryczny b¹dŸ asymetryczny). Przeprowadzono te¿ trójp³aszczyznow¹ analizê
chodu. Dane rejestrowano podczas chodu bez obci¹¿enia i z obci¹¿eniem zewnêtrznym noszonym w ró¿norodny sposób.
Wyniki. Stwierdzono objawy asymetrii si³ nacisku stóp na pod³o¿e, nasilaj¹ce siê podczas obci¹¿enia zewnêtrznego – zarów-
no w próbie z symetrycznym, jak i asymetrycznym sposobem trzymania baga¿u szkolnego. Nie stwierdzono ca³kowicie jedno-
znacznego zwi¹zku tych zmian z parametrami postawy. Stwierdzono równie¿ objawy asymetrii chodu, nasilaj¹ce siê podczas asy-
metrycznego obci¹¿enia zewnêtrznego. Najwiêksze zmiany odnotowano w obrêbie wyznaczników chodu dotycz¹cych miednicy,
o czym bardziej decydowa³ sposób noszenia baga¿u szkolnego, ani¿eli parametry postawy.
Wnioski. Obci¹¿enia zewnêtrzne nasilaj¹ asymetriê rozk³adu si³ nacisku stóp na pod³o¿e, czego przyczyn¹ s¹ trudne do prze-
widzenia samoistne przemieszczenia kompensacyjne, a sposób noszenia baga¿u szkolnego przez dziecko ze skolioz¹ nie jest
w pe³ni obojêtny.
SUMMARY
Background. Compensatory changes in the spatial arrangement of body segments are a characteristic sign of the develop-
ment of scoliosis. Additional external loads may lead to intensification of existing signs in both static and dynamic conditions. The
manner of carrying heavy objects on a daily basis is a key factor here. The aim of this paper was to assess some changes in stat-
ic and dynamic parameters associated with carrying the school pack in children with scoliosis.
Material and methods. Thirty-six children aged 8-15 years with low-grade scoliosis were examined. Foot pressure in static
conditions was recorded using a force platform without additional loading, and with a 4 kg external load carried in a symmetric or
asymmetric manner. Three-dimensional gait analysis was also performed using a Zebris® system. Parameters were registered dur-
ing walking without and with the external load.
Results. Signs of asymmetric foot pressures were observed that intensified during external loading of spine (both symmetric and
asymmetric). These changes were not clearly related to body posture parameters. There were also signs of gait asymmetry that inten-
sified during walking with asymmetrical external loading. The most marked changes were observed with respect to pelvis-related gait
determinants. The magnitude of changes was related to the manner of carrying the school pack rather than to body posture parameters.
Conclusions. External loads intensify the asymmetry of foot pressure distribution as a result of spontaneous and unpredictable
compensatory dislocations. The manner of carrying the school pack is not irrelevant in children with scoliosis.
A
RTYKU£ ORYGINALNY /
O
RIGINAL ARTICLE
Zaanga¿owanie Autorów
A – Przygotowanie projektu
badawczego
B – Zbieranie danych
C – Analiza statystyczna
D – Interpretacja danych
E – Przygotowanie manuskryptu
F – Opracowanie piœmiennictwa
G – Pozyskanie funduszy
Author’s Contribution
A – Study Design
B – Data Collection
C – Statistical Analysis
D – Data Interpretation
E – Manuscript Preparation
F – Literature Search
G – Funds Collection
Adres do korespondencji / Address for correspondence
dr Nowotny-Czupryna Olga
Zak³ad Kinezjologii ŒUM
40-752 Katowice, ul. Medyków 12, tel/fax: (0-32) 208-87-12, e-mail: fizjoterapia@sum.edu.pl
Liczba s³ów/Word count: 6029
Tabele/Tables: 0
Ryciny/Figures: 3
Piœmiennictwo/References: 10
Otrzymano / Received
25.08.2008 r.
Zaakceptowano / Accepted
17.10.2008 r.
F
F
F
F
ii
ii
zz
zz
jj
jj
o
o
o
o
tt
tt
ee
ee
rr
rr
aa
aa
p
p
p
p
ii
ii
aa
aa
P
P
P
P
o
o
o
o
ll
ll
ss
ss
k
k
k
k
aa
aa
© MEDSPORTPRESS, 2008; 4(4); Vol. 8, 436-444
Electronic PDF security powered by IndexCopernicus.com
This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited.
PERSONAL USE
ONLY
WSTÊP
Do naturalnego obrazu rozwoju skoliozy nale¿¹ m.in.
kompensacyjne zmiany przestrzennego uk³adu poszcze-
gólnych segmentów cia³a. Jednym z ich przejawów mo¿e
byæ asymetria obci¹¿eñ, pod postaci¹ nierównomiernego
nacisku stóp na pod³o¿e, a skutkiem – nieodpowiednie do-
znania proprioceptywne rzutuj¹ce na regulacjê przestrzen-
nego uk³adu cia³a. Asymetria ta mo¿e ulec nasileniu pod
wp³ywem obci¹¿eñ zewnêtrznych, w stopniu zale¿nym od
wielkoœci i lokalizacji stosowanego obci¹¿enia. Mo¿e to
wp³ywaæ na „jakoœæ” kompensacji, a nawet przyczyniaæ siê
do progresji wady. Doœæ czêsto spotykanym zjawiskiem
jest asymetria ustawienia miednicy. Ma to równie¿ swoje
prze³o¿enie na chód, czyli warunki dynamiczne. Miednica
bowiem pe³ni podczas chodu istotn¹ rolê, zapewniaj¹c¹
w³aœciw¹ koordynacjê pracy tu³owia i koñczyn dolnych [1].
