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FLINT MINING OF CENTRAL EUROPE 25

loam laycrs to sandstone. Quartzite was extruded from thc sandstone. Shaft No 5 (Fig. 29) was approx. 3.25 m deep and the width of its top part was approx. 2.25 ni (Neustupny 1963). In its close vicinity two other shafts — Nos. 2 and 3 occurred. Shaft No 3 was about 2.5 m deep with a mouth width about 4.9 m. Another shaft No 4 was 2.1 m deep and approx. 3.6 m wide (Neustupny thc roof of thc Upper Jurassic limestones was disturbed (Fig. 30). Flint was exploitcd from the layer of Karstic clays and the roof of thc limestone. Shafts at Polany were usually about 3 m wide at the top and the depth was not much morę than 2 m (Fig. 31).

Fig. 29. Tuśimice, Chomutov dist. Section of shaft No 5

/ — mother sandstone with ąuart/ite nodules; 2 — grey loams; 3 - black loam; 4 — loam in filling in of shaft on sccondary position; 5 — sandstone rubble; 6 — quart/ite industrial waste; 7 antlcr picks; 8 — fire-placc

After E.Ncustupny

1976). Similar workings were also sunk on the territory of the ąuartzite minę at Bećov. Their depth varied be-tween 2-3 m. Shaft No 1 was 2.2 m deep and 2.5 m wide (Kruta 1966). In the Vistula river basin apart from the minę at Sąspów, open shafts with a wide mouth are known from thc mines at Jerzmanowicc-Dąbrówka I (Lech 1981) and Polany II (Chmielewska, Lech 1973). Shapes of the shafts from the minę at Polany were similar to pits Nos 2 and 3 at Tuśimice and to the shaft at Bećov. They were sunk in sand and glacial tills mixed with Karstic clays, to rcach eluvial clays. At the shaft bottoms,

Fig. 30. Polany, Radom dist. Fragment of bottom of shaft No. 1. Bodkin shows place where charcoal samplcs for ^X4C dating were

taken (BM-1235) 1541±81

Photo by J.Lech

Fig. 31. Polany, Radom dist. Shaft No 3. Width of excavatoni 2 m. Distance between bodkins 1 m

Photo by J.Lcch

Similar workings to these are known at the minę at Yienna-Mauer (Fig. 32). Somc open shafts up to 8 m

4 — Przegląd Archeologiczny, t. 28