Homework
Translate into English
Zrób to, co musisz zrobić
Pójdź tam, gdzie musisz pójść.
To, że się spotykacie nie znaczy, że się pobierzecie.
Pies, którego właściciel jest zajęty pracą będzie się nudził.
Plan, który najpierw wydawał się logiczny, okazał się całkowitą porażką.
Czy to człowiek, którego poszukujecie?
W jakim mieście znajduje się dom, którego poszukujecie?
Patryk jest psychopatą, co bardzo komplikuje mu życie.
Kiedy otworzył okno, zobaczł, że kwiaty, które zasadził przed miesiącem rozkwitły.
Gdzie nie ma nadziei, tam nie ma radości.
Kasia zdała egzamin, co było nizłym sukcesem.
Dawid nie chciał spać, co mnie zdenerwowało
Topic 3. Aspects of Polish and English morphology
1. Introduction: key concepts (see also Nagórko 2002: 66-77)
> morphology – branch of grammar dealing with the internal structure of words
> morpheme – the smallest meaningful unit of a language, e.g., OE hund+as, ModE hound+s; specifically, the term can refer to either an abstract sign (e.g., the plural morpheme -s) or a minimal sign (e.g., the variants of -s in [z], [s],[әz])
2. morho-syntax
3. Morphological processes (for an overview see Crystal 1987: 90)
> note that these processes are arranged only impressionistically with respect to frequency (so affixation and compounding are very common, and suffixes are more common in the languages of the world that prefixes)
> note that these processes may appear in a given language with different frequency and productivity and in different functions (e.g., inflection is expressed in English only by suffixes and in Polish predominantly by suffixes; derivation is expressed in both languages both by prefixes and suffixes)
> affixation (pre-, suf-, in- and interfixation):
> suffixes, e.g., amuse-ment-s; P poznań-sk-i
> prefixes, e.g., un-happy; P nie-szczęśliwy
> postfixes, e.g., E whom-ever; P kto-ś, kogo-kolwiek
> infixes, e.g., E fan-fucking-tastic, P malut-eń-ki (within a root/morpheme);
> interfixes, e.g., E editor-in-chief, P język-o-znawstwo (in between two roots);
> circumfixes, e.g., G ge-frag-t, P u-łatw-ić (around the root);
> compounding (combining already existing words), e.g., blackbird, P dobranoc, pracodawca
> cliticization (a (reduced) element is attached to a word to form a single prosodic unit): E they’ve gone; P gdzieście
> reduplication (duplication of all or part of base)
> complete: Malay raja ‘king’, raja-raja ‘kings’; Turkish gyzel ‘beautifully’, gyzel gyzel ‘very beautifully’; E
Is he a friend friend or are they going out?, choo-choo ‘train’; P pa pa; R devushka krasivaja krasivaja
> partial: E mish-mash, helter-skelter, fancy-schmancy
> modification, e.g., E man : men; P br- : bierz- ‘to take’, brach : brat; Arabic kitaab ‘book’ : kutub ‘books’
> suppletion (use of different roots within the same paradigm), e.g., E be : am : was : been, P jeden : pierwszy; Fr. vais
‘(I) go’ : irai ‘(I) will go’ : aller ‘to go’
> conversion (zero-derivation), e.g., butter vs. He buttered the bread. (as n. and v.), per’mit vs. ‘permit (as v. and n., with stress shift)
> clipping (shortening of a polysyllabic word), e.g., ad, advert (advertisement), P spoko (spokojnie), pozdr
(pozdrowienia)
> acronyms (formed from initial sounds, letters or strings of words), e.g., E NATO, P IFA
> abbreviations (as above but not pronounced as words), e.g., E MBA, P CPN
> blends, e.g., E brunch (breakfast + lunch), P uniwersjada (uniwersytet + olimpiada)
> backformation (a word similar to a derived form undergoes ‘deaffixation’), e.g., enthuse (< enthusiasm), edit (<
editor), P czołg (< czołgać się)
> eponyms; forms created from names, e.g., kleenex, xerox, watt, Fahrenheit, P elektroluks, rower
> onomatopoeia, e.g., E cock-a-doodle-doo, P kukuryku, Jap. kokekokko
4. Verb forms:
Infinitive : I want to go
Gerund: I like cooking, Going there was a mistake
Participle: Going there, I saw a spider.
Finite verb: I went there.
Exercise
Provide Polish counterparts of the English categories listed in the left side column of table 2 above.
Analyze the following sentences. Specify parts of speech, parts of sentence (the main sentence); bracket and describe subordinate clauses, underline the main clause; describe tense, aspect, mood, voice of the main verb and person number and gender of the subject.
Example
Adverbial clause
A S V O
[When she was young], Janet liked crossword puzzles.
Int pron pers pron v adj n v n n
Liked: tense – past
Aspect- simple
Mood – indicative
Voice – active
Janet: 3rd person singular, fem
Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country.
Are you being served?
The book you ordered is no longer available.
That he would do such a thing seems improbable.
I wondered lonely as a cloud that floats on high over the vales and hills, when all at one I saw a cloud a host of golden daffodils.