Niestety i tu sytuacjê mog¹ dodatkowo komplikowaæ ró¿no-
rodne – zarówno pod wzglêdem wielkoœci, jak i sposobu
oddzia³ywania – obci¹¿enia zewnêtrzne. Przyjmuje siê na-
wet, ¿e nieprawid³owy sposób noszenia ciê¿kich przedmio-
tów stanowi jeden z zewnêtrznych czynników ryzyka wad
postawy cia³a. Dla prewencji pierwszorzêdowej istotny wy-
daje siê wiêc powtarzaj¹cy siê codziennie sposób ze-
wnêtrznego obci¹¿ania krêgos³upa, ale czynnik ten nie mo-
¿e byæ pomijany równie¿ i w profilaktyce drugorzêdowej,
czyli u osób ze stwierdzon¹ ju¿ skolioz¹. Szczególnie nie-
bezpieczne s¹ obci¹¿enia dzia³aj¹ce asymetrycznie, poci¹-
gaj¹ce za sob¹ kompensacyjne przemieszczenia segmen-
tów cia³a, w celu jego zrównowa¿enia. Przyjmuje siê bo-
wiem, ¿e w sytuacji istniej¹cej ju¿ skoliozy, dodatkowe ob-
ci¹¿enie zewnêtrzne mo¿e powodowaæ nasilenie istniej¹-
cych objawów, gdy¿ powtarzaj¹ce siê nieprawid³owe usta-
wienia zwi¹zane z powy¿sz¹ kompensacj¹ mog¹ stanowiæ
podstawê do utrwalenia siê nawyku nieprawid³owej posta-
wy [2,3]. Warto wiêc sprawdziæ czy w statyce i podczas
chodu osób ze skoliozami pod wp³ywem obci¹¿eñ ze-
wnêtrznych zmienia siê uk³ad poszczególnych czêœci cia³a,
a jeœli tak – to w jaki sposób.
Celem pracy by³o sprawdzenie, jak u dzieci z bocznym
skrzywieniem krêgos³upa pod wp³ywem noszenia baga¿u
szkolnego zmienia siê rozk³ad rzutu masy cia³a na pod³o¿e
(w statyce) oraz jak pod tym wp³ywem zachowuje siê mied-
nica podczas chodu.
MATERIA£ I METODY
Badaniami objêto 36 dzieci w wieku szkolnym, u któ-
rych stwierdzono skoliozê. Dzieci te pochodzi³y z jednego
oœrodka zajmuj¹cego siê ich rehabilitacj¹. Badani mieœcili
siê w przedziale wiekowym od 9 do 15 lat (x = 11,66 ± 2,46)
w tym 9 ch³opców w wieku 14,33±1,0 oraz 27 dziewcz¹t
w wieku 10,77±2,13. W celu szczegó³owego okreœlenia cech
skoliozy, w tym ustawienia miednicy w warunkach statycz-
nych, dokonano pomiarów parametrów posturometrycznych
za pomoc¹ badania fotogrametrycznego z wykorzystaniem
zestawu firmy INFOMED z oprogramowaniem [3,4].
W oparciu o to badanie oceniano parametry opisuj¹ce
lokalizacjê oraz wartoœæ k¹ta skrzywienia pierwotnego i/lub
wtórnego, k¹t odchylenia mechanicznej osi krêgos³upa od
BACKGROUND
The natural history of scoliosis includes the develop-
ment of compensatory changes in the alignment of individ-
ual segments of the body. These changes may present as
load asymmetry, reflected in differences of foot pressure
against the ground, and may lead to inappropriate proprio-
ceptive sensations that affect the control of the spatial
arrangement of the body. This asymmetry may intensify un-
der external loads, the degree of intensification depending
on the magnitude and location of the load. This may affect
the "quality" of compensation or even contribute to pro-
gression of the postural defect. Pelvic asymmetry is not
uncommon and influences the dynamic process of gait as
the pelvis has an important role to play during walking by
ensuring proper co-ordination of the work of the trunk and
the lower limbs [1]. However, external loads of various
magnitude and location may also further complicate these
relationships. An inappropriate manner of carrying heavy
objects is actually assumed to be an external risk factor for
postural defects. The manner of daily application of exter-
nal loads to the spine thus appears to be of considerable
importance for primary prevention. However, this factor
cannot also be ignored in secondary prevention, i.e. in peo-
ple with known scoliosis. Asymmetric loads are particularly
dangerous as counteracting them is associated with com-
pensatory dislocations of body segments. It is assumed
that, in a patient with an established scoliosis, an addition-
al external load may lead to intensification of existing signs
and symptoms as repeated inappropriate posturing associ-
ated with these compensatory changes may lead to the fix-
ation of abnormal postural patterns [2,3]. It is therefore
advisable to investigate whether the mutual alignment of
individual body parts in scoliotic patients changes in re-
sponse to external loads while standing and walking and, if
so, what changes are observed.
The aim of this paper was to assess changes in centre of
gravity (COG) distribution in children with scoliosis associated
with carrying a school pack in a static position and changes in
pelvic behaviour while walking with a school pack.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study involved 36 school-age children with diag-
nosed scoliosis. All children were attending rehabilitation at
the same centre. The age range was 9 to 15 years (x =
11.66±2.46), the group including 9 boys aged 14.33±1.0 and
27 girls aged 10.77±2.13. In order to determine the cha-
racteristics of scoliosis in detail, including pelvic orientation
under static conditions, postural parameters were measured
photogrammetrically using a device manufactured by the
INFOMED company with dedicated software [3,4].
The results of the photogrammetric examination were
used to assess the parameters related to the location of the
primary and/or secondary scoliotic curve and the curvature
angle, the angle of deviation of the mechanical axis of the
437
Nowotny-Czupryna O. i wsp., Wp³yw obci¹¿enia zewnêtrznego na parametry statyczne i dynamiczne w skoliozach
Electronic PDF security powered by IndexCopernicus.com
This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited.
PERSONAL USE
ONLY
jego osi anatomicznej oraz po³o¿enie samej miednicy – k¹t
nachylenia linii miednicy w stosunku do poziomu w p³asz-
czyŸnie czo³owej oraz rotacjê w p³aszczyŸnie poprzecznej
(k¹t skrêcenia miednicy).
Niezale¿nie od tego u wszystkich badanych rejestrowa-
no rozk³ad si³ nacisku stóp na pod³o¿e w warunkach sta-
tycznych bez dodatkowego obci¹¿enia oraz z obci¹¿eniem
zewnêtrznym – baga¿em szkolnym trzymanym w ró¿no-
rodny sposób (symetryczny b¹dŸ asymetryczny). By³o to
obci¹¿enie rzêdu 4 kg, odpowiadaj¹ce przeciêtnemu ciê¿a-
rowi teczek szkolnych. Do badañ tych wykorzystano plat-
formê barorezystywn¹ PDM firmy Zebris®, z oprogramo-
waniem FootPrint. Analizowano zmiany rozk³adu si³ naci-
sku stóp na pod³o¿e zachodz¹ce pod wp³ywem tego obci¹-
¿enia. Wyniki tej analizy skonfrontowano z parametrami
postawy poszczególnych badanych.
