Mystery Plays:
Mystery plays were Bible
stories.Clergymen were the actors. The mystery
plays were quite fun and very well attended by
commoners and nobles alike. The stories
included the Birth of Jesus, The Wise Men, and
the Flight Into Egypt.
Miracle Plays:
Miracle
plays were plays about the lives of the saints and
the miracles they performed. Again, the clergy
were the actors. These plays were staged like
the mystery plays. To celebrate religious events.
Morality Plays:
The stories were about virtues
and vices such as fellowship, good deeds, and
death. For entertainment and to give you some
advice.
EVERYMAN - The play is the allegorical
accounting of the life of Everyman, who
represents all mankind. In the course of the
action, Everyman tries to convince other
characters to accompany him in the hope of
improving his account. All the characters are also
allegorical, each personifying an abstract idea
such as Fellowship, (material) Goods, and
Knowledge. The conflict between good and evil is
dramatized
by
the
interactions
between
characters. 1509. Allegory communicates its
message by means of
or symbolic representation. CANTENRBURY
TALES - is a collection of stories written
in
of the 14th century. The tales (mostly written
in
some
are
are
presented as part of a story-telling contest by a
group of pilgrims as they travel together on a
journey
the
shrine
of
The prize for this contest is a free meal at
the
GEOFFREY CHAUCER - 1343
– 25 October
1400), known as the Father of
is widely considered the greatest English poet of
the
and was the first poet to have
. WILLIAM CAXTON
– PRINT – 1478
Christopher Marlowe
1564;
died
30
May
1593)
was
an
English
poet
Marlowe
was
the
foremost
his
mysterious
early
death.
greatly
influenced
, who was born in
the same year as Marlowe and who rose to
become the eminent Elizabethan playwright after
Marlowe's death. Marlowe's plays are known for
the
use
and
their
The Tragicall History of the Life and Death of
Doctor Faustus, commonly referred to simply
*7 – 1485 MIDDLE AGES
-medieval poetry- Robin Hood, Unquiet Grave,
King Arthur, Canterbury Tales
-medieval drama – Everyman
*1485-1625 RENAISSANCE
-drama- Marlowe – Faustus
Shakespeare
-poetry- sonnets
*1625-1776 puritan/restoration/august age
To His Coy Mistress
-
–1678) The
in couplets. The speaker of the poem addresses
a woman who has been slow to respond to his
sexual advances.
n the first stanza he describes how
he would love her if he were to be unencumbered by the
constraints of a normal lifespan. He could spend centuries
admiring each part of her body and her resistance to his
advances (i.e., coyness) would not discourage him. In the
second stanza, he laments how short human life is. Once
life is over. METAPHYSICAL POEM - Their style was
characterized by
—far-
, such as
’s comparison of the soul with a drop of
dew; in an expanded epigram format, with the use of
simple verse forms, octosyllabic couplets, quatrains or
stanzas in which length of line and rhyme scheme enforce
the sense.
is the ability to say or write things that are clever
and usually funny.
making clever and funny remarks.
include the quip and repartee
.
Andrew Marvell
(31 March 1621
– 16 August
and
various times between 1659 and 1678. As a
metaphysical poet, he is associated with
. He was a colleague
The speaker begins by asking God (along with Jesus
and the Holy Ghost; together, they are the Trinity that
makes up the Christian "three-personed God") to
attack his heart as if it were the gates of a fortress
town. The speaker wants God to enter his heart
aggressively and violently, instead of gently. Then, in
as Doctor Faustus, is a play by
, based on the
knowledge. Doctor Faustus was first published in
1604, eleven years after Marlowe's death and at
least twelve years after the first performance of
the play.
A novel
The genre has historical roots both in the fields of
and in the
tradition of the
. The latter supplied the present
generic term in the late 18th century.
