DIFFERENT CONSTRUCTIONS
WANT TO
I want to stay here. Do you want to stay here? I don't want to stay here.
She wants to stay here. Does she want to stay here? She doesn't want to stay here.
WOULD LIKE TO
I would like to work here. Would you like to work here? I would not like to work here.
WOULD PREFER TO
She would prefer to buy a small car. Would she prefer to buy a small car? She would prefer not to buy a small car.
WOULD RATHER
He would rather live in France. Would he rather live in France? He would rather not live in France.
I would rather you paid in cash. I would rather you didn't pay by cheque.
MAKE SOMEBODY DO SOMETHING
She makes me learn hard. They make us get up early in the morning. I made them do it. They will make you change job.
LET SOMEBODY DO SOMETHING
They let us stay till Monday. I will let you watch this film. Will you let her do it? They let us play tennis yesterday.
HAD BETTER
I had better ring him now. You had better do it now. You had better not be late. Hadn't you better ask him?
WISH
Czas teraźniejszy: I haven't got a car. I wish I had a car. I don't know the answer. I wish I knew the answer. I don't have a dog. I wish I had a dog.
Czas przeszły: I wasn't there. I wish I had been there. I forgot about her birthday. I wish I had not forgotten her birthday.
Czas przyszły: It will not rain. I wish it would rain. She will have troubles. She wishes she would not have troubles. I am not rich. I wish I were rich.
IF ONLY
I haven't got a car. If only I had a car.
I wasn't there. If only I had been there.
She had troubles. If only she had not had troubles.
It will not rain. If only it would rain!
IT IS TIME
It is time to start. It is time for us to go.
It is (high) time we started learning.
It's (high) time she was going.
AS IF / AS THOUGH
He behaves as if / as though he owned this place.
She behaves as if she were rich.
They talk as if they didn't know me.
He talks about Paris as if he had been there himself. (odnosi się do przeszłości)
THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE (CZAS PRZYSZŁY PROSTY)
Konstrukcja:
I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they will come soon.
I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they will not (won't) come soon.
Will I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they come soon?
What will he do? Where will they go? How much will it cost? Who will call me?
I / we shall - nieużywane obecnie. (Let's go, shall we?)
Zastosowanie:
1. Z następującymi określeniami: in the future
tomorrow
the day after tomorrow
soon
in a minute
in two days
in six months
next year (week, month, day).
They will meet next week. He will take his exams soon. We will discuss this problem again.
2. W zdaniach wyrażających opinie, przypuszczenia, spekulacje (doubt, expect, know, suppose, think, wonder, perhaps, possibly probably, surely, certainly).
I'm sure it will be good. She hopes she will win the competition. They believe they will be rich. I'm afraid I won't be able to help you.
3. Dla wyrażenia czynności, które pojawiają się regularnie:
Spring will come again. Birds will build nests. People will make plans.
4. W oficjalnych nagłówkach:
The president will open the new airport. The queen will arrive.
5. Jeśli podkreślamy determinację zrobienia czegoś:
I will help you. I will study hard. I will finish this course.
THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE (CZAS PRZYSZŁY CIĄGŁY)
Konstrukcja:
I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they will be working.
I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they won't be working.
Will I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they be working?
What will you be doing? Who will be talking? How long will it be raining?
Zastosowanie:
1. W celu wyrażenia czynności, która nie wyraża woli, determinacji, chęci mówiącego, lecz wynika ze zwykłego biegu wydarzeń.
I'll be seeing Tom tomorrow. They'll be travelling together tomorrow morning. I won't be working on Sunday.
2. Jeśli czas w przyszłości jest dokładnie określony:
Tomorrow at seven she'll be working. I'll be talking to my boss on Monday at eight.
What will he be doing next year at that time? When you arrive they'll be watching TV.
3. Jeśli chcemy zaznaczyć, że wykonywanie jakiejś czynności zajmie nam określoną ilość czasu:
I'll be working the whole evening tomorrow. She'll be cooking dinner between six and seven p.m. They'll be preparing party the whole afternoon.
THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE (PRZYSZŁY DOKONANY)
Konstrukcja:
I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they will have finished.
I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they won't have finished.
Will I / you / he / she / it / we / you / they have finished?
Zastosowanie:
1. Najczęściej z określeniami by i in, podkreślając, że do danego czasu czynność zostanie definitywnie zakończona:
By the end of the month he will have passed all his exams. They will have finished it by the end of the year. In two weeks I'll have done my job. In three years time they will have built this highway.
THE FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS (PRZYSZŁY CIĄGŁY DOKONANY)
By the end of this year he will have been acting for thirty years.
