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FLINT MINING OF CENTRAL EUROPE 23

towards this view recently (1971, 120 f.; 1975, 162). As can be seen from the publication by F. Kirnbauer (1958) and N. N. Gurina (1976), this kind of raw materiał exploitation also occurred on a smali scalę at the mines on Vienna-Mauer and Krasnoye Selo. The volume of cxlruded raw materiał and waste rock was usually from 1 to 5 m³ approx. Surface pit cxploitation difTers clearly

3. OPEN

Opcn shafts exploitation reąuired much morę work with the participation of at least two people, better knowledge, and morę mining experience. In such workings knowledgc, and morę mining experience. In such workings, a kind of communication step was often left to lift flint and waste materiał to the surfacc. The volume of extruded materiał ranged from 3 to 80 m³, taking into account the known workings from Central Europę. Open shafts are the most common form of exploitation unit of the early farming communilics. Among others we know the hornstone minę at Lengfeld (Reisch 1974), quartzite mines at TuSimice and Bećov (Neustupny 1963; 1966; 1976; Kruta 1966; Fridrich 1972), the radiolarian chert minę at Tata-Kalvśria Hill (Fulóp 1973; 1975) and partly at Stirneg (Vertes 1964; Bścskai 1976), Ju-rassic-Cracow flint mines at Sąspów and Jerzmanowice-Dąbrówka (Lech 1972; 1975b; 1981), and “chocolate” flint mines at Tomaszów and Polany II in the north-eastern fringes of the Holy Cross Mountains (Chmielewska, Lech 1973; Lech 1975 a, 143 f.; Schild 1975; 1976a, 158-161). Open shafts occur side by side with othcr types of shafts on the territory of the mines at Rijckholt—St.Geertruid (W. M. Felder et alii 1979, 56 f.), Krzemionki Opatowskie (Krukowski 1939, 11-13) and at Krasnoye Selo (Gurina 1976, 132-163).

Among this catcgory of workings we can observe a elear division into two groups: narrow shafts and wide shafts. They often occur side by side at the same mines — for example at Lengfeld and Tomaszów. At Lengfeld the shafts were sunk through a layer of loess, gravel trains and clay with rounded Calcerous rubbish and nu-merous flint nodules, down to the roof of the limestone

from the extraction of raw materiał from sea-shore sli-des, cluvial or glacial clays, or river gravel trains. As we shall see in further considerations, it is also clearly difierent from open shaft exploitation of the deposit; in other words it is primitivc in A. L. Armstrong's classi-fication or Mardellen Grubenbau of M. Jahn and E. Schmid.

SHAETS

rock (Reisch 1974, 33-35, Beilage I). One of the shafts (Schacht I) was 95 cm wide at the mouth, directly below the soil floor. It was 225 cm deep (Fig. 25). The second shaft (Grube II) was about 4 m wide at the mouth,

Fig. 25. Lengfeld, Kelheim dist. Narrow open shaft

A — soil; B — loess; C — layer of fine gravcl; D — eluvial clay with limę rubble and raw materiał; E — mother rock or waste weathering;/-// — sediments in secondary position: limę rubble with loess (/) loess (g); ełuvial clay with limę rubble (/i); I - shaft

After L.Reisch

and 2 m in depth (Fig. 26). At Tomaszów, distr. Radom the shafts were cut through sands, washed down forma-tions and eryo-turbated deposits of the Middle and Uppcr Wiirm periods. Flint nodules were extruded from the Karstic clays which lay below. The shafts were from 1.2 m to morę than 3m wide and from 3.5 to 4.5 m deep (Schild 1975, 17; 1976a, 158-161).

Only big, wide shafts are known from the territory of the flint minę at Sąspów. The natural stratigraphy therc is as follows: top soil, subsoil, loess, karstic clay, limes waste and Upper Jurassic calcerous bedrock. In

Fig. 26. Lengfeld, Kelheim dist. Wide, open shaft. Kcy as for fig. 25; II — shaft

After L.Reisch