Further definition of the genre is historically difficult. The
construction of the narrative, the
, the way
, the fascination of
study, and the use of language are usually
discussed to show a novel's artistic merits. Most of these
requirements were introduced in the 16th and 17th
centuries, in order to give fiction a justification outside the
Literary realism most often refers to the trend,
beginning with certain works of
nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century authors
in various countries, towards depictions of
contemporary life and society "as they were." In
the spirit of general "
," Realist authors
opted for depictions of everyday and banal
activities and experiences, instead of a
romanticized or similarly stylized
presentation.
, in an essay
entitled "The Scandinavian Destiny", attributed
the earliest discovery of Realism in literature to
the Northmen in the Icelandic Sagas, although it
was soon lost by them along with the continent of
North America.
Jonathan Swift (30 November 1667
– 19
, political
, then for the
), poet and
Travels into Several Remote Nations of the
World, in Four Parts. By Lemuel Gulliver, First
a Surgeon, and then a Captain of Several
Ships, better known simply as Gulliver's
Travels (1726, amended 1735), is a novel
(also known as Dean Swift
) that is both
line 5, the speaker explicitly likens himself to a
captured town. He tries to let God enter, but has
trouble because the speaker's rational side seems to
be in control.
John DONNE 1572
–1631) was an English
poet, satirist, lawyer and Protestant priest. He is
considered the pre-eminent representative of
. His works are noted for their
strong, sensual style and include
, love poetry,
translations,
songs, satires and
. His poetry is noted for its
vibrancy of language and inventiveness of
especially compared to that of his contemporaries.
Donne's style is characterised by abrupt openings and
various paradoxes, ironies and dislocations.
JOHNY MILTON -
(1608
–1674) was an
, a scholarly
, and a civil servant for the
under
. He
wrote at a time of religious flux and political
upheaval, and is best known for his
PARADISE LOST -
by the 17th-century English poet
. It was
originally published in 1667 in ten books, with a total of
over ten thousand individual lines of
. A second
edition followed in 1674, changed into twelve books (in
) with minor
revisions throughout and a note on the versification.
The
poem concerns the
: the
by the
Milton's purpose, stated in Book I, is to "justify the ways of
God to men."
Paradise Lost is often considered one of
the greatest literary works in the English language
.BLANK VERSE-
. It has been
described as "probably the most common and
influential form that English poetry has taken
since the sixteenth century.
*AUGUSTAN AGE
– 1688-1744
Alexander Pope (21 May 1688
– 30 May 1744)
was an 18th-century English poet, best known for
his satirical verse and for his translation
of
, HEROIC COUPLET is a traditional form
, commonly used
; it refers to poems
constructed from a sequence of rhyming pairs
of
. Use of the heroic couplet was
The Rape of the Lock
is a
"travellers' tales" literary sub-genre. It is Swift's
best known full-length work, and a classic
The book became popular as soon as it was
published (
Swift that "It is universally read, from the cabinet
council to the nursery"
); since then, it has never
been out of print.
Possibly one of the reasons for the book's classic
status is that it can be seen as many things to
many different people. Broadly, the book has
three themes:
a satirical view of the state of European
government, and of petty differences
between religions.
an inquiry into whether men are inherently
corrupt or whether they become corrupted.
a restatement of the older "ancients versus
moderns" controversy previously addressed
ROMANTICISM
Characteristics of Romantic Poets
Beauty of the Supernatural: British Romantics believed
something existed beyond the physical world. The Spirit
world, according to Romantics, had unleashed its power and
inspiration to overthrow tyranny in government and in
literature. Unlike the American Romantics who wrote of
ghosts, demonic cats, and rope-gnawing rats, British
Romanticism's treatment of the supernatural excluded horror
and the macabre and focused on supernatural energy and
beauty.
Championing of the Individual: Revolution in Europe
brought to light the importance of the individual. Ordinary
people now became the subject of lofty language. British
Romanticism attempted to free itself from traditional forms
and subjects.
The Importance of Nature: The poet, according to the
Romantics, is only at peace when in nature; moreover, while
in nature, the poet intervened with the great Universal Mind.
Romantic poets made frequent use of personification with
nature, ascribing human traits to daffodils, fields, streams,
and lakes. Nature, in essence, became emotionally
expressive.