By the end of this month I will have been living here for five years.
By the end of this month he will have been climbing mountains for 20 years. (By the end of this month he will have climbed 50 mountains.)
GERUND VERSUS INFINITIVE
1. Infinitive without to (bezokolicznik bez to)
Wszystkie czasowniki modalne z wyjątkiem ought to (will, shall, can, could, must, should, would, may, might, mustn't, would rather, had better).
2. Infinitive with to (bezokolicznik z to)
want, need, learn, offer, refuse, plan, try, forget*, hope, expect, remember*
(would) prefer / love / like / hate
3. Gerund (koncówka -ing)
like, dislike, hate, love, enjoy, prefer, start*, begin, continue, finish, stop*
good at swimming bad at swimming
DIFFERENCES IN MEANING (RÓŻNICE W ZNACZENIU)
remember to do / remember doing
I remember hating school. Remember to buy some bread.
remembering - przeszłość
remember to - przyszłość
forget to do / forget doing
I forgot meeting her before. Don't forget to write his telephone number.
stop doing / stop to do
He was working. The phone rang. He stopped working.
She was walking. She stopped to have some rest.
start doing / start to do
It started raining. I start thinking about it.
She used to sing. She stopped and started to dance.
see / see doing
I saw him cross the street. I saw him crossing the street.
hear / hear doing
I heard them talk on the phone. I heard them talking on the phone.
Bezokolicznik wyrażający cel.
I went to the shop. I wanted to buy some bread. I went to the shop to buy some bread.
Zaimki + Bezokolicznik
There is nothing to do. Have you anything to say? I want someone to help me. He wants something to drink.
Przymiotniki + Bezokolicznik
I'm sorry / pleased / happy / glad TO HEAR THAT.
Rzeczownik + Bezokolicznik
There is a job to do. Haven't you got any work to do?
Do you mind if?
Do you mind my opening the window? (Do you mind if I open the window?)
Do you mind her coming here? (Do you mind if she comes here?)
I don't mind working hard.
She doesn't mind being alone.
INDIRECT QUESTIONS
Do you know .........................? I don't know ..........................
Have you got any idea ..........? I've no idea ...........................
Can you remember ...............? I can't remember ..................
Can you tell me .....................? I can't tell you .......................
Are you sure / certain ...........? I'm not sure / certain ............
I wonder ..................................
Do you know where it is? Can you remember where it was? Can you tell me who it is? I wonder how far it was?
Are you sure how much it is? Does she know what time it is?
I can't tell you how far it was. I can't remember how many of them there were.
If / Whether
Do you know if / whether he is married? Do you know if / whether the concert begins at seven?
I don't know if she will be here soon. I've no idea if they have finished yet.
Do / Does / Did Questions
Where does he come from? I don't know where he comes from.
Where do you live? I don't know where I live.
When did she go? I don't know when she went.
What did they do. I'm not sure what they did.
Where has he gone. I don't know where he has gone.
What will they do? I wonder what they will do.
REPORTED SPEECH (MOWA ZALEŻNA)
Present Simple |
Past Simple |
I often go there. |
She said (that) she often went there. |
|
|
Present Continuous |
Past Continuous |
I'm working. |
She said she was working. |
|
|
Present Perfect |
Past Perfect |
They have done it. |
I said they had done it. |
|
|
Present Perfect Continuous |
Past Perfect Continuous |
She has been waiting. |
She said she had been waiting. |
|
|
Past Simple |
Past Perfect |
They went home. |
He said they had gone home. |
|
|
Future Simple |
Conditional |
I will be there. |
She said she would be there. |
|
|
Future Continuous |
Conditional Continuous |
She will be working. |
She said she would be working. |
|
|
Past Continuous |
Past Perfect Continuous |
I was reading. |
She said she had been reading. |
She is going to be here. She said she was going to be there.
I used to live here. He said he used to live there.
Past Perfect, Wish, Would rather / sooner, It is time - nie zmieniają się!
today |
- |
that day |
yesterday |
- |
the day before |
the day before yesterday |
- |
two days before |
tomorrow |
- |
the next day / the following day |
the day after tomorrow |
- |
in two day's time |
next week / year |
- |
the following week / year |
last week / year |
- |
the previous week / year |
a year ago / a week ago |
- |
a year before, the previous year / a week before, the previous week |
this |
- |
that, the |
this morning |
- |
that morning |
next week |
- |
the next week |
these |
- |
those |
now |
- |
then |
today |
- |
that day |
tonight |
- |
that night |
ago |
- |
before |
here |
- |
there |
it |
- |
that |
shall |
- |
should |