Argumenty bioetyki 2012
wykład 7
POTENCJALNOŚĆ
- B
(zarodki z ciężkimi wadami)
wady:
• A. wykluczające zarówno osobowy
rozwój, jak przynależność do gatunku
ludzkiego
• B. wykluczające osobowy rozwój, ale
nie przynależność do gatunku
ludzkiego
• C. nie wykluczające osobowego
rozwoju (ani przynależności do
gatunku ludzkiego)
ad B
• Turning to the case of humans, we
should perhaps take a gradual approach.
In the case of preimplantation loss, it is
probable that the genetic defects are
such that the eliminated embryos are
not only genetically defective, and hence
non-viable human embryos, but in most
cases not genetically human at all. In
such cases, the issue of inviolability is
moot. (Gómez-Lobo 2007 inviol, s. 318)
poziomy możliwości:
• I. możliwość logiczna (idealna)
• II. możliwość fizyczna
• III. możliwość realna
Covey, absolutne i aktualne
możliwości fizyczne
• hypothetical event or state of affairs, s, is
absolutely N-impossible iff. s would be
inconsistent with the most basic physical
laws of the actual world in all logically
possible worlds in which those laws operate.
• An event or state of affairs is actually N-
impossible iff. the actually-obtaining state of
affairs, s1, is such that s1’s being superseded
by s2 would be inconsistent with the physical
laws of the actual world. (Covey 1991, s. 240)
stopnie możliwości
fizycznej:
• istotowa możliwość fizyczna (rozwinięcia
jakiejś kwalifikacji) – przysługuje wszystkim
bytom, które posiadają odpowiednie cechy
istotne
• wewnętrzna możliwość fizyczna - przysługuje
wszystkim bytom, które posiadają odpowiednie
cechy wewnętrzne (istotne lub akcydentalne)
• pełna możliwość fizyczna - przysługuje
wszystkim bytom, które posiadają odpowiednie
cechy wewnętrzne, a także znajdują się w
sprzyjającym otoczeniu
koncepcje warunków
właściwej potencjalności
Wystarczającym warunkiem właściwej
potencjalności jest
• (1) istotowa możliwość fizyczna
• (2) absolutna wewnętrzna możliwość
fizyczna
• (3) aktualna wewnętrzna możliwość
fizyczna
• (4) aktualna pełna możliwość fizyczna
ad 1
• Human beings with brain damage still
have the basic constitution oriented to
developing the immediately exercisable
capacity for such acts, which is why
they are rightly recognised as human
beings and persons. An organic defect
may prevent them from ever (in this life)
developing the capacities they do have
in virtue of the kind of entity they are.
(Lee 2004, s. 262, przyp. 28)
ad 2
• consider a human being in a light coma that required a heart
transplant before we had the medical expertise to transplant
hearts (say, in 1800 CE): such a one also has no potential to be
rational or self-aware. However, today, because of practical
advances in medical expertise, such a one does have practical
potential to be a person again. But one thing that we can say about
someone with advanced Alzheimer’s, a severely autistic child, and
our patient in 1800 with the heart malady is the following: they all
had the natural (or active) potential of personhood all along.
Relative levels of medical expertise do not affect such a concept.
Indeed, if we were suddenly to find cures to Alzheimer’s and
autism, it certainly would not be the case that these patients would
suddenly become potential persons and regard a moral status they
had lost. Rather, they had the natural potential all along — and
with the new medical technology would have found a practical way
to realize it. 24 So, the very reason we extend personhood to the
severely mentally disabled is the same reason we should extend it
to fetuses and infants: the beings in question all have a natural
potential for personhood. (Camosy 2008, s. 590)
krytyka ad 2 - Lizza
• Consider, for example, an abnormal human embryo
that lacks the genes to develop a brain or heart.
Also, assume that we have no way of altering its
genetic structure to allow for such development.
Such an embryo would not be potentially a person,
since attributing such a potential to it would entail
relying on absolute possibilities, rather than actual
ones. (...). Moreover, because the abnormal embryo
lacks the actual possibility of becoming a person, it
lacks the potential for being a person. Finally, if the
potential to be a person were what garners an
embryo special moral status, then it would follow
that this abnormal embryo would fail to have this
status. (Lizza 2007, s. 382)
krytyka ad 2 - McMahan
• What reason is there to suppose that all human
beings are in fact internally directed or
programmed toward the development of a
rational nature? There are some human beings –
those who are congenitally and radically
cognitively impaired (henceforth the ‘‘radically
impaired’’) – who in at least one obvious sense
lack the potential for the development of a
rational nature. While most immature human
beings (embryos, fetuses, newborn infants) will,
given a favorable environment, develop a capacity
for rationality, those immature human beings that
are radically cognitively impaired cannot develop
this category, even with the most extensive forms
of assistance that we are currently able to
provide. (Jeff McMahan 2008, s. 88)
ad 3
• The potential to be F is, very roughly, the capacity a
thing, x, has, strictly in virtue of its current intrinsic
properties, to become F given suitable or standard
nurturing. Potential is, if you like, the contribution
intrinsic properties of x are capable of making to its
tendency to become F. The potential of x to become
F is its aptitude to become F. Clearly, the probability
that x will become F is a function both of its
potential to become F and of the likelihood that it
will receive the appropriate nurturing. Of two
people with exactly the same potential to become,
say, prime minister, one might be much more likely
to achieve the goal because he has much more
money and much better family connections than his
rival. (Burgess 2010, s. 141)
ad 4
• In all cases, whether a potential exists
depends on whether it can be actualized,
where “can be actualized” is dependent, not
only on the internal state of the substance,
but also on external conditions. Privation in
the internal state of the substance or external
conditions that cannot be rectified in any
realistic way is grounds for concluding that
the substance lacks certain potentials in this
more proximate or realistic sense. (Lizza
2005, s. 49)