U wszystkich badanych przeprowadzono te¿ trójp³asz-
czyznow¹ analizê chodu, z wykorzystaniem systemu Ze-
bris® z oprogramowaniem WinGait. Dane rejestrowano pod-
czas chodu na bie¿ni ruchomej firmy Ketler®, przy prêdko-
œci 4 km/godz. – bez obci¹¿enia i z obci¹¿eniem zewnêtrz-
nym (baga¿em szkolnym, wa¿¹cym 4 kg) noszonym w ró¿-
norodny sposób. Do analizy statystycznej wybrano parame-
try charakteryzuj¹ce ustawienia miednicy w fazie podporu
– w subfazie pierwszego kontaktu stopy z pod³o¿em (ang. ini-
tial contact) oraz pe³nego obci¹¿enia koñczyny (ang. midstan-
ce). Analizie poddano zmiany zachodz¹ce w uk³adzie miedni-
cy pod wp³ywem ró¿norodnego obci¹¿enia. Wyniki tej analizy
skonfrontowano z parametrami postawy poszczególnych ba-
danych, a ca³oœæ wyników opracowano statystycznie z wyko-
rzystaniem programów Excel i Statistica.
spine from its anatomic axis, and the orientation of the
pelvis, i.e. the angle of horizontal inclination of the pelvic
line in the frontal plane and pelvic rotation in the transverse
plane (pelvic rotation angle).
The distribution of foot pressure was also recorded in
all subjects in static conditions without additional loading
and with an external load in the form of a school pack car-
ried in a symmetric and asymmetric manner. The load was
approximately 4 kg, corresponding to the average weight of
a schoolchild's backpack. These examinations were carried
out with a PDM force platform (Zebris®) and FootPrint soft-
ware. Changes in the distribution of foot pressure under this
load were recorded and the results were analysed against
body posture parameters obtained in individual subjects.
A three-dimensional gait analysis was also carried out
in all subjects using the Zebris® system with WinGait soft-
ware. Data were registered as subjects were walking on
a Ketler® treadmill at 4 km/h without and with an external
load (4 kg school pack) carried in various manners. Statis-
tical analysis focussed on parameters relevant to the posi-
tion of the pelvis in the stance phase - during initial contact
and in midstance (full loading of the limb). Changes in pel-
vic orientation in response to various types of loading were
analysed. The results were compared against the postural
parameters of individual subjects. All results were analysed
using Excel and Statistica software.
438
Nowotny-Czupryna O. et al.,The infuence of external loading on static and dynamic parameters in scoliosis
Ryc. 1. Warunki statyczne – badanie fotogrametryczne po lewej oraz oceniane przejawy kompensacji i ró¿ne sposoby obci¹¿enia
krêgos³upa po prawej.
Fig. 1. Static conditions – photogrammetric examination (left); signs of compensation analysed and various manners of spine load-
ing (right)
Electronic PDF security powered by IndexCopernicus.com
This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited.
PERSONAL USE
ONLY
WYNIKI
Na podstawie badania fotogrametrycznego ustalono, i¿
w ca³ej badanej grupie przewa¿a³y skrzywienia dwu³ukowe,
pierwotne w odcinku piersiowym (58,3% ogó³u). W pozo-
sta³ych 12 przypadkach (33,3%) skrzywienie wystêpowa³o
w odcinku lêdŸwiowym oraz w 3 przypadkach w przejœciu
piersiowo-lêdŸwiowym (8,4%). By³y to skoliozy o niewiel-
kim k¹cie skrzywienia mieszcz¹ce siê w granicach 11-20°
(x = 14,58 ± 2,91). Kompensacjê liniow¹ w postaci prawi-
d³owego przebiegu pionu odnotowano tylko w 3 przypad-
kach. U pozosta³ych badanych pion by³ odchylony od szpa-
ry miêdzypoœladkowej – w lewo u 18 osób i u 15 w prawo.
RESULTS
The photogrammetric assessments revealed that the
dominant type of scoliosis in the study group was double-
curve scoliosis with a primary thoracic curve (58.3% of all
subjects). Twelve subjects (33.3%) had a lumbar scoliosis
and three had scoliosis of the thoracolumbar junction
(8.4%). All scolioses were low-grade with scoliosis angles
of 11-20° (x = 14.58±2.91). Linear compensation with a nor-
mal vertical axis was seen in only three subjects. In the
others, the plumb line deviated from the gluteal cleft to the
left in 18 and to the right in 15 subjects.
439
Nowotny-Czupryna O. i wsp., Wp³yw obci¹¿enia zewnêtrznego na parametry statyczne i dynamiczne w skoliozach
Ryc. 2. Badanie chodu – od lewej: bez dodatkowego obci¹¿enia zewnêtrznego, z obci¹¿eniem symetrycznym i asymetrycznym
Fig. 2. Gait examination – left to right: without additional external load, with symmetric load and with asymmetric load
Ryc. 3. Przyk³ad graficznego przedstawienia wyników trójp³aszczyznowej analizy zachowania siê miednicy podczas chodu
Fig. 3. Sample graphic representation of results of three-dimensional analysis of pelvic behaviour during walking
Electronic PDF security powered by IndexCopernicus.com
This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited.
PERSONAL USE
ONLY
Prawid³owe, czyli poziome ustawienie miednicy w p³asz-
czyŸnie czo³owej stwierdzono u 9 osób (25%). U pozosta³ych
badanych zaobserwowano jej nachylenie wzglêdem pozio-
mu – w 18 przypadkach (50%) po stronie przeciwnej do
skrzywienia oraz w 9 przypadkach (25%) po stronie skrzy-
wienia. W p³aszczyŸnie poprzecznej natomiast, prawid³owe
ustawienie miednicy odnotowano u 15 badanych (42 %),
a jej rotacjê stwierdzono u 21 osób (58%), przy czym w 12
przypadkach (33%) w stronê przeciwn¹ do skrzywienia
pierwotnego oraz w 9 przypadkach (25 %) w stronê tego
skrzywienia.
