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© Jerry Cooke/Corbis
Figure 1.1 The three criteria defining a psychological disorder.
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Distress and suffering are a natural part of life and do not in themselves constitute a psychological disorder.
Ardiles Rante/EPA/Landov
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Some religious behaviors may seem unusual to us but are culturally or individually appropriate.
Sujoy Das/Stock Boston
Figure 1.2 How a mental health professional can function as a scientist-practitioner.
Figure 1.3 Three major categories make up the study and discussion of psychological disorders.
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Children experience panic and anxiety differently from adults, so their reactions may be mistaken for symptoms of physical illness.
Frank Fournier/Contact Press Images
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During the Middle Ages, individuals with psychological disorders were sometimes thought to be possessed by evil spirits that had to be exorcised through rituals.
Mary Evans Picture Library
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Mary Evans Picture Library
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In hydrotherapy, patients were shocked back to their senses by being submerged in ice-cold water.
Culver Pictures
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Bloodletting, the extraction of blood from patients, was intended to restore the balance of humors in the body.
National Library of Medicine
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In the 19th century, psychological disorders were attributed to mental or emotional stress, so patients were often treated sympathetically in a restful and hygienic environment.
National Library of Medicine
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Patients with psychological disorders were freed from chains and shackles as a result of the influence of Philippe Pinel (1745-1826), a pioneer in making mental institutions more humane.
Stock Montage
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Dorothea Dix (1802-1887) began the mental hygiene movement and spent much of her life campaigning for reform in the treatment of the mentally ill.
Stock Montage
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Anton Mesmer (1734-1815) and other early therapists used strong suggestions to cure their patients, who were often hypnotized.
Scala/Art Resource
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Jean Charcot (1825-1893) studied hypnosis and influenced Sigmund Freud to consider psychosocial approaches to psychological disorders.
Eric Lessing/Art Resource; NY
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Bertha Pappenheim (1859-1936), famous as “Anna O.,” was described as “hysterical” by Josef Breuer.
Mary Evans Picture Library
Figure 1.4 Freud's structure of the mind.
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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) is considered the founder of psychoanalysis.
© Hulton-Deutsch Collection/Corbis
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Anna Freud (1895-1982), here with her father, contributed the concept of defense mechanisms to the field of psychoanalysis.
Hulton-Deutsch Collection/Corbis
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Ivan Pavlov (1849-1936) identified the process of classical conditioning, which is important to many emotional disorders.
UPI-Bettman/Corbis
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Mary Cover Jones (1896-1987) was one of the first psychologists to use behavioral techniques to free a patient from phobia.
Archives of the History of American Psychology, University of Akron
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B. F. Skinner (1904-1990) studied operant conditioning, a form of learning that is central to psychopathology.
© Topham/The Image Works
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