Zadanie 6 |
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y1 |
y2 |
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x1 |
x2 |
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-2 |
1 |
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-1 |
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-1 |
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1 |
3 |
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-1 |
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1 |
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-1 |
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y1 = b21 y2 + g11 x1 + u1 |
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Model o równaniach współzależnych |
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y2 = b12 y1 + g22 x2 + u2 |
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-2 |
1 |
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0 |
-1 |
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0 |
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0 |
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Y= |
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X= |
0 |
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1 |
3 |
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0 |
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-1 |
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1 |
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1 |
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-1 |
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Szacujemy postać zredukowaną bez restrykcji |
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P^=(XTX)-1XTY= |
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XTX= |
2 |
0 |
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(XTX)-1= |
0,5 |
0 |
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2 |
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0,5 |
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Wyznacznik (XTX)= |
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4 |
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XTY= |
-1 |
-2 |
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3 |
2 |
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P^=(XTX)-1XTY= |
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-0,5 |
-1 |
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1,5 |
1 |
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Pośrednia MNK do I równania |
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b21= |
1,5 |
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b12= |
2 |
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g11= |
1 |
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g22= |
-2 |
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Takie same oceny otrzymamy stosując 2MNK |
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2MNK do I równania |
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I Etap |
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Szacujemy postać zredukowaną bez restrykcji. Otrzymujemy wartości teoretyczne Y. |
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Y^=XTP^= |
-1,5 |
-1 |
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0 |
0 |
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0 |
0 |
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1,5 |
1 |
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-0,5 |
-1 |
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0,5 |
1 |
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macierz wartości teoretycznych |
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II Etap |
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Do I równania po wstawieniu wartości teoretycznych za y2 stosujemy zwykłą MNK |
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y1 = b21 y2^ + g11 x1 + v1 |
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a=(ZTZ)-1ZTy= |
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-1 |
0 |
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-2 |
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Z= |
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4 |
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y= |
0 |
ZTy= |
-1 |
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1 |
0 |
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1 |
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-1 |
1 |
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0 |
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1 |
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1 |
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(ZTZ)= |
4 |
-2 |
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(ZTZ)-1= |
0,5 |
0,5 |
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-2 |
2 |
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0,5 |
1 |
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wyznacz= |
4 |
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a=(ZTZ)-1ZTy= |
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1,5 |
oceny parametrów pierwszego równania |
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1 |
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Chcemy policzyć błędy średnie szacunku |
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w. Reszt |
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u^2= |
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u^= |
-3,5 |
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12,25 |
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0 |
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0 |
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1,5 |
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2,25 |
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-3,5 |
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12,25 |
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0,5 |
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0,25 |
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0,5 |
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0,25 |
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27,25 |
suma kw reszt |
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Wariancja resztowa |
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s2= |
6,8125 |
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Ocena asymptotycznej macierzy kowariancji estymatora 2MNK: |
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s2(ZTZ)-1= |
3,40625 |
3,40625 |
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3,40625 |
6,8125 |
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Przybliżone błędy średnie szacunku: |
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b21 |
1,84560288252918 |
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g11 |
2,61007662722764 |
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II równanie |
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Jest jednoznacznie identyfikowalne: oceny PMNK = oceny 2MNK |
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2MNK do II równania |
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I Etap |
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Szacujemy postać zredukowaną bez restrykcji. Otrzymujemy wartości teoretyczne Y. |
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II Etap |
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Do II równania po wstawieniu wartości teoretycznych za y1 stosujemy zwykłą MNK |
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y2 = b12 y1^ + g22 x2 + v2 |
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a=(ZTZ)-1ZTy= |
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-1,5 |
-1 |
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1 |
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Z= |
0 |
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0 |
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4 |
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0 |
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y= |
-1 |
ZTy= |
2 |
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1,5 |
1 |
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3 |
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-0,5 |
0 |
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-1 |
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0,5 |
0 |
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1 |
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(ZTZ)= |
5 |
3 |
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(ZTZ)-1= |
2 |
-3 |
