Aldehydy i ketony O
O
O
HC
H C
C
3
H C
CH
C
3
2
H
H
H
aldehyd mrówkowy (formaldehyd) aldehyd octowy
propanal
O
O
O
H C
(CH
C
3
2)2
H C
(CH
C
3
2)3
H C
(CH
C
3
2)4
H
H
H
butanal
pentanal
heksanal
CH2
OH
CH2
OH
CH
OH
C
O
C
CH2
OH
H
O
dihydroksyaceton aldehyd glicerynowy Cukry i ich pochodne O
CHO
CHO
CH
H
O
2OH
CH
H
2OH
H
C
OH
H
C
H
H
H
H
C
OH
H
H
H
C
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
OH
OH
CH
OH
H
2OH
CH
2OH
α-D-rybofuranoza D-ryboza
α-D-2-deoksyrybofuranoza D-2-deoksyryboza CHO
CHO
CH2OH
H
O
H
C
OH
O
O
H
C
H
H
H
OH
H
H
O
H
C
H
CH
H
C
OH
2OH
OH
H
H
C
OH
H
OH
O
H
C
H
OH
OH
H
OH
H
C
OH
O
H
C
H
H
OH
CH
OH
H
2OH
CH
2OH
α-D-glukopiranoza D-glukoza
β-L-glukopiranoza L-glukoza
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
CH
CH
O
2OH
2OH
H
CH
C
O
2OH
C
O
H
OH
O
H
C
H
OH
H
H
C
OH
H
OH
HOH
OH
2C
H
C
OH
O
H
C
H
OH
H
H
C
OH
H
OH
O
H
C
H
CH2OH
CH
2OH
α-D-fruktofuranoza D-fruktoza
β-L-fruktofuranoza L-fruktoza
– 55 –
CHO
CHO
2OH
CH2OH
O
O
H
C
H
O
H
C
OH
H
H
OH
H
H
O
H
C
H
H
O
H
C
H
OH
OH
H
C
OH
OH
H
O
H
C
H
OH
OH
H
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
H
CH2OH
H
OH
CH
2OH
α-D-mannopiranoza D-mannoza
α-D-galaktopiranoza D-galaktoza
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
O
H
H
H
H
H
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
OH
OH
OH
H
N
C
CH3
H
NH2
H
O
α-D-glukozamina
α-D-N-acetyloglukozamina (2-deoksy-2-amino -α-D-glukopiranoza) (2-deoksy-2-amino-N-acetylo -α-D-glukopiranoza) CH2OH
CH2OH
O
O
OH
H
H
H
O
H,OH
OH
H
OH
H
H
H
H
OH
H
OH
laktoza (4-O-β-D-galaktopiranozylo-D-glukopiranoza) H
H
O
O
O
O
H N
2
C
H C
C
NH
C
3
OH
OH
O
OH
H
OH
H
H
OH
H
OH
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
H
H
H
H
H
C
OH
H
C
OH
CH2OH
CH
2OH
kwas neuraminowy kwas N-acetyloneuraminowy CH
CH
2OH
2OH
O
O
H
H
H
H
H
H,OH
OH
H
OH
H
OH
O
H
OH
H
OH
maltoza (4-O-α-D-glukopiranozylo - D-glukopiranozoa)
– 56 –
CH2OH
O
O
H
H
H
H
O
H,OH
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
H
OH
H
OH
celobioza (4-O-β-D-glukopiranozylo - D-glukopiranozoa) CH2OH
O
CH2OH
H
H
H
O
H
H
OH
H
H
OH
O
OH
H
OH
H
OH
CH2
H
OH O
O
CH2OH
O
H
H
H
OH
H,OH
H
CH2OH
OH
H
OH
OH
H
H
OH
izo-maltoza (6-O-α-D-glukopiranozylo-D-glukopiranoza) sacharoza (2-O-α-D-glukopiranozylo-β-D-fruktofuranozyd)
CH
CH
2OH
2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
O
O
O
O
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
O
O
O
O
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
skrobia (amyloza)
CH
CH
2OH
2OH
O
O
H
H
H
H
H
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
O
O
H
OH
H
OH
CH2
CH
CH
2OH
2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
O
O
O
O
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
O
O
O
O
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
skrobia (amylopektyna) i glikogen
– 57 –
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
O
O
O
O
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
O
O
O
O
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
H
H
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
celuloza
O
C
OH
O
CH2OH
H
H
O
O
H
OH
H
O
H
H
H
O
OH
H
H
OH
H
N
H
C
CH3
O
kwas hialuronowy
O
C
OH
O
CH2OH
H
H
O
O
HSO O
3
OH
H
O
H
H
H
O
H
H
H
OH
H
N
H
C
CH3
O
siarczan chondroityny
O
O
CH2OH
C
C
O
O
H
CH
C
OH
C
O
O
O
O
C
OH
C
O
H
H
C
H
C
O
H
C
H
O
H
C
H
OH
OH
CH2OH
CH
2OH
witamina C w formie nienasyconego witamina C (kwas L-askorbinowy) kwas L-deoksyaskorbinowy pierścienia furanozowego
– 58 –