76661 lingwistyka

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l_/v^ /\. UlUCli u

^a SIGN: a union of an invariant form with an invariant meaning a relation between a concept and acoustic image signified vs. signifying-

J = COPENHAGEN SCHOOL - HJELMSLEV: expression- content piane cf. commutation test: \/ /\ cf. synt.pardgm. r.

>/ = PRAGUE SCHOOL - TRUBECKOY, JACOBSON, MATHESIUS put emphasis on the function of units

FSP: a model of the Information structure of sentences GIVEN/Therae: at the lowes degree of the communicative dynamism; vs. NEW/Rheme

✓ = LONDON SCHOOL -FIRTH, HALLIDAY, MALINOWSKI

linguistic data embedded in specific contexts HALLIDAY: systemie grammar (1960's);

*    language a social semiotic;

emphasised linguistic functions (interpersonal)

*    language as a semiotic system (its development in each individual) must be studied in the context of social roles that individuals play

Post-structuralist:

y $$$ TRANSFORMATIONAL GRAMMAR: any grammar where

syntactic structures are related by transformations (kernel sentences/PSR/DS==>SS/transformational rules) see below for morę:'

y AMERICAN STRUCTURALISM:

### Blóomfield: committed to the physicalist philosophy of science (in which all scientific statements are reducible to observable phenomena; compatible with bahaviourism in psychology);

Linguistics as an autonomous science (Language:1933)

### Sapir Whorf Hypothesis: linguistic relativism/determinism ... the semantic structure of a language which a person speaks either determins or limits the ways in wchich they are able to form

conceptions of the world in which they live...

... the way the people vied the world is determined wholly or partly by the structure of their native language

© $$$ TRANSFORMATIONAL GRAMMAR (ABOVE/BELOW)

==> SYNTAX: Gk. wd. for 'arrangemet’

...a move from generał grammatical categories and relations to specific methods of describing the structure of phrases and sentences...

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