The Dangers of Technology: A natural consequence of
celebrating nature was a disdain for technology and
heroic
written by
, first
published anonymously in Lintot's Miscellany in May 1712
in two
(334 lines), but then revised, expanded and
reissued under Pope's name on March 2, 1714, in a
much-expanded 5-canto version (794 lines). The final
form was available in 1717 with the addition of Clarissa's
speech on good humour.
MOCK HEROIC, mock-
epic or heroi-comic works are
typically
and heroic
literature. Typically, mock-heroic works to insert
the heroic work by either putting a fool in the role
of the hero or by exaggerating the heroic
qualities to such a point that they become
absurd.
The Way of the World
is a play written by
. It premiered in 1700
in the
. It is widely
regarded as being one of the best
written and is still performed sporadically to this
day. The play is based around the two lovers Mirabell and
Millamant (originally famously played by
). In order for the two to
get married and receive Millamant's full
, Mirabell
must receive the blessing of Millamant's aunt, Lady
Wishfort. Unfortunately, she is a very bitter lady, who
despises Mirabell and wants her own nephew, Sir Wilful,
to wed Millamant. Other characters include Fainall who is
having a secret affair with Mrs. Marwood, a friend of Mrs.
Fainall's, who in turn once had an affair with Mirabell.
Waitwell is Mirabell's servant and is married to Foible,
Lady Wishfort's servant. Waitwell pretends to be Sir
Rowland and, on Mirabell's command, tries to trick Lady
Wishfort into a false engagement.
WILLIAM CONGREVE 1670-1729
Congreve
, England
). His parents were William Congreve
(1637
–1708) and his wife, Mary (née Browning;
1636?
–1715); a sister was buried in London in
1672. He spent his childhood in Ireland, where
his father, a
, had settled during the reign
. Congreve was educated at
; there he met
who would be his friend for the remainder of his
life. Upon graduation, he matriculated in
the
felt himself pulled toward literature, drama, and
the fashionable life. Artistically, he became a
disciple of
She Stoops to Conquer
is
author
performed in London in 1773. The play is a favourite for
study by
and theatre classes in Britain
and the United States. It is one of the few plays from the
18th century to have an enduring appeal, and is still
industrialism.
Major Early Romantic Poets
The following share characteristics of Romantic poets:
William Blake (1757-1827): Blake's poetry dwelt upon his
divine vision and rebelled against traditional poetic forms
and techniques. He created his own mythological world with
man as the central figure. His more famous poems
include The Lamb, The Tyger, The Chimney
Sweeper, and The Clod and the Pebble. What makes Blake's
poem especially attractive for teaching in high school is he
often wrote two poems with the same title--one poem
negative and one poem positive, excellent for compare and
contrast writing.
William Wordsworth (1770-1850): The most famous of
the British Romantics, Wordsworth is considered the nature
poet. He revolutionized poetic subjects, focusing on
ordinary people in rustic settings. He, in addition, wrote
about and considered the poet as superior to all other
writers. His most famous poems include I Wandered Lonely
as a Cloud, We are Seven, and I Travelled Among Unknown
Men. Most high school literature textbooks have at least one
poem by Wordsworth.
Later Romantic Poets
The following share characteristics of later Romantic poets:
Lord Byron (1788-1824): Lord Byron enjoyed unmatched
popularity. Byron's most famous creations are his dark
heroes, called Byronic heroes, who, in fact, were not heroes
at all, but stood out from ordinary humans as larger than life.
The Byronic hero brooded, possessed insatiable appetites
and incredible strength, rebelled against societal norms, and
forced upon himself exile. Byron's most famous works
include Don Juan and Childe Harold's Pilgrimage. Lord
Byron is generally reserved for university level literature
courses and is rarely found in high school anthologies.
Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822): Like all Romantics,
Shelley was a radical non-conformist. He campaigned for
social justice, even marrying the daughter of Mary
Wollstonecraft, an English leader in the women's rights
movement. His wife would later write Frankenstein. His
most famous poems include Mutability, Ozymandias,
and
Ode to the West Wind.