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3 |
2 |
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-3 |
5 |
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wyznacz= |
1 |
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a=(ZTZ)-1ZTy= |
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2 |
oceny parametrów drugiego równania |
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-2 |
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Chcemy policzyć błędy średnie szacunku |
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w. Reszt |
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u^2= |
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u^= |
3 |
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8,99999999999999 |
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0 |
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0 |
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-1 |
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1 |
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3 |
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9 |
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-1 |
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-0,999999999999998 |
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0,999999999999996 |
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21 |
suma kw reszt |
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Wariancja resztowa |
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s2= |
5,25 |
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Ocena asymptotycznej macierzy kowariancji estymatora 2MNK: |
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s2(ZTZ)-1= |
10,5 |
-15,75 |
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-15,75 |
26,25 |
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Przybliżone błędy średnie szacunku: |
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b21 |
3,24037034920393 |
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g11 |
5,1234753829798 |
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Zadanie 7 |
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Układ trójkątny |
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y1 |
y2 |
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x1 |
x2 |
UWAGA: |
Zakładamy, że mamy |
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-2 |
1 |
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0 |
-1 |
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do czynienia z |
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0 |
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modelem rekurencyjnym (czyli macierz równoczesnych kowariancji jest diagonalna) |
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0 |
-1 |
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0 |
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1 |
3 |
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1 |
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Stosujemy MNK do każdego równania oddzielnie |
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0 |
-1 |
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Estymator MNK jest zgodny |
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1 |
1 |
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-1 |
0 |
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y1 = g11 x1 + g31 + u1 |
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y2 = b12 y1 + g22 x2 + u2 |
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Do I równania stosujemy zwykłą MNK |
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y1 = g31 + g11 x1 + v1 |
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a=(ZTZ)-1ZTy= |
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1 |
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-2 |
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Z= |
1 |
0 |
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0 |
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1 |
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y= |
0 |
ZTy= |
-1 |
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1 |
0 |
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1 |
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1 |
1 |
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1 |
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(ZTZ)= |
6 |
0 |
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(ZTZ)-1= |
0,166666666666667 |
0 |
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2 |
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0,5 |
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wyznacz= |
12 |
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a=(ZTZ)-1ZTy= |
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0 |
oceny parametrów pierwszego równania |
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-0,5 |
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Chcemy policzyć błędy średnie szacunku |
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w. Reszt |
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u^2= |
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u^= |
-2 |
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4 |
T= |
6 |
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0 |
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0 |
k= |
2 |
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0 |
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0 |
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1 |
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1 |
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0,5 |
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0,25 |
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0,5 |
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0,25 |
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5,5 |
suma kw reszt |
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Wariancja resztowa |
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s2= |
1,375 |
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Ocena macierzy kowariancji estymatora MNK: |
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s2(ZTZ)-1= |
0,229166666666667 |
0 |
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0 |
0,6875 |
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Błędy średnie szacunku: |
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g31 |
0,478713553878169 |
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g11 |
0,82915619758885 |
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II równanie |
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stasujemy MNK |
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bo model jest rekurencyjny |
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y2 = b12 y1 + g22 x2 + v2 |
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a=(ZTZ)-1ZTy= |
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-2 |
-1 |
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1 |
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Z= |
0 |
0 |
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0 |
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2 |
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0 |
0 |
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y= |
-1 |
ZTy= |
2 |
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1 |
1 |
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3 |
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0 |
0 |
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-1 |
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1 |
0 |
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1 |
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(ZTZ)= |
6 |
3 |
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(ZTZ)-1= |
0,666666666666667 |
-1 |
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3 |
2 |
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-1 |
2 |
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wyznacz= |
3 |
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a=(ZTZ)-1ZTy= |
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-0,666666666666667 |
oceny parametrów drugiego równania |
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2 |
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Chcemy policzyć błędy średnie szacunku |
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wektor reszt |
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u^2= |
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u^= |
1,66666666666667 |
