XI - 1

0RGXá

32'67$:2:( 32- &,$ 35$:1(
=:, =$1( = 75$16)(5(0
7(&+12/2*,,

: PRGXOH W\P Z\MD QLRQR SRGVWDZRZH ]DVDG\ L SRM FLD
IXQNFMRQXM FH Z V\VWHPDFK SUDZQ\FK Z WDNLP ]DNUHVLH
Z MDNLP V RQH LVWRWQH ] SXQNWX ZLG]HQLD SRWU]HE
niniejszego 3RGU F]QLND. Chodzi o ukazanie konstrukcji
NRQWUDNWX L XPR*OLZLHQLH OHSV]HJR ]UR]XPLHQLD
ZDUXQNyZ NRQWUDNWRZ\FK RUD] Z\QLNDM F\FK ] QLHJR
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QLH]DOH*QLH RG URG]DMX NRQNUHWQHJR

NRQWUDNWX 0RGXá WHQ VWDQRZLá SRGVWDZ FDáHJR
3RGU F]QLND w odniesieniu do rozwa*D Z NRQWHN FLH
XVWDZRGDZVWZD GRW\F] FHJR NRQWUDNWyZ

XI - 2

6SLV WUH FL

Wprowadzenie ................................................................................................................................3

ZLDWRZ\ V\VWHP SUDZQ\