Badaniem baropedograficznym u wszystkich badanych
stwierdzono natomiast objawy asymetrii si³ nacisku stóp
na pod³o¿e. Zarysowa³a siê pewna, lecz nieistotna tenden-
cja do wiêkszego obci¹¿ania koñczyny dolnej po stronie
skrzywienia. Wspomniana tendencja nasila³a siê pod wp³y-
wem zewnêtrznego obci¹¿enia krêgos³upa. Zmiany odno-
towano zarówno w próbie z symetrycznym, jak i asyme-
trycznym sposobem trzymania baga¿u szkolnego. Wbrew
oczekiwaniom, nie stwierdzono ca³kowicie jednoznaczne-
go zwi¹zku tych zmian z parametrami postawy. Zarówno
w skoliozach prawo- jak i lewostronnych odnotowane ró¿-
nice dotyczy³y przede wszystkim zmian rozk³adu obci¹¿e-
nia w uk³adzie przód/ty³. I tak, w czasie badania wykonane-
go z symetrycznie za³o¿onym na ramiona plecakiem zaob-
serwowano, ¿e symetryczne obci¹¿enie plecakiem (plecak
na obu ramionach) wp³ynê³o na zwiêkszenie obci¹¿enia
piêt. Bardziej obci¹¿ona by³a jednak koñczyna po stronie
skrzywienia pierwotnego („t” w przedziale 3,48-5,14,
p<0,001). Plecak za³o¿ony na jedno ramiê zwiêkszy³ za-
sadniczo jeszcze bardziej obci¹¿enie piêty po stronie
skrzywienia (t = 2,46, p<0,02), natomiast przodostopie by-
³o bardziej obci¹¿one po stronie przeciwnej do skrzywienia
– byæ mo¿e wskutek zwiêkszonej rotacji miednicy. Nato-
miast plecak trzymany w rêce (w stosunku do jednostron-
nego obci¹¿enia ramienia) nie wp³yn¹³ ju¿ istotnie na zmia-
nê obci¹¿ania nogi po stronie skrzywienia – i tak ju¿ znacz-
nie asymetrycznego (t = 1,01, p>0,31). Co ciekawe, przo-
dostopie by³o zawsze znacznie bardziej obci¹¿one po stro-
nie przeciwnej do skrzywienia. Najbardziej jednak obci¹¿e-
nie piêty po stronie skrzywienia mia³o miejsce w asyme-
trycznym obci¹¿eniu ramienia.
Podczas badania chodu bez obci¹¿enia zewnêtrznego
zaobserwowano, ¿e w momencie przy³o¿enia piêty (initial
contact) rotacja miednicy w wykroku nog¹ po stronie skrzy-
wienia w 55,5% przypadków mieœci³a siê w granicach 4,5-
5,6°, w 19,4 % przypadków siêga³a 6°, a pozosta³ych wy-
nosi³a poni¿ej 4°. Rotacja miednicy w wykroku nog¹ prze-
ciwn¹ w stosunku do lokalizacji skrzywienia w 66,6% przy-
padków wynosi³a 3,3-5,7°, w ok. 16% zawiera³a siê poni-
¿ej 3,2°, a pozosta³ych przewy¿sza³a wartoœæ 5,8°. Z kolei
podczas pe³nego obci¹¿enia koñczyny podporowej (mid-
stance) opadanie miednicy w podporze na nodze po stro-
nie skrzywienia w 50% przypadków mieœci³o siê w grani-
cach 1,75-5,37°, a u pozosta³ych badanych, w równych
czêœciach – po 25%, przypada³o powy¿ej i poni¿ej tych
wartoœci. Natomiast opadanie miednicy w podporze na no-
dze przeciwnej do skrzywienia w 66,6% mieœci³o siê w gra-
nicach 2,36-5,44° i podobnie jak poprzednio u 25% wyno-
A normal (horizontal) pelvic orientation in the frontal
plane was revealed in 9 subjects (25%). In the others, the
pelvis was horizontally inclined, on the side contralateral to
the scoliotic curve in 18 (50%) and on the ipsilateral side in 9
subjects (25%). A normal pelvic orientation in the transverse
plane was observed in 15 subjects (42%), and pelvic rotation
was found in 21 subjects (58%), with 12 (33%) demonstrating
rotation away from the primary scoliotic curve and 9 subjects
(25%) showing rotation towards the primary curve.
Force-platform tests revealed asymmetry of foot pres-
sure forces in all subjects. There was a (non-significant)
trend towards more loading of the limb ipsilateral to the pri-
mary curve. The trend was increased with external spinal
loading, regardless of whether the school pack was carried
in an asymmetric or symmetric manner. Contrary to antici-
pations, no clear correlation was found between these ab-
normalities and the postural parameters. The differences
were chiefly seen with regard to changes in load distribu-
tion along the anteroposterior axis in patients with both
right-sided and left-sided scolioses. During the test with the
school pack carried in a symmetric manner (on both shoul-
ders), the increased symmetric external load increased the
load on the heel. However, the load was greater on the limb
ipsilateral to the primary curve ("t" range 3.48-5.14, p<0.001).
A school pack placed on one shoulder essentially increas-
ed the load even more only on the heel ipsilateral to the
curve (t=2.46, p<0.02), while greater loading of the forefoot
occurred on the contralateral side, which could be related
to increased pelvic rotation. A school pack held in the hand
(as distinct from being worn on one shoulder) did not sig-
nificantly change the load of the limb ipsilateral to the sco-
liotic curve, the load being already very asymmetric (t=1.01,
p>0.31). Interestingly, the load on the forefoot was always
much higher on the side contralateral to the scoliotic curve.
At the same time, the highest load on the ipsilateral side
was recorded during asymmetric loading of the arm.
The examination of gait without an external load reveal-
ed that pelvic rotation with the leading foot on the side of
the scoliotic curve in the phase of initial contact was 4.5-
5.6° in 55.5% of the subjects, above that and up to 6o in
19.4%, and below 4° in the remaining subjects. Pelvic rota-
tion with the leading foot contralateral to the scoliotic curve
was 3.3-5.7° in 66.6% of the subjects, below 3.2° in appro-
ximately 16%, and above 5.8° in the remaining subjects.
During full loading of the limb in the midstance phase, the
degree of pelvic drop when the ipsilateral leg was in mid-
stance was 1.75-5.37° in 50% of the subjects, with 25% of
the remaining subjects demonstrating values above and
below this range. The degree of pelvic drop when the leg
contralateral to the scoliotic curve was the supporting limb
ranged between 2.36-5.44° in 66.6% of the patients, with
the remaining patients equally divided below this range and
above 6°.
During heel contact, pelvic rotation was 2.03-7.15° on
both sides in approximately 60% of the patients when the
pack was placed symmetrically. In a fourth of the patients,
these values exceeded 7.2°, and in the remaining patients
minor pelvic rotation was observed (below 2°). The degree
of pelvic drop when the ipsilateral limb was in midstance
440
Nowotny-Czupryna O. et al.,The infuence of external loading on static and dynamic parameters in scoliosis
Electronic PDF security powered by IndexCopernicus.com
This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited.