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2,77777777777778 |
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0 |
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0 |
T= |
6 |
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-1 |
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1 |
k= |
2 |
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1,66666666666667 |
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2,77777777777778 |
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-1 |
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1 |
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1,66666666666667 |
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2,77777777777778 |
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10,3333333333333 |
suma kw reszt |
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Wariancja resztowa |
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s2= |
2,58333333333333 |
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Ocena asymptotycznej macierzy kowariancji estymatora 2MNK: |
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s2(ZTZ)-1= |
1,72222222222222 |
-2,58333333333333 |
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-2,58333333333333 |
5,16666666666667 |
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Przybliżone błędy średnie szacunku: |
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b12 |
1,31233464566864 |
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g22 |
2,27303028283098 |
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zadanie 7 |
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Układ trójkątny |
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y1 |
y2 |
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x1 |
x2 |
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2MNK |
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-2 |
1 |
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0 |
-1 |
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0 |
0 |
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0 |
0 |
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0 |
-1 |
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0 |
0 |
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1 |
3 |
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0 |
1 |
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0 |
-1 |
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1 |
0 |
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1 |
1 |
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-1 |
0 |
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y1 = g11 x1 + g31 + u1 |
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y2 = b12 y1 + g22 x2 + u2 |
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-2 |
1 |
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0 |
-1 |
1 |
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0 |
0 |
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0 |
0 |
1 |
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Y= |
0 |
-1 |
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X= |
0 |
0 |
1 |
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1 |
3 |
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0 |
1 |
1 |
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0 |
-1 |
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1 |
0 |
1 |
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1 |
1 |
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-1 |
0 |
1 |
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Szacujemy postać zredukowaną bez restrykcji |
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P^=(XTX)-1XTY= |
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2 |
0 |
0 |
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0,5 |
0 |
0 |
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XTX= |
0 |
2 |
0 |
(XTX)-1= |
0 |
0,5 |
0 |
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0 |
0 |
6 |
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0 |
0 |
0,166666666666667 |
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Wyznacznik (XTX)= |
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24 |
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XTY= |
-1 |
-2 |
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3 |
2 |
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0 |
3 |
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P^=(XTX)-1XTY= |
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-0,5 |
-1 |
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1,5 |
1 |
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0 |
0,5 |
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Pośrednia MNK do I równania |
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równ. jest niejednozn. Identyf - nie można stosować Poś. MNK |
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g31= |
0 |
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b12= |
2 |
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g11= |
-0,5 |
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g22= |
-2 |
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Takie same oceny otrzymamy stosując 2MNK - tu to nie jest prawda! Nie można stosować Pośredniej MNK |
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2MNK do I równania |
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I Etap |
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Szacujemy postać zredukowaną bez restrykcji. Otrzymujemy wartości teoretyczne Y. |
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Y^=XTP^= |
-1,5 |
-0,5 |
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0 |
0,5 |
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0 |
0,5 |
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1,5 |
1,5 |
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-0,5 |
-0,5 |
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0,5 |
1,5 |
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macierz wartości teoretycznych |
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II Etap |
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Do I równania 2MNK = MNK (bo równanie jest oderwane) |
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y1 = g31 + g11 x1 + v1 |
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a=(ZTZ)-1ZTy= |
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1 |
0 |
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-2 |
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Z= |
1 |
0 |
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0 |
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0 |
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1 |
0 |
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y= |
0 |
ZTy= |
-1 |
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1 |
0 |
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1 |
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1 |
1 |
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0 |
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1 |
-1 |
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1 |
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(ZTZ)= |
6 |
0 |
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(ZTZ)-1= |
0,166666666666667 |
0 |
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0 |
2 |
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0 |
0,5 |
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wyznacz= |
12 |
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a=(ZTZ)-1ZTy= |
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0 |
oceny parametrów pierwszego równania |
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-0,5 |
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Chcemy policzyć błędy średnie szacunku |
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w. Reszt |
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u^2= |
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u^= |
-2 |
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4 |
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0 |
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0 |
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0 |
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0 |
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1 |
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1 |
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0,5 |
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0,25 |
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0,5 |
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0,25 |