John Keats
(1795-1821): Perhaps the most popular
Later Romantic poet, Keats accomplished great things
during his short life. His Ode to a Nightingale,
Ode on a
Grecian Urn,
and Ode on Melancholy find their way
into anthologies throughout the English speaking world.
Keats considered contact with poets as a threat to his
independence and therefore shunned his contemporaries.
regularly performed today. It has been adapted into a film
several times, including in 1914 and 1923.
Oliver Goldsmith (10 November 1730
– 4 April
Deserted Village (1770), and his plays
(1771, first performed in 1773). He also
An History of the Earth and Animated
. He is thought to have written the classic
The History of Little Goody Two-
, the source of the phrase "goody two-
shoes".
DANIEL DEFOE -
1659
–1661 to 24 April
1731), born Daniel Foe, was an English trader, writer,
journalist, and
, who gained fame for his
novel
. Defoe is notable for being one of
the earliest proponents of the
, as he helped to
popularise the form in Britain and along with others such
, is among the founders of the
. A prolific and versatile writer, he wrote more than
500 books, pamphlets and journals on various topics
(including politics, crime, religion, marriage, psychology
and the supernatural). He was also a pioneer of
, and
form, the book is a fictional autobiography of the
title character (whose real name is Robinson
Kreutznaer)
—a
on a remote tropical island near
encountering
, captives, and mutineers
before being rescued.The story was perhaps
, a Scottish
castaway who lived for four years on the Pacific
island called "Más a Tierra" (in 1966 its name
was changed to
), Chile.
It has been described as "probably
the most common and influential form that
English poetry has taken since the sixteenth
century"
"about three-quarters of all English poetry is in
blank verse."
"
The Tyger
" is a poem by the English poet
. It was published as part of his collection
). It is one of
Blake's best-known and most analyzed poems. The
Cambridge Companion to William Blake (2003) calls it
"the most anthologized poem in English."
Most modern anthologies have kept Blake's choice of the
archaic spelling "tyger". It was a common spelling of the
word at the time but was already "slightly archaic"
when
he wrote the poem; he spelled it as "tiger"
elsewhere,
and many of his poetic effects "depended on
subtle differences of punctuation and of spelling."
his choice of "tyger" has usually been interpreted as being
for effect, perhaps to render an "exotic or alien quality of
the beast",
or because it's not really about a "tiger" at all,
but a metaphor.
"The Tyger" is the sister poem to "
" (from
"), a reflection of similar ideas from a
different perspective, but "The Lamb" focuses more on
goodness than evil. "The Tyger" also presents a duality
between aesthetic beauty and primal ferocity. The
speaker wonders whether the hand that created "The
Lamb" also created "The Tyger”.
The poem, together with other William Blake poetry, has
been set to music by the group
, and can
from 1987 (re-released
1992).
written by
The poem Ode to the West
Wind can be divided in two parts: the first three
cantos are about the qualities of the ‘Wind’ and
end each with the invocation ‘Oh hear!’. The last
two cantos give a relation between the ‘Wind’
and the speaker. The poem begins with
three
describing the wind's effects upon
earth, air, and ocean. The last two cantos are
Shelley speaking directly to the wind, asking for
its power, to lift him like a leaf, a cloud or a wave
and make him its companion in its wanderings.
He asks the wind to take his thoughts and spread
them all over the world so that the youth are
awoken with his ideas. The poem ends with an
optimistic note which is that if winter days are
here then spring is not very far.
"Ode on a Grecian Urn" is a poem written by the
English
and published in January 1820 (see
",
which include "
". Keats found earlier forms of poetry
unsatisfactory for his purpose, and the collection
represented a new development of the
He was inspired to write the poem after reading
two articles by English artist and writer
Ode (from the Ancient Greek
ὠδή) is a type
A classic ode is
structured in three major parts: the
, and the
Different forms such as the homostrophic
ode and the irregular ode also exist. It is an
elaborately structured poem praising or glorifying
an event or individual, describing nature
intellectually as well as emotionally
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