'The' is used with specific nouns, required when the noun it

refers to represents something that is one of a kind, something

in the abstract, something named earlier in the text. We also

use ‘the’ with certain kinds of proper nouns: geographical

places, pluralized names (geographic, family, teams),

newspapers, nouns followed by a prepositional phrase

beginning with "of".

The United States has encouraged the use of the private

automobile as opposed to the use of public transit.

The - definite article

We use 'a' before singular count-nouns that

begin with consonants, when we first refer

to something in written text.

A newspaper has an obligation to seek out

and tell the truth.

A - indefinite article

We use 'an' before singular count-nouns

that begin with vowels or vowel-like sounds.

An airedale is sometimes a rather skittish

animal.

An - indefinite article

We do not use articles with the names of

language, names of sport, and academic

subjects. Sometimes, we omit article with

seasons, with institutions, with meals, with

diseases, with time of day.

Breakfast was delicious.

Zero article

The Present Simple indicates that an

action is present, is used to describe

actions that are factual or habitual or

that the events are schedules.

The Super Bowl starts at 6:15 p.m.

Present Simple

The Past Simple indicates that an action is in the past

relative to the speaker or writer. It is used when the time

period has finished, when the time period is definite and

with “for”, when the action is finished. We use it with

adverbs referring to a period gone by.

I worked with the FBI for two months. We went to Chicago

last Christmas.We visited Mom last week.

Past Simple

The Future Simple indicates that an action is in the future

relative to the speaker or writer. The future is also formed

with the use of a form of "go" plus the infinitive of the verb.

English can even use the present to suggest the future

tense.

She will leave soon.He is going to faint.I am leaving later

today.

Future Simple

The Present Perfect indicates either that an action was

completed (finished or "perfected") at some point in the

past or that the action extends to the present. We use it

with adverbs beginning in the past and going up to present.

I have walked two miles already [but I'm still walking]. I

have run the Boston Marathon [but that was some time

ago].I have studied up to now/lately/already.

Present Perfect

The Past Perfect indicates that an

action was completed (finished or

"perfected") at some point in the past

before something else happened.

I had walked two miles by lunchtime.

Past Perfect

przetnij,

zagnij

The Future Perfect indicates that an action

will have been completed (finished or

"perfected") at some point in the future.

I will have spent all my money by this time

next year.

Future Perfect

The Present Continuous indicates continuing action,

something going on now. The present progressive can

suggest that an action is going to happen in the future,

especially with verbs that convey the idea of a plan or

of movement from one place or condition to another.

I am buying all my family's Christmas gifts early this

year.The team is arriving in two hours.

Present Continuous

The Past Continuous indicates continuing action, something

that was happening, going on, at some point in the past. It also

indicates a limited duration of time and is thus a convenient

way to indicate that something took place (in the simple past)

while something else was happening and can express

incomplete action.

I was riding my bike all day yesterday.Carlos lost his watch

while he was running.I was sleeping on the couch when Bertie

smashed through the door.

Past Continuous

The Present Perfect Continuous indicates a continuous action

that has been finished at some point in the past or that was

initiated in the past and continues to happen. The action is

usually of limited duration and has some current relevance. The

present perfect progressive frequently is used to describe an

event of the recent past; it is often accompanied by ‘just’ in this

usage.

She has been running and her heart is still beating fast.It has

just been raining.

Present Perfect

Continuous

The Past Perfect Continuous indicates

a continuous action that was completed

at some point in the past.

I had been working in the garden all

morning.

Past Perfect

Continuous

The Future Continuous indicates continuing

action, something that will be happening,

going on, at some point in the future.

I will be running in next year's Boston

Marathon.

Future Continuous

The Future Perfect Continuous

indicates a continuous action that will

be completed at some point in the

future.

Next Thursday, I will have been

working on this project for three years.

Future Perfect

Continuous

Is used when what is said in the

condition is possible. This condition

refers either to present or to future

time.

If he is late, we will have to go without

him.

First conditional

Is used when what is said in the

condition is possible. This condition

refers either to present or to future

time.

If I were you, I would tell my father.

Second conditional

przetnij,

zagnij

Is used in unreal situations, when we are

talking about past, or rather about a

situation that was not so in the past.

If you had warned me, I would not have

told your father about that party.

Third conditional

przetnij,

zagnij