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© Corbis

Figure 11.1 Gender bias in diagnosing personality disorders (PDs). Data are shown for the percentage of cases clinicians rated as antisocial personality disorder or histrionic personality disorder, depending on whether the case was described as a male or a female. (From Ford & Widiger, 1989.)

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Bonnie Kamin/PhotoEdit

Personality disorders tend to begin in childhood.

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© A. Ramey/PhotoEdit

Gender bias may affect the diagnosis of clinicians who associate certain behavioral characteristics with one sex or the other.

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Patrick Molnar/Getty Images

People with paranoid personality disorder often believe that impersonal situations exist specifically to annoy or otherwise disturb them.

Figure 11.2 Overlap and lack of overlap among antisocial personality disorder, psychopathy, and criminality.

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Andrew Lichtenstein/Corbis Sygma

Many prisons allow visits between inmates and their children, in part to help reduce later problems in those children.

Figure 11.3 Lifetime course of criminal behavior in psychopaths and nonpsychopaths. (Based on Hare, McPherson, & Forth, 1988.)

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Catherine Ursillo/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Children with conduct disorder may become adults with antisocial personality disorder.

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Dr. P. Marazzi/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.

Borderline personality disorder is often accompanied by self-mutilation.

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People with histrionic personality disorder tend to be vain, extravagant, and seductive.

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Photodisc/Getty Images

People with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder are preoccupied with doing things “the right way.”

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