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© Simon Marcus/Corbis
Figure 7.1 Psychosocial factors directly affect physical health in two ways.
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A human under stress is like a bridge bearing a heavy weight.
W. McIntyre/Photo Researchers, Inc.
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Baboons at the top of the social hierarchy have a sense of predictability and control that allows them to cope with problems and maintain physical health; baboons at the bottom of the hierarchy suffer the symptoms of stress because they have little control over access to food, resting places, and mates.
Peter Johnson/Corbis
Figure 7.2 Responses to threats and challenges. Our feelings range along a continuum from depression to anxiety to stress to excitement, depending in part on our sense of control and ability to cope. (From Mastering Stress 2001: A Lifestyle Approach, by D. H. Barlow, R. M. Rapee, and L. C. Reisner, 2001. Copyright © 2001 by the American Health Publishing Co. Adapted with permission.)
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Figure 7.3 An overview of the immune system.
Figure 7.4 Pathways through which psychological factors might influence onset and progression of immune system-mediated disease. For simplicity, arrows are drawn in only one direction, from psychological characteristics to disease. No lack of alternative paths is implied. (From Cohen & Herbert, 1996.)(CNS = central nervous system.)
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Breast cancer cell.
Custom Medical Stock Photo
Figure 7.5 Survival time for women with advanced breast cancer. In a study of women being treated for advanced breast cancer, researchers found that women in a treatment group (N = 50) who received psychosocial intervention survived significantly longer than did women in a control group (N = 36) with no psychosocial treatment. A = control, B = psychosocial intervention. (Adapted from “Effect of Psychosocial Treatment on Survival of Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer,” by D. Spiegel, J. R. Bloom, H. C. Kramer, and E. Gothei1, 1989, Lancet, 14, 888-891. Copyright © 1989 by The Lancet Ltd. Reprinted by permission.)
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Psychological preparation reduces suffering and facilitates recovery in children who undergo surgery.
David H. Wells/Corbis
Figure 7.6 Prevalence of hypertension versus stroke mortality in six European and two North American countries in men and women 35 to 64 years old, age adjusted. (From “Hypertension Prevalence and Blood Pressure Levels in 6 European Countries, Canada, and the United States,” by K. Wolf-Maier, et al., Journal of the American Medical Association, 289:14, 2367, Figure 4. Copyright © 2003 by the American Medical Association. Reprinted with permission.)
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African Americans suffer from hypertension in disproportionately high numbers.
SuperStock, Inc.
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Both type A behavior and coronary heart disease seem to be culturally determined.
© Reuters/Corbis
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Some people with chronic pain or disability cope extremely well and become high achievers.
Bob Daemmrich/The Image Works
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It is not uncommon for people to feel specific pain in limbs that are no longer part of them.
AP/Wide World Photos
Figure 7.7 A complex specific model of chronic fatigue syndrome. (From “Chronic Fatigue Syndrome,” by M. Sharpe, in Science and Practice of Cognitive Behavior Therapy, edited by D. M. Clark and C. G. Fairburn, pp. 381-414. Copyright © 1997 by Oxford University Press. Adapted with permission.)
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In biofeedback, the patient learns to control physiological responses that are visible on a screen.
© Cindy Charles/PhotoEdit
Figure 7.8 Methods for monitoring stress. (From Mastering Stress 2001: A Lifestyle Approach, by D. H. Barlow, R. M. Rapee, and L. C. Reisner, 2001, p. 28. Copyright © 2001 by American Health Publishing Co. Adapted with permission.)
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The prevalence of AIDS is high in Africa, where these women are taking part in a memorial ceremony for those who have died of the disease.
AP/Wide World Photos
Figure 7.9 Results of the Stanford Three Community Study. (From “SkillsTraining in a Cardiovascular Health Education Campaign,” by A. J. Meyer, J. D. Nash, A. L. McAlister, N. Maccoby, and J. W. Farquhar, 1980, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 48, 129-142. Copyright © 1980 by the American Psychological Association. Reprinted by permission.)
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Durand 7-1