Gramatyka Kontrastywna

Pomiędzy językami dokonujemy porównania na podstawie:

• translacji (translation)

• słowników dwujęzycznych (bilingual dictionaries)

• języka uczonego i uczącego się (teaching and learning language)

Gramatyka kontrastywna zaczęła być używana w 1941 roku i z początku bazowała na behawioryzmie (strukturalizmie).

fossilisation - fosylizacja, `skamieniałość' - pamiętanie błędnych reguł, których bardzo ciężko się pozbyć (np. struktury, czy wymowa); incorect forms of language that are very difficult to fix.

implicit knowledge - the unconscious knowledge of a much larger body of information that is the basis of automatic, spontaneous use of language.

explicit knowledge - the conscious, cognitive knowledge of grammatical facts, which exists in an analysed form that we are able to articulate informally in our own words if the need arises, and may be the result of formal instruction.

5 cognitive processes associated with interlanguage:

1. Language Transfer - where some items, rules and structures of L1 can be transferred to production of L2. (e.g. Polish English learner can utter: `am at home' - not mentioning the subject as in his L1 subject is indicated by the ending of the verb, therefore omitted)

2. Transfer of Training - when language teaching creates interlanguage rules that are not of the L2 and which result in the way the learners were taught (e.g. when teacher overuses utterances with the use of `he', which therefore discourages the use of `she')

3. Strategies of Second Language Learning - e.g. simplification, when for example the learner uses only one form of a verb

4. Communicative Strategies - when ,for instance, learner omits grammatically redundant items in an utterance, producing ill-formed sentences (e.g. `I saw beautiful girl ` omitting an `a' article)

5. Overgeneralization of L2 material - where the learner tries to use L2 grammatical rules in the way there would not be used by a native speaker (e.g. `What does she doing now?' )

feedback, dzielimy na: affective (emotions of the other person: gesture, tone, etc.) i cognitive (linguistic devises: "I don't know if you talk about future").

Language interference

(also known as linguistic interference, cross-linguistic interference or transfer) is the effect of a language learner's first language on their production of the language they are learning. The effect can be on any aspect of language: grammar, vocabulary, accent, spelling etc. It is most often discussed as a source of errors (negative transfer), although where the relevant feature of both languages is the same, it results in correct language production (positive transfer). The greater the differences between the two languages, the more negative the effects of interference are likely to be. Interference is most commonly discussed in the context of ESL teaching, but it will inevitably occur in any situation where someone has an imperfect command of a second language.

1 Mechanism

Interference may be conscious or unconscious. Consciously, the student may guess because he has not learned or has forgotten the correct usage. Unconsciously, the student may not consider that the features of the languages may differ, or he may know the correct rules but be insufficiently skilled to put them into practice, and so fall back on the example of his first language.

2 Multiple acquired languages

Interference can also take place between acquired languages: an English learner of French and Spanish, for example, may mistakenly assume that a particular feature of one language applies also to the other.

3 Engrish

Language interference produces distinctive forms of learner English depending on the speaker's first language. Some well-known examples are:

Engrish or Japlish (Japanese); Spanglish (Spanish); Franglais (French); Chinglish (Chinese) and Tinglish (Thai).

4 Positive transfer

The positive aspects of language interference are less often discussed, but they can be very important. Generally the process will be more positive the closer the two languages are, and the more the learner is aware of the relationship between the two languages. Thus, an English learner of German may well correctly guess an item of German vocabulary from its English equivalent, but the word order Word order in linguistic typology, refers to the order in which words appear in sentences across different languages. In many languages, changes in word order occur due to topicalization or in questions. However, all languages are generally assumed to have is more likely to differ. This approach has the disadvantage that it makes the learner more subject to the influence of false friend False friends are pairs of words in two languages that look or sound similar but stem from unrelated sources and differ in meaning. False cognates, by contrast, share a common root but have come to have different meanings. The problem Such words—both false.

5 Wider effects

Language interference in immigrant communities can break out of those communities and affect the native-speaking population. One example of this is the use of "hopefully", as in the sentence "Hopefully, it won't be a problem", which derives from the German use of hoffentlich.

PRONOUNS
Personal	I, You
Possessive	My, mine
Reflexive	Myself
Reciprocal	Each other, one another
Demonstrative	This, that
Indefinite	You, they, one
Distributive	All, booth, every, everybody/thing, either, neither
Quantitative	One, first
Interrogative	Who, which
Relative	Who, which

False Friends
Angielski FF	Wytłumaczenie	Polski FF	Polski FF po angielsku
alimentation	pożywienie	alimenty	alimony
parasol	parasol do ochrony przed słońcem	parasolka	umbrella
fatigue	zmęczenie, znużenie, zmęczenie materiału	fatyga	trouble
pulpit	ambona	pulpit	console, desktop, music stand
delegation		delegacja	business trip
paragon	model, wzór	paragon	recipt
pavilon	budynek szatni	pawilon	???
colloqium		kolokwium	test
complement	uzupełnienie, dopełnienie	komplement	compliment
contentrated	zagęszczony	skoncentrowany	focused
consequent	następujący, wynikły	konsekwentny	consistent
demoralise	zniechęcony	zdemoralizowany	deprave, corrupt
control	kontrolować, mieć kontrolę	kontrolować bilety	inspect, check
eventually	w końcu	ewentualnie	alternatively
gymnasium	sala gimnastyczna	gimnazjum	low-high school, low-secondary etc.
examine	badanie (np pacjenta)	egzaminować	to test
hazard	niebezpieczeństwo	hazard	gambling
manifestation	manifestacja uczuć, objawienie ducha	manifestacja	demonstration
mark	znak, ocena, plama	marka	make
mature	dojrzały	matura	high scholl finals
occasion	szansa, okazja(na browka), sposobność, zdarzenie	okazja	bargain
pathetic	żałosny	patetyczny	pompous
pension	emerytura	pensja	salary
plan	plan (zamierzenie)	plan miasta	streetmap
promotion	awans	promocja	sales, discount
realise	uświadamiać sobie, spełniać cele	realizować	execute, produce, realize
speaker	głośnik	spiker	announcer
golf	golf (gra)	golf (ubranie)	halfneck, poloneck
transparent	przezroczysty	transparent	banner
specific	dokładny	specyficzny	unique, special
absolvent	wybaczający	absolwent	graduate
accurate	dokładny, celny	akurat	right now etc.
action	akcja (zdarzenie)	akcja (na giełdzie)	shares
actually	właściwie, w rzeczywistości	aktualnie	in the moment etc.
argument	kłótnia, sprzeczka	argument	???
billet	kwatera, koja	bilet	ticket
cemera	aparat fotograficzny	kamera	camcorder