PERSONAL USE
ONLY
si³o poni¿ej dolnej granicy wartoœci, a u 25% uzyskane war-
toœci siêga³y powy¿ej 6°.
W sytuacji, gdy plecak niesiony by³ symetrycznie, pod-
czas przy³o¿enia piêty w ok. 60% przypadków rotacja mied-
nicy po obu stronach by³a w granicach 2,03-7,15°. U 1 ba-
danych osób wartoœci te przewy¿sza³y 7,2°, a w pozosta-
³ych przypadkach by³y one niewielkie (poni¿ej 2°). Podczas
pe³nego podporu na nodze po stronie skrzywienia w po³o-
wie przypadków opadanie miednicy mieœci³o siê w grani-
cach 2,01-5,88°; u ok. 1 badanych wynosi³o powy¿ej 5,9°;
a pozosta³ych by³o ni¿sze od 2°. Natomiast opadanie mied-
nicy (dla nogi po stronie przeciwnej do skrzywienia)
w 66,66% mieœci³o siê w granicach 2,25-5,71; a w pozosta-
³ych 33,33% mieœci³o siê poza t¹ granic¹ (20% poni¿ej
2°, 13,33% powy¿ej 5,9°).
U wszystkich badanych stwierdzono objawy asymetrii
chodu o ró¿nym stopniu, nasilaj¹ce siê podczas asyme-
trycznego obci¹¿enia zewnêtrznego krêgos³upa. O grada-
cji zmian w obrêbie wyznaczników chodu dotycz¹cych
miednicy bardziej decydowa³ sposób noszenia baga¿u
szkolnego, ani¿eli parametry postawy. I tak w chodzie z ple-
cakiem trzymanym na jednym ramieniu w subfazie initial
contact rotacja miednicy w podporze na nodze po stornie
skrzywienia u po³owy badanych mieœci³a siê w granicach 2-
9,4, u 25% wartoœci rotacji przewy¿sza³y 9,5° i u kolejnych
25% by³y one niewielkie (poni¿ej 2°). Rotacja miednicy
w podporze na nodze po stronie przeciwnej do lokalizacji
skrzywienia w 66,66% mieœci³a siê w granicach 3,11-7,24,
a w 1 przypadków przypada³a poni¿ej dolnej granicy warto-
œci, natomiast pozosta³e wyniki siêga³y wartoœci powy¿ej
7,4°. Analogicznie w subfazie midstance (po stronie skrzy-
wienia) opadanie miednicy w wiêkszoœci przypadków (65%)
mieœci³o siê w granicach 1,1-5,26, w ok. 16,6% wynosi³o
powy¿ej 5,3°, a pozosta³ych by³o ni¿sze ni¿ 1°. Natomiast
opadanie miednicy (dla nogi po stronie przeciwnej do wy-
giêcia) u po³owy badanych (50%) mieœci³o siê w granicach
1,42-6,62, a w pozosta³ych przypadkach u 25% poni¿ej
i u 25% powy¿ej skrajnych wartoœci.
Porównuj¹c parametry dotycz¹ce miednicy w czasie
chodu z obci¹¿eniem symetrycznym oraz chodu z pleca-
kiem niesionym na jednym ramieniu odnotowano istotne
statystycznie zmiany jedynie w odniesieniu do skoœnego
ustawienia miednicy w subfazie midstance. Dotyczy³y one
podporu na nodze po przeciwnej stronie do lokalizacji
skrzywienia (t=3,53, p<0,05). Jednoczeœnie w odniesieniu
do rotacji miednicy w czasie wykroku zaobserwowano ró¿-
nicê na granicy istotnoœci statystycznej pomiêdzy asyme-
trycznym i symetrycznym obci¹¿eniem (t = 1,99: p =0,05)
z tendencj¹ do wiêkszego opadania miednicy po stronie
przeciwnej do kierunku skrzywienia.
Bior¹c pod uwagê wyniki badania posturometrycznego
oraz badania chodu w subfazie initial contact stwierdzono
zale¿noœæ rotacji miednicy od strony za³o¿enia plecaka, ale
tylko dla wykroku nog¹ po stronie skrzywienia (
χ
2
=9,0,
p<0,011). Du¿o wiêksz¹ rotacjê obserwowano, gdy plecak
za³o¿ony by³ na ramieniu po stronie przeciwnej do kierun-
ku skrzywienia. Natomiast nie odnotowano takiej zale¿no-
œci dla wykroku nog¹ po stronie przeciwnej do lokalizacji
skrzywienia –
χ
2
(z poprawk¹ Yatesa)=0,56, p>0,45).
was between 2.01-5.88° in half of the subjects, above 5.9°
in approximately a fourth of the subjects, and below 2° in
the others. When the contralateral limb was in midstance,
pelvic drop was 2.25-5.71 in 66.66% of the patients and
outside that range in the remaining 33.33% (below 2° in
20%, above 5.9° in 13.33%).
All subjects displayed signs of gait asymmetry of vari-
ous degrees that also increased in response to asymmet-
ric loading of the spine. The gradation of changes in pelvis-
related gait determinants depended on the manner of car-
rying the school pack rather than on postural parameters.
When the pack was carried on one shoulder in the initial
contact subphase, pelvic rotation with the supporting limb
being the one ipsilateral to the scoliotic curve ranged
between 2-9.4 in half of the subjects, exceeded 9.5° in 25%
and was lower than 2° in another 25%. Pelvic rotation with
the supporting leg being contralateral to the curve was 3.11-
7.24 in 66.66% of the patients, and below that limit in a fourth
of the subjects, with the remaining patients registering values
above 7.4°. Correspondingly, in the ipsilateral midstance
subphase, pelvic drop ranged between 1.1-5.26 in most
patients (65%), was above 5.3° in approximately 16.6%, and
below 1o in the remaining patients. When the contralateral
limb was in midstance, pelvic drop was 1.42-6.62 in 50% of
the patients, with equal percentages of patients displaying
values above and below that range.
A comparison of the pelvis-related determinants during
symmetrically loaded gait and during gait with the pack car-
ried on one shoulder showed statistically significant
changes only with respect to an inclined pelvic position
when the contralateral leg was in the midstance subphase
(t=3.53, p<0.05). At the same time, data on pelvic rotation
during the swing phase revealed a borderline significant
difference between symmetric and asymmetric loading
(t=1.99: p=0.05) with a trend towards greater pelvic drop on
the side contralateral to the convexity of the primary curve.
