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© Dennis Galante/Corbis
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Figure 4.1 The relationships between anxiety, fear, and panic attack.
Figure 4.2 The three vulnerabilities that contribute to the development of anxiety disorders. If an individual possesses all three, the odds are greatly increased that he or she will develop an anxiety disorder after experiencing a stressful situation. (From Barlow, 2002.)
Figure 4.3 Clients' answers to interviewer's question “Do you worry excessively about minor things?” (From “A Description of Patients Diagnosed with DSM-III-R Generalized Anxiety Disorder,” by W. C. Sanderson and D. H. Barlow, 1990, Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 178, p. 590.)
Figure 4.4 An integrative model of generalized anxiety disorder.
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The well-known actress Kim Basinger has reported widely on her struggles with panic disorder and agoraphobia and the long period of time when it was very difficult for her to leave her house.
Photo by Matthew Simmons/Getty Images
Figure 4.5 Isolated sleep paralysis in African Americans (AA) and Caucasian Americans (white) with panic disorder (PD), other anxiety disorder (AD) but not panic disorder, and community volunteers with no disorder. (Adapted from Paradis, Friedman, & Hatch, 1997.)
Figure 4.6 A model of the causes of panic disorder with or without agoraphobia. (From “Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia,” by K. S. White and D. H. Barlow [2002], in Anxiety and Its Disorders: The Nature and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic, by D. H. Barlow, 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press. Copyright © 2002 by Guilford Press. Reprinted by permission.)
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Figure 4.7 Responders based on the panic disorder severity scale average item score after acute and after maintenance conditions. (From Barlow et al., 2000.)
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People who develop a natural environment phobia intensely fear such places as heights and events such as lightning.
© Chuck Fishman/The Image Bank/Getty Images
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A child with separation anxiety disorder persistently worries that parting with an important person drastically endangers either the loved one or the child.
Tamara Reynolds/Getty Images
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Chinese medicine is based on the concept that yin (dark, cold, enervating forces) and yang (bright, warm, energizing forces) must harmonize in the body. In this traditional representation of the yin/yang balance, note that each aspect contains something of the other.
© Joel Gordon 1993
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Figure 4.8 A model of the various ways a specific phobia may develop. (From “Specific Phobias” by M. M. Antony & D. H. Barlow [2002], in Anxiety and Its Disorders: The Nature and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic, by D. H. Barlow, 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press. Copyright © 2002 by Guilford Press. Reprinted by permission.)
Figure 4.9 A model of the various ways a social phobia may develop. (From “Social Phobia [Social Anxiety Disorder]” by S. G. Hofmann & D. H. Barlow [2002], in Anxiety and Its Disorders: The Nature and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic, by D. H. Barlow, 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press. Copyright © 2002 by Guilford Press. Reprinted by permission.)
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Exposure to a traumatic event may create profound fear, helplessness, and an emotional reexperiencing of the event—all symptoms of PTSD.
REUTERS/Evan Schneider, UN /Landov
Figure 4.10 Prevalence of lifetime and current posttraumatic stress disorder associated with assault characteristics. (From “Prevalence of Civilian Trauma and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in a Representative National Sample of Women” by H. S. Resnick, D. G. Kilpatrick, B. S. Dansky, B. E. Sanders, and C. L. Best, 1993, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 61, 984-991. Copyright © 1993 by the American Psychological Association. Reprinted with permission.)
Figure 4.11 A model of the causes of posttraumatic stress disorder. (From “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder” by T. M. Keane &D. H. Barlow [2002], in Anxiety and Its Disorders: The Nature and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic, by D. H. Barlow, 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press. Copyright © 2002 by Guilford Press. Reprinted by permission.)
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Figure 4.12 A model of the causes of obsessive-compulsive disorder. (From “Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder,” by G. Steketee and D. H. Barlow, in Anxiety and Its Disorders: The Nature and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic (2nd ed.), by D. H. Barlow (p. 536). Copyright © 2002 by Guilford Press. Reprinted by permission.)
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Durand 4-4