Różnice i podobieństwa
indoor		adjective			indoors			adverb
to study		uczyć się			to learn			nauczyć się; I'm learning STH
heroin		heroina (narkotyk)			heroine			bohaterka
economy		gospodarka			economics			ekonomia (przedmiot na uczelni)
in spite of				=		despite
diary		pamiętnik; kalendarzyk			calendar			kalendarz ścienny
diary		pamiętnik; kalendarzyk			dairy			mleczarnia
serial		serial z ciągłością wydarzeń			series			serial bez ciągłości wydarzeń, zawsze nowy wątek
criminalist		doesn't exist			criminal			przestępca
electric		urzadzenie na prąd			electrical			coś dotyczące prądu
desert	pustynia		to desert		opuścić		desser		deser
although		na początku zdania		=		though		w środku bądź na końcu zdania
lie		kłaść			lie			kłamać

False Friends 2
False Friend	Znaczenie 1		Znaczenie 2
kalka	carbon paper (kalka papierowa)		calque (kalka językowa)
emulsja	emulsion (np. związane z farbami0		hand cream (do rąk)
kolegium	court		college (na uczelni)
kolumny	speakers (muzyczne)		columns (część budynku)
komunikacja	communication (proces)		transport (np. miejska)
koncert	concert		concerto
konkurent	competitor (rywal)		suitor (ubiegający się o…)
konserwator	restorer (w muzeum)		maintaince technican (po prostu cieć… :P)
koktajl	coctail (mieszanka)		shake (napój)
gips	plaster (na nogę)		gypsum (tworzywo)
papryka	paprica (warzywo)		peper (przyprawa)
kostium	swimming costume (kąpielowy)		suit (strój - np. teatralny)
technika	technology (sprawy technologiczne)		technique (np. technika w jeździe na łyżwach)
dyplom	diploma		certificate
reprezentacja	team (sport)		delegation (w biznesie)
waza	vase		tureen
proces	trial (sądowy)		process (np. chemiczny)
rewizja	revision (powtórka)		frisk (np osobista)
akademia	accademy (budynek)		assembly (apel, zgromadzenie)
automat	automat machine		public telephone
odour	zapach		smród
gas	benzyna		paliwo
creation	kreacja (strój)		dzieło
garage	garaż	CPN		warsztat
interpret	interpretować		tłumaczyć
tablet	tabletka	puplit		tablica
adress	adres		przemowa (???)
hysterical	histeryczny		zabawny
affair	sprawa		romans
cabinet	gabinet		szafa
discrimination	dyskryminacja		odróżnienie
spectacles	okulary		spektakle
extravagant	ekstrawagancki		rozrzutny
routine	rutyna		numer popisowy
rector	rektor	dyrektor		proboszcz
accessories	akcesoria		dodatki
naturalist	naturalista		przyrodnik
accomodation	nocleg		porozumienie
juror	juror		ławnik
society	społeczeństwo		stowarzyszenie

When your first language helped you to speak in second language

When your first language makes difficulties in speaking and writing in second language

Sample of language

natural satines

artificial satines

evaluation - check what kind of effect are in the listener

identification (mistakes & errors)

covert - structure is good but the meaning is different than speakers intention

avert - it's an error that we can see in a structure

description - describe what is wrong In a structure and we can see it (error)

explanation - establisished the source of error.

(ex. interference, developmental errors, intralingual errors)

ERROR ANALYSIS

POSITIVE & NEGATIVE TRANSFER

L1

L2

Interjęzyk (ang. interlanguage, dosł. język przejściowy) - w językoznawstwie stosowanym termin określający język, jakim posługują się uczący się języka obcego, którzy nie opanowali jeszcze w pełni tego języka. Interjęzyk posiada pewne cechy języka obcego (np. użycie present simple), ale nie posiada innych (np. użycie okresów warunkowych). Interjęzyk może ulec fosylizacji i zjawsku tzw. backsliding'u.

Interjęzyk

SKILS

productive

receptive

writing

speaking

listening

reading

inductive process - Moves from observation to pattern recognition (sometimes unconsciously) to tentative hypothesis to theory or conclusion

deductive process - Moves from theory to hypothesis to observation to confirmation / disconfirmation

implicit

explicit

The way of teaching

factual/natural knowledge

procesual

language awareness

declarative

interfacing (unification of mother language and foreign language)

knowledge

how to use language

some structures will never be aquired in explicit knowledge

if you refere to prior knowledge

teachability

explanation

Pica's theory

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