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5,5 |
suma kw reszt |
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Wariancja resztowa |
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s2= |
1,375 |
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Ocena asymptotycznej macierzy kowariancji estymatora 2MNK: |
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s2(ZTZ)-1= |
0,229166666666667 |
0 |
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0 |
0,6875 |
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Przybliżone błędy średnie szacunku: |
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b21 |
0,478713553878169 |
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g11 |
0,82915619758885 |
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II równanie |
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2MNK do II równania |
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I Etap |
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Szacujemy postać zredukowaną bez restrykcji. Otrzymujemy wartości teoretyczne Y. |
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II Etap |
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Do II równania po wstawieniu wartości teoretycznych za y1 stosujemy zwykłą MNK |
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y2 = b12 y1^ + g22 x2 + v2 |
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a=(ZTZ)-1ZTy= |
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-1,5 |
-1 |
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1 |
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Z= |
0 |
0 |
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0 |
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4 |
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0 |
0 |
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y= |
-1 |
ZTy= |
2 |
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1,5 |
1 |
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3 |
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-0,5 |
0 |
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-1 |
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0,5 |
0 |
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1 |
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(ZTZ)= |
5 |
3 |
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(ZTZ)-1= |
2 |
-3 |
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3 |
2 |
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-3 |
5 |
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wyznacz= |
1 |
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a=(ZTZ)-1ZTy= |
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2 |
oceny parametrów drugiego równania |
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-2 |
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Chcemy policzyć błędy średnie szacunku |
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w. Reszt |
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u^2= |
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u^= |
3 |
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8,99999999999999 |
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0 |
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0 |
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-1 |
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1 |
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3 |
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9 |
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-1 |
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1 |
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-0,999999999999998 |
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0,999999999999996 |
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21 |
suma kw reszt |
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Wariancja resztowa |
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s2= |
5,25 |
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Ocena asymptotycznej macierzy kowariancji estymatora 2MNK: |
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s2(ZTZ)-1= |
10,5 |
-15,75 |
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-15,75 |
26,25 |
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Przybliżone błędy średnie szacunku: |
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b21 |
3,24037034920393 |
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g11 |
5,1234753829798 |
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Modele wielorównaniowe - przykład |
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zadanie 5 |
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(Goryl A., Z. Jędrzejczyk, K. Kukuła, J. Osiewalski "Wprowadzenie do ekonometrii w przykładach i zadaniach", PWN , Warszwa 1999) |
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Dany jest model wielorównaniowy: |
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yt1 = b21 yt2 + g11 xt1 + ut1 |
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yt2 = b12 yt1 + b32 yt3 + ut2 |
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yt3 = g23 xt2 + ut3 |
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1. Przedstawić zapis macierzowy postaci strukturalnej modelu. |
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2. Zbadać zupełność modelu oraz określić klasę modelu. |
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3. Znaleźć postać zredukowaną z ograniczeniami. |
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4. Zbadać identyfikowalność poszczególnych równań oraz określić właściwą metodę estymacji. |
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5. Oszacować równania podając oceny parametrów i przybliżone błędy średnie szacunku. |
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Dane: |
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yt1 |
yt2 |
yt3 |
xt1 |
xt2 |
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2 |
2 |
3 |
1 |
0 |
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0 |
0 |
1 |
0 |
0 |
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1 |
0 |
-1 |
0 |
0 |
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-3 |
-1 |
0 |
-1 |
0 |
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1 |
0 |
-2 |
0 |
-1 |
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-1 |
-1 |
-1 |
0 |
1 |
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1. Zapis macierzowy: |
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yt = (yt1, yt2, yt3), |
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xt = (xt1, xt2), |
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ut = (ut1, ut2, ut3) |
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yt B + xt G = ut |
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B= |
1 |
"-b12 " |
0 |
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G= |
"-g11 " |
0 |
0 |
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"-b21 " |
1 |
0 |
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0 |
0 |
"-g23 " |
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0 |
"-b32 " |
1 |
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1 |
"-b12 " |
0 |
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(yt1, yt2, yt3) |
"-b21 " |
1 |
0 |
+ |
(xt1, xt2) |
"-g11 " |
0 |
0 |
= |
ut |
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0 |
"-b32 " |
1 |
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0 |
0 |
"-g23 " |
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2. Zupełność modelu: |
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det(B)= |
1-b12*b21 |
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Model jest zupełny, gdy b12*b21=/=1 |
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Klasa modelu: |
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Model o równaniach współzależnych. |
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3. Postać zredukowana z restrykcjami: |
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yt =xt P + vt |
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P =-GB-1 |
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vt = ut B-1 |
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P= |
p11 |
p12 |
p13 |
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g11/(1-b12b21) |
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b12g11/(1-b12b21) |
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0 |
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p21 |
p22 |
p23 |
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b32b21g23/(1-b12b21) |
