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Zigy Kaluzny/Getty Images
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During their first meeting, the mental health professional focuses on the problem that brought the person to treatment.
Mary Kate Denny/PhotoEdit
Figure 3.1 Concepts that determine the value of a clinical assessment.
Figure 3.2 Components of the mental status exam.
Figure 3.3 The ABCs of observation.
Figure 3.4 This inkblot resembles the ambiguous figures presented in the Rorschach test.
Figure 3.5 Example of a picture resembling those in the Thematic Apperception Test.
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This child is concentrating on a standard psychological assessment test.
© Bob Daemmrich/Stock Boston
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The patient is being positioned for a magnetic resonance imaging scan.
Fotopic/Index Stock Imagery/PictureQuest
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These PET scans compare activity in the brain of a drug abuser (left), in a person with schizophrenia (center), and in a normal brain (right).
Dr. Monty Buchsbaum/Peter Arnold
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A horizontal brain section (a) in a SPECT image clearly reveals parietal lobe damage in a person with schizophrenia. Images (b) and (c) are MRI photographs. SPECT images show metabolic activity and thus indicate the relationship between brain and behavior. The higher resolution MRI images show tissue variations.
Carl Friston of Stichman Medical Equipment, Medford, MA
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Despite their wide physical variation, all dogs belong to the same class of animals.
Mary Evans Picture Library
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The DSM-IV diagnostic guidelines take cultural considerations into account.
AP/Wide World Photos
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The kinds of disabilities accepted in a given culture are socially determined.
© Bob Daemmrich/The Image Works
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Studying people as part of a group sometimes masks individual differences.
© Michael Appleton/Corbis
Figure 3.6 These three graphs represent hypothetical correlations between age and sleep problems.
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The more social supports people have, the less likely it is that they will become ill.
David Young-Wolff/PhotoEdit
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In comparative treatment research, different treatments are administered to comparable groups of people.
Paul Hirata/Stock Connection/PictureQuest
© Bill Bachmann/eStock Photo/PictureQuest
Figure 3.7 Although the top graph gives the impression that Wendy's anxiety level changed significantly, the middle and bottom graphs demonstrate how examining variability and trend can provide much more information about the true nature of the change.
Figure 3.8 This figure shows how a multiple baseline design was used to illustrate that the treatment—functional communication training—was responsible for improvements in the children's behaviors. The circles represent how often each child exhibited behavior problems (called challenging behavior), and the blue shaded areas show how often they communicated without help from the teacher (referred to as unprompted communication). (From “Functional Communication Training Using Assistive Devices: Recruiting Natural Communities of Reinforcement,” by V. Mark Durand (1999) Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 32:3, 247-267. Reprinted by permission of the Society for the Experimental Analysis of Human Behavior.)
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Although family members often resemble each other, genetics has to do with far more than what we inherit from our parents.
Courtesy of Mary Anne Shahidi
Figure 3.9 Two research designs.
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Longitudinal studies can be complicated by the cross-generational effect; for example, young people in the 1960s shared experiences that were very different from those of young people today.
Henry Diltz/Corbis
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The same behaviors—for example, those of individuals in public—may be viewed very differently in different cultures.
AP/Wide World Photos
© Max Rossi/Reuters/Corbis
Durand 3-4