The results of postural assessment and gait assess-
ment in the initial contact subphase revealed a correlation
between pelvic rotation on the side loaded with the school
pack but only when the leg ipsilateral to the primary scoli-
otic convexity was in the swing phase (
χ
2
=9.0, p<0.011).
A much greater degree of rotation was observed when the
school pack was worn on the arm contralateral to the scol-
iotic convexity. This correlation was not seen when the con-
tralateral leg was leading (
χ
2
=0.56 with Yates's correction,
p>0,45).
An analysis of correlations between the pelvis-related
gait determinants and the positioning of the school pack
showed that pelvic drop was greater in the midstance sub-
phase when the leg contralateral to the scoliotic curve was
the supporting one and the pack was worn on the left arm,
and when the supporting leg was ipsilateral to the curve
and the pack was worn on the right arm. An analysis of cor-
relations between the pelvis-related determinants and the
positioning of the school pack showed that the parameters
of pelvic drop were dependent on the location of the school
pack in both right- and left-sided scolioses in the midstance
subphase of both the left and right lower limb, with both
χ
2
ranging between 5.06-9, for p<0.03).
441
Nowotny-Czupryna O. i wsp., Wp³yw obci¹¿enia zewnêtrznego na parametry statyczne i dynamiczne w skoliozach
Electronic PDF security powered by IndexCopernicus.com
This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited.
PERSONAL USE
ONLY
Analizuj¹c zale¿noœæ pomiêdzy parametrami dotycz¹-
cymi miednicy a stron¹ za³o¿enia plecaka zaobserwowano,
¿e w subfazie midstance wiêksze opadanie miednicy za-
znaczy³o siê w podporze na nodze po stornie przeciwnej
do skrzywienia, gdy plecak niesiony by³ na lewym ramieniu
oraz w podporze na nodze po stronie skrzywienia, gdy ple-
cak umieszczony by³ na prawym ramieniu. Z kolei badaj¹c
zale¿noœæ pomiêdzy parametrami dotycz¹cymi miednicy,
a stron¹ za³a¿enia plecaka odnotowano, i¿ w subfazie mid-
stance zarówno w skoliozach prawo i lewostronnych para-
metry opadania miednicy uzale¿nione by³y od strony za³o-
¿enia plecaka. Dotyczy³o to fazy pe³nego podparcia zarów-
no na lewej jak i na prawej koñczynie dolnej – oba
χ
2
w przedziale 5,06-9 daj¹ce p<0,03).
Nie odnotowano jednak zale¿noœci pomiêdzy parame-
trami dotycz¹cymi miednicy a lokalizacj¹ skrzywienia (wszyst-
kie chi-kwadrat w przedziale 0,44-5,1; wszystkie p>0,05).
Wyj¹tek stanowi³a wartoœæ rotacji miednicy w subfazie ini-
tial contact, ale tylko dla nogi po stronie przeciwnej do skrzy-
wienia (
χ
2
=11,31, p<0,01), oraz wartoϾ opadania miednicy
w subfazie midstance dla nogi po stronie skrzywienia
(
χ
2
=6,61, p<0,03).
DYSKUSJA
Problemy dotycz¹ce zarówno samych skolioz, jak i ich
nastêpstw rozpatrywanych w odniesieniu do ró¿norodnych
warunków (statycznych i dynamicznych) nie s¹ nowe, ale
wydaj¹ siê byæ ci¹gle otwarte. Choæ u osób ze skoliozami
coraz czêœciej wykonywane s¹ ró¿norodne badania funk-
cjonalne, w tym analiza chodu, to nadal brak jest odpowie-
dzi na wiele pytañ zw³aszcza dotycz¹cych przyczyn i skut-
ków zaistnia³ego stanu rzeczy. Zdarza siê nawet, ¿e ró¿ni
badacze prezentuj¹ rozbie¿noœci w uzyskiwanych wyni-
kach [1].
Analiza zmian spowodowanych skolioz¹ ograniczona
wy³¹cznie do oceny warunków statycznych jest niewystar-
czaj¹ca. Podobnie niewystarczaj¹ce jest sprowadzanie za-
gadnienia przestrzennego uk³adu cia³a i kszta³towania siê
nawyku postawy do problemu si³y i wytrzyma³oœci miêœni po-
sturalnych, z pominiêciem aspektów natury neurofizjologicz-
nej. Wiadomo bowiem, ¿e szczególn¹ rolê w tym wzglêdzie
odgrywa nie tylko rozwój reakcji nastawczych i równowa¿-
nych, ale i zmienione przez nieprawid³owy uk³ad cia³a warun-
ki statyczno-dynamiczne istotne dla regulacji postawy.
Ma to swoje prze³o¿enie równie¿ na warunki dynamicz-
ne. Istotne jest bowiem wszystko to, co dzieje siê podczas
typowej dla cz³owieka aktywnoœci, a za tak¹ z pewnoœci¹
uznaæ mo¿na lokomocjê. Podczas wszelkich aktów dyna-
micznych uk³ad cia³a zmienia siê adekwatnie do zmieniaj¹-
cych siê warunków biomechanicznych, a zachodz¹ce zmia-
ny w obrêbie ³añcuchów biokinematycznych zachodz¹ trój-
p³aszczyznowo. Narzuca to koniecznoœæ wieloaspektowej
i wielop³aszczyznowej oceny ewentualnych zmian [4,5,6,7].
W pracach innych autorów stwierdzono, ¿e ró¿nice pa-
rametrów chodu wystêpuj¹ nawet bez zastosowania ze-
wnêtrznego obci¹¿enia – zarówno u osób zdrowych, jak
i ze skolioz¹. Szczególnie wyraŸnie zaznaczone s¹ one
u osób z zaburzonym uk³adem krêgos³upa w obrêbie mied-
nicy, a ich uwarunkowañ dopatruje siê w wystêpuj¹cych
However, no correlation was noted between the pelvis-
related determinants and the level of the scoliotic curve (all
χ
2
ranging between 0.44-5.1; all p>0.05), one exception
being pelvic rotation in the initial contact subphase, but
only for the contralateral leg (
χ
2
=11.31, p<0.01), and pelvic
drop in the midstance subphase for the ipsilateral leg
(
χ
2
=6.61, p<0.03).