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b32g23/(1-b12b21) |
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"g23 " |
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Warunek poboczny: |
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p13 =0 |
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4. Identyfikowalność równań: |
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Identyfikowalność I równania postaci strukturalnej: |
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Pb(1) = -g(1) |
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p11 |
p12 |
p13 |
* |
1 |
= |
"g11 " |
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p21 |
p22 |
p23 |
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"-b21 " |
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0 |
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0 |
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b21 = |
p21 /p22 |
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p22 =/=0 |
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g11 = |
p11-p12* p21 /p22 |
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Pierwsze równanie postaci strukturalnej jest jednoznacznie identyfikowalne. |
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Identyfikowalność II równania postaci strukturalnej: |
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Pb(2) = -g(2) |
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p11 |
p12 |
p13 |
* |
"-b12 " |
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0 |
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p21 |
p22 |
p23 |
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1 |
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0 |
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"-b32 " |
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b12 = |
(p12p23-p13p22)/(p11p23 - p13 p21 ) |
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(p11p23 - p13 p21)=/=0 |
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b32 = |
(p11p22-p12p21)/(p11p23 - p13 p21 ) |
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Drugie równanie postaci strukturalnej jest jednoznacznie identyfikowalne. |
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Identyfikowalność III równania postaci strukturalnej: |
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Pb(3) = -g(3) |
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p11 |
p12 |
p13 |
* |
0 |
= |
0 |
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p21 |
p22 |
p23 |
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0 |
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"g23 " |
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1 |
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p23 = |
"g23 " |
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p13 =0 |
fałszywe dla prawie wszystkich macierzy P |
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Trzecie równanie postaci strukturalnej jest niejednoznacznie identyfikowalne. |
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5. Estymacja |
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2 |
2 |
3 |
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1 |
0 |
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0 |
0 |
1 |
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0 |
0 |
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Y= |
1 |
0 |
-1 |
X= |
0 |
0 |
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-3 |
-1 |
0 |
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-1 |
0 |
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1 |
0 |
-2 |
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0 |
-1 |
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-1 |
-1 |
-1 |
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0 |
1 |
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Szacujemy postać zredukowaną bez restrykcji |
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P^=(XTX)-1XTY |
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XTX= |
2 |
0 |
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(XTX)-1= |
0,5 |
0 |
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0 |
2 |
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0 |
0,5 |
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det(XTX)= |
4 |
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XTY= |
5 |
3 |
3 |
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-2 |
-1 |
1 |
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P^=(XTX)-1XTY= |
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2,5 |
1,5 |
1,5 |
= |
p11 |
p12 |
p13 |
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-1 |
-0,5 |
0,5 |
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p21 |
p22 |
p23 |
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Pośrednia MNK do I równania |
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b21 = |
p21 /p22 |
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2 |
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g11 = |
p11-p12* p21 /p22 |
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= |
-0,5 |
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Takie same oceny otrzymamy stosując 2MNK |
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2MNK do I równania |
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I Etap |
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Szacujemy postać zredukowaną bez restrykcji. Otrzymujemy wartości teoretyczne Y^: |
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y^t1 |
y^t2 |
y^t3 |
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Y^=XTP^= |
2,5 |
1,5 |
1,5 |
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0 |
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0 |
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0 |
0 |
0 |
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-2,5 |
-1,5 |
-1,5 |
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1 |
0,5 |
-0,5 |
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-1 |
-0,5 |
0,5 |
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macierz wartości teoretycznych |
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II Etap |
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Do I równania po wstawieniu wartości teoretycznych za yt2 stosujemy zwykłą MNK |
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yt1 = b21 y^t2 + g11 xt1 + wt1 |
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a=(b21, g11)' |
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y^t2 |
xt1 |
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yt1 |
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1,5 |
1 |
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2 |
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Z= |
0 |
0 |
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8,5 |
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0 |
0 |
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y= |
1 |
ZTy= |
5 |
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-1,5 |
-1 |
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-3 |
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0,5 |
0 |
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1 |
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-0,5 |
0 |
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-1 |
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(ZTZ)= |
5 |
3 |
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(ZTZ)-1= |
2 |
-3 |
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3 |
2 |
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-3 |
5 |
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det(ZTZ)= |
1 |
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a=(ZTZ)-1ZTy= |
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2 |
b21^ |
oceny parametrów pierwszego równania |
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-0,499999999999996 |
g11^ |
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Chcemy policzyć błędy średnie szacunku |
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w. reszt |
u^t1=yt1 - b21^ yt2 - g11^ xt1 |
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-1,5 |
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2,24999999999999 |
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0 |
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0 |
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u^= |
1 |
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u^^2= |
1 |
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-1,5 |
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2,25 |
