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Figurę 2.3 Mass and sex independent Msum variation over the natural rangę of weather conditions. Data are residual Msum presented against (a) minimal ambient temperaturę (min Ta) and (b) residual minimal absolute humidity. Black dots in (b) represent data collected at min Ta < 0°C, white dots at 0°C<min Ta<16°C and grey dots at min Ta>16°C (see text for details). For both panels, black lines are curves fitted by loess (smoothness = 0.85, degree = 2). Residual Msum were extracted from ANCOVA controlling for body mass, sex as well as residual minimal absolute humidity in (a) or minimal temperaturę in (b). Residual minimal absolute humidity Controls for the effect of ambient temperaturę and was extracted from a polynomial regression. Coefficients of determination are presented for independent relationships, see text for complete model.

2.6 Discussion

Our goal was to investigate reaction norms of BMR and Msum through the natural rangę of weather variations experienced by a smali endotherm. We expected non-linear responses, as metabolic rates would likely be limited by physiological constraints at the extremes of the rangę (McKechnie, 2008). We found that, in Black-capped chickadees, mass and sex independent BMR was explained by variation among individuals and was linearly related to temperaturę. In contrast, mass and sex independent Msum did not vary among individuals but was related to ambient temperaturę following a Z-shape relationship, with a linear increase between 24°C and -10°C, and to absolute humidity following a U-shape curve.