DISCUSSION
The problem of scoliosis and its sequelae analysed in
conjunction with static and dynamic body postures is not
new, but appears to remain an open question. Although
various functional tests, including gait analysis, are per-
formed more and more frequently in patients with scoliosis,
the answers to many questions, especially those con-
cerned with the causes and effects of this disturbance, are
yet to be given. It is sometimes the case that different re-
searchers present contradictory results[1].
Analysis of changes due to scoliosis is not sufficient if it
is limited to static positions. It is similarly insufficient to
study the spatial arrangement of body parts and the devel-
opment of postural habits only in terms of the strength and
endurance of postural muscles, ignoring neurophysiologi-
cal aspects since it is known that a particular role is played
not only by the development of adjustment and balance
reactions but also abnormalities in static and dynamic rela-
tions of importance for postural control that are due to an
abnormal alignment of body parts.
This also influences dynamic conditions (gait) as of im-
portance for scoliosis is everything that happens during typi-
cal human activities, which certainly include locomotion. Dur-
ing any dynamic act, the spatial arrangement of body parts is
altered in response to changing biomechanical conditions,
and changes taking place in biokinetic chains involve three
planes. This means that any changes that occur need to be
analysed in multiple aspects and planes [4,5,6,7].
Other authors have found that differences in gait para-
meters occur even without external loading in both healthy
and scoliotic people. Those differences are particularly
marked in the presence of disturbances of spinal alignment
in the pelvic region and it is postulated that coexisting dis-
orders of balance and co-ordination play a role in their
development[8]. It is not surprising then that the application
of an external load modifies gait parameters.
442
Nowotny-Czupryna O. et al.,The infuence of external loading on static and dynamic parameters in scoliosis
Electronic PDF security powered by IndexCopernicus.com
This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited.
PERSONAL USE
ONLY
tak¿e zaburzeniach równowagi i koordynacji [8]. Nie dziwi
zatem fakt, ¿e zastosowane obci¹¿enie zewnêtrzne wp³y-
wa modyfikuj¹co na parametry chodu.
Uzyskane wyniki potwierdzi³y te¿ s³usznoœæ tezy odno-
œnie nieprzewidywalnego wrêcz wzorca kompensuj¹cego
zaburzenia uk³adu cia³a wywo³ane skolioz¹ i dodatkowo za-
stosowanym obci¹¿eniem zewnêtrznym wystêpuj¹ce pod-
czas chodu. Nie uda³o siê bowiem jednoznacznie stwierdziæ
charakterystycznych zmian w obrêbie lokomocji dla po-
szczególnych typów zaburzeñ uk³adu cia³a. Zmiany wywo-
³ane dodatkowym obci¹¿eniem te¿ by³y zró¿nicowane.
Sporym uproszczeniem jest rozpatrywanie systemu re-
gulacji postawy cia³a jedynie jako sterowanie „odgórne”
(via uk³ad g³owy i b³êdnik) b¹dŸ w systemie odwróconego
wahad³a, jako sterowanie „oddolne” (via receptory zlokali-
zowane w okolicy stawów skokowych). Dla zapewnienia
w³aœciwego przestrzennego uk³adu cia³a ustrój dysponuje
bowiem ogromn¹ liczb¹ informacji p³yn¹cych z wielu pro-
prioreceptorów oraz z telereceptora wzrokowego. Wielo-
segmentowy uk³ad cia³a o znacznej liczbie stopni swobody
wymaga jednak scalenia tych licznych informacji i odpowie-
dzi zapewniaj¹cej m.in. zrównowa¿enie cia³a [8,9,10]. Na-
turaln¹ konsekwencj¹ jakichkolwiek odchyleñ od optymal-
nego uk³adu cia³a (w tym tak¿e w przypadku skoliozy) jest
natomiast tendencja do samoistnej kompensacji. W kom-
pensacji (zw³aszcza tej samoistnej) zawsze jest „coœ za
coœ”. Dlatego tego typu wzorce kompensacyjne bywaj¹
zwykle ma³o skuteczne i nawet trudne do przewidzenia.
St¹d te¿ kompensacja liniowa przewa¿nie poci¹ga za sob¹
niew³aœciwy rozk³ad mas cia³a i odwrotnie. Sytuacja kom-
plikuje siê zapewne w przypadku dodatkowego obci¹¿enia
zewnêtrznego, co zreszt¹ potwierdzi³y zaprezentowane wy-
niki badañ. Wprawdzie ukaza³y one jedynie ogólne tenden-
cje, ale pokaza³y te¿ znaczn¹ rozbie¿noœæ indywidualnych
mo¿liwoœci kompensacji, czyli spor¹ ró¿norodnoœæ prezen-
towanych wzorców kompensacyjnych [5]. Nie bez znacze-
nia mo¿e tu byæ równie¿ okres rozwoju badanych (okres
posturogenezy), w którym zjawiska natury biomechanicz-
nej towarzysz¹ce wzrostowi przek³adaj¹ siê bezpoœrednio
na jakoœæ prezentowanych wzorców koordynacyjnych.
Interesuj¹cych informacji dostarczy³y badania na plat-
formie barorezystywnej. Pokaza³y one m.in. ró¿norodn¹
i trudn¹ do przewidzenia gamê mo¿liwoœci kompensowa-
nia obci¹¿eñ zewnêtrznych. Normalnie ustrój d¹¿y do tego,
by rzut ogólnego œrodka ciê¿koœci cia³a mieœci³ siê w grani-
cach stabilnoœci. Dominuj¹ wiêc przemieszczenia linijne,
zachodz¹ce jednak dziêki obrotowym ruchom s¹siednich
segmentów cia³a. Znaczna liczba stopni swobody naszego
uk³adu kostno-stawowego powoduje natomiast, ¿e te kom-
pensacyjne przemieszczenia mog¹ mieæ miejsce na pozio-
mie ka¿dego po³¹czenia i na dodatek w ró¿nym kierunku
[7]. W tym œwietle uzyskane przez nas nie w pe³ni jedno-
znaczne wyniki wydaj¹ siê byæ w pe³ni uzasadnione.
Niezbyt liczny materia³ badawczy, wobec indywidualnie
zró¿nicowanego rozwoju skolioz i równie zró¿nicowanych
mo¿liwoœci kompensacji, nie upowa¿nia do prezentacji da-
leko id¹cych wniosków. Uzyskane wyniki ujawni³y jednak
pewne tendencje ogólne, sugeruj¹ce potrzebê indywidual-
nego podejœcia do ka¿dego przypadku.