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1 |
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1 |
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0,999999999999996 |
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0,999999999999993 |
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7,49999999999998 |
suma kw. reszt |
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Wariancja resztowa |
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s2= |
1,875 |
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Ocena asymptotycznej macierzy kowariancji estymatora 2MNK: |
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s2(ZTZ)-1= |
3,74999999999999 |
-5,62499999999999 |
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-5,62499999999999 |
9,37499999999998 |
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Przybliżone błędy średnie szacunku: |
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D(b21^)= |
1,93649167310371 |
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D(g11^)= |
3,06186217847897 |
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II równanie |
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Jest jednoznacznie identyfikowalne Pośrednia MNK = 2MNK |
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2MNK do II równania |
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I Etap |
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Szacujemy postać zredukowaną bez restrykcji. Otrzymujemy wartości teoretyczne Y. |
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II Etap |
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Do II równania po wstawieniu wartości teoretycznych za yt1 i yt3 stosujemy zwykłą MNK |
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yt2 = b12 y^t1 + b32 y^t3 + wt2 |
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a=(b12, b32)' |
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y^t1 |
y^t3 |
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yt2 |
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2,5 |
1,5 |
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2 |
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Z= |
0 |
0 |
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0 |
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8,5 |
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0 |
0 |
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y= |
0 |
ZTy= |
4 |
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-2,5 |
-1,5 |
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-1 |
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1 |
-0,5 |
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0 |
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-1 |
0,5 |
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-1 |
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(ZTZ)= |
14,5 |
6,5 |
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(ZTZ)-1= |
0,165289256198347 |
-0,214876033057851 |
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6,5 |
5 |
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-0,214876033057851 |
0,479338842975207 |
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det(ZTZ)= |
30,25 |
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a=(ZTZ)-1ZTy= |
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0,545454545454545 |
b12^ |
oceny parametrów drugiego równania |
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0,090909090909091 |
b32^ |
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Chcemy policzyć błędy średnie szacunku |
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w. Reszt |
ut2^ =yt2 - b12^ yt1 + b32^ yt3 |
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u^= |
0,636363636363637 |
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0,404958677685951 |
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-0,090909090909091 |
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u^2= |
0,008264462809917 |
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-0,454545454545455 |
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0,206611570247934 |
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0,636363636363636 |
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0,40495867768595 |
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-0,363636363636364 |
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0,132231404958678 |
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-0,363636363636364 |
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0,132231404958678 |
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1,28925619834711 |
suma kw reszt |
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Wariancja resztowa |
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s2= |
0,322314049586777 |
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Ocena asymptotycznej macierzy kowariancji estymatora 2MNK: |
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s2(ZTZ)-1= |
0,053275049518476 |
-0,069257564374018 |
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-0,069257564374018 |
0,154497643603579 |
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Przybliżone błędy średnie szacunku: |
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D(b12^)= |
0,230813885020974 |
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D(b32^)= |
0,393061882664268 |
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III równanie |
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Jest niejednoznacznie identyfikowalne, MNK = 2MNK, bo oderwane |
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2MNK do III równania |
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Równanie jest oderwana 2MNK=MNK |
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Do III równania stosujemy zwykłą MNK - nie ma zmiennych współzależnych jako zm. objaśniających |
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yt3 = g23 xt2 + ut3 |
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a=g23 |
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xt2 |
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yt3 |
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0 |
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3 |
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Z= |
0 |
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1 |
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0 |
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y= |
-1 |
ZTy= |
1 |
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0 |
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0 |
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-1 |
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-2 |
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1 |
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-1 |
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(ZTZ)= |
2 |
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(ZTZ)-1= |
0,5 |
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det(ZTZ)= |
2 |
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a=(ZTZ)-1ZTy= |
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0,5 |
g23^ |
ocena parametru trzeciego równania |
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Chcemy policzyć błędy średnie szacunku |
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w. Reszt |
ut3^= yt3 - g23^ xt2 |
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u^= |
3 |
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u^2= |
9 |
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1 |
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1 |
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-1 |
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-1,5 |
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2,25 |
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-1,5 |
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2,25 |
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15,5 |
suma kw reszt |
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Wariancja resztowa |
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s2= |
3,1 |
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Ocena asymptotycznej macierzy kowariancji estymatora 2MNK: |
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s2(ZTZ)-1= |
1,55 |
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Przybliżony błęd średni szacunku: |
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D(g23^)= |
1,24498995979887 |
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