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GLOSSARY OF ANATOMICAL

TERMS

BELOW is given a very bricf description of scicntific anatomical tcrms, uscd to dcscribc movcmcnts at diflcrcnt joints of thc body. For morc dctailcd Information on this subjcct thc pupil is urgcd to consult an elementary tcxt-book of anatomy.

Thcrc arc thrcc main typcs of joints in thc body, thesc arc CATILAGINOUS, FIBRO U S, and SYNOVIAL. The joints at which thc greatest range of movcmcnt is possiblc arc ncarly always the Synovial varictv and thc movcmcnts permitted at such joints are : i. GIJDING, c.g. As between the articular proccsscs of thc verlebne.

2. HINGE, c.g. Elbow, knee, anklc, joints of thc fingers and tocs.

5. CONDYLOID, e.g. As between the altas bonc and thc basc of thc skuli; wrist.

4. PIVOT, e.g. As between the radius and ulna bones of thc forcarm.

5. BALL and SOCKET, c.g. As at thc shouldcr and hip joint (thcsc lattcr possess a greater range of movcmcnt than thc other typcs of joint).

To dcscribc thc relationship of the difFerent parts óf thc body to one another anatomically, thc body is always regarded as being in thc crect posturę, with thc arms hanging down by thc sides and the head and palms of thc hands directcd forwards. The vcrtical piane which passes down thc ccntrc of thc body and dividc$ it into rieht and lcft halvcs is termed thc median piane, and whcrc this imaginary piane cuts thc body on thc front and back, is callcd thc anterior median linę and bosttrior median linę respcctively. The front of the body (when in thc “ anatomical position ” as dcscribcd abovc) is sometimes referred to as thc Penfrai surface and thc back of the body thc dorsal surface. When talking of thc limbs, thc tcrms proximal ot superior arc uscd to denote the levcl ot a particular part of the limb to its origin from thc trunk. To denotc rclativc distanccs from thc median piane, thc tcrms mcdial (i.c. nearer to) and latcral (i.c. further from) arc uscd. Thus, if thc arm which is hanging down by thc sidc with thc palm facing forwards is rotated so that thc palm now faccs baekwards, this movement is callcd media! ro/ałion i.c. Rotation towards thc median piane. Rotation in thc oppositc direction i.c. may from thc median piane is termed lattral rotation.

FLEXION is thc term usually uscd when one ventral surface is brought closer to another vcntral surface, c.g., When thc front of thc forcarm is brought up dosc to thc front of thc upper arm.

EXTENSION is the reversc movcmcnt to flcxion, c.g. When the flexcd forcarm is movcd away from the upper arm until thc upper arm and forcarm arc a sttaight linę, and thc elbow is locked.

In the foot, thc term dorsi-flexion is uscd when thc upper part of thc foot is bent back towards thc shin and plantar-flcxion is ehe rcvcrsc movcmcnt, when thc toc is poimed and the upper part of thc foot is tnken away from thc shin.

ABDUCTION is movcmcnt away from the median piane as in raising thc arm sideways away from thc body.

ADDUCT/ONis thc opposite of abduction, i.c. movcmcnt towards thc body as in lowcring thc arm to thc sidc.

CIRCUMDUCTION is a combination of all thc abovc movcmcnts and a good cxamplc of this is the typc of movcmcnt thc arm performs when throwing a crickct bali.

INVERSION is when thc sole of thc foot is turned inwards.

EVERSION is thc opposite to invcrsion, i.c. when thc sidc of the foot is turned outwards.

The mcanings of the alłove tcrms should be referred to if they occur in thc description of how to perform your cxcrciscs.