The results of this study also confirm the claim that it is
virtually impossible to predict the pattern of compensation
for disturbances in spatial arrangement of the body associ-
ated with scoliosis and additional external loading during
walking. No characteristic locomotor patterns were
observed that would correspond to particular types of body
arrangement disturbances. Changes produced in response
to additional loading were also diversified.
It is a considerable simplification to consider the pos-
tural control system only as a "top-down" control mecha-
nism (via head positioning and the labyrinth) or, according
to the inverted pendulum model, as a "bottom-up" control
mechanism (via receptors in the region of the ankle joints).
Good spatial arrangement of body parts depends on huge
amounts of information from a vast number of propriocep-
tors and the visual telereceptor. The multisegmental struc-
ture of our body with many degrees of freedom requires
integration of this vast amount of information in order to
produce a response that would ensure, among other things,
the maintenance of balance[8,9,10]. The tendency to spon-
taneous compensation is a natural consequence of any
deviations from optimal body alignment, including scoliosis.
Compensation (especially spontaneous) is always a matter
of give-and-take. That is why such compensatory patterns
are usually hardly effective and even difficult to predict.
Consequently, linear compensation usually entails inappro-
priate distribution of body mass and vice versa. Additional
external loading probably complicates the situation, as has
actually been shown by the results of this study. While
these results only show general tendencies, they also
demonstrate a considerable discrepancy in individual pos-
sibilities for compensation, i.e. a vast diversity of actual com-
pensatory patterns [5]. The age of the subjects, who were
in the period of postural development, may also be of im-
portance as in this period the biomechanical correlates of
growth have a direct bearing on the quality of actual co-
ordination patterns.
The force platform tests provided interesting data, in-
cluding the demonstration of a diverse and rather unpre-
dictable range of compensatory responses to external
loading. The body normally works to ensure that the centre
of gravity projection is within the limits of stability. Accord-
ingly, the predominant responses are linear dislocations
that, however, are possible through rotary motion of adja-
cent body segments. The large number of degrees of free-
dom of the human musculoskeletal system means that
such dislocation can occur at the level of any articulation
and also in any direction[7]. In this light, our results show-
ing a lack of clear-cut patterns appear fully justified.
In view of individual variability of the development of
scoliosis and equally diversified possibilities for compensa-
tion, our rather small-sized study was not sufficiently pow-
ered to produce far-reaching conclusions. However, this
study has revealed certain general tendencies suggesting
a need to approach each patient on an individual basis.
443
Nowotny-Czupryna O. i wsp., Wp³yw obci¹¿enia zewnêtrznego na parametry statyczne i dynamiczne w skoliozach
Electronic PDF security powered by IndexCopernicus.com
This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited.
PERSONAL USE
ONLY
WNIOSKI
1. Dodatkowe obci¹¿enie zewnêtrzne, dzia³aj¹ce na krê-
gos³up zarówno osiowo, jak i pozaosiowo, nasila asy-
metriê rozk³adu si³ nacisku stóp na pod³o¿e.
2. Sposób noszenia baga¿u szkolnego przez dziecko ze
skolioz¹ nie jest w pe³ni obojêtny, gdy¿ mo¿e on nasi-
laæ istniej¹ce zaburzenia.
3. Wydaje siê, ¿e przyczyn¹ takiego stanu rzeczy s¹ trud-
ne do przewidzenia samoistne przemieszczenia kom-
pensacyjne – zarówno k¹towe, jak i liniowe.
4. Celowe wydaje siê byæ poszukiwanie optymalnego dla
ka¿dego dziecka sposobu noszenia baga¿u szkolnego
– sposobu mo¿liwie jak najmniej zaburzaj¹cego jego
statykê, a take chód.
CONCLUSIONS
1. Additional external loading of the spine both along the
spinal axis and extraaxially intensifies the asymmetry of
distribution of foot pressure.
2. The manner of carrying school bags by a scoliotic child
is not irrelevant as it may increase existing disturbances.
3. This finding is apparently related to spontaneous com-
pensatory dislocations of body segments, both angular
and linear, whose pattern is difficult to predict.
4. It seems advisable to determine an optimal manner of
carrying the school pack for each child with scoliosis
that would maximally prevent disturbances of the body
in static positions and gait.
444
Nowotny-Czupryna O. et al.,The infuence of external loading on static and dynamic parameters in scoliosis
PIŒMIENNICTWO / PIREFERENCES
1. Syczewska M i wsp. Zmiany stereotypu chodu u pacjentów z bocznym skrzywieniem krêgos³upa. Rehabilitacja Medyczna
2006; 10(4): 18-24;
2. Casella M.C, Hall J.E. Current Treatment Approaches at the Nonoperative and Operative Management of Adolescent Idiopathic
Scoliosis. Physical Therapy 1991, 71(12): 29-41;
3. Nowotny J, Nowotny-Czypryna O, Czupryna K. Reedukacja posturalna w systemie stacyjnym. Bielsko-Bia³a Wyd. WSA; 2008;
4. Nowotny J, Zawieska D, Saulicz E.: Fototopografia z wykorzystaniem rastra optycznego i komputera jako sposób oceny
postawy cia³a. Postêpy Rehabilitacji 1992; 6(1): 5-23;
5. Saulicz E. Zaburzenia przestrzennego ustawienia miednicy w niskostopniowych skoliozach oraz mo¿liwoœci ich korekcji. AWF
Katowice, 2003;
6. Nowotny-Czupryna O, Brzêk A, Nowotny J. Asymetria funkcjonalna chodu u dzieci i m³odzie¿y z niskostopniowymi skoliozami.
Ortopedia Traumatologia Rehabilitacja 2006; 8(2): 187-184;
7. B³aszczyk J.W. Biomechanika kliniczna. Warszawa: PZWL; 2004;
8. Nowotny J. Czucie u³o¿enia a postawa cia³a dzieci i m³odzie¿y. Postêpy Rehabilitacji, 1987; 1(1): 43-49.
9. Smart L.J, Dean L, Smith D.C. Postural Dynamics: Clinical and Empirical Implication. Journal of Manipulative and Physiologi-
cal Therapeutics 2001; 24(5): 340-349;
10. Christensen K. Children and scolioses. Dynamic Chiropractic 2001; 19(4).
Electronic PDF security powered by IndexCopernicus.com
This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited. This copy is for personal use only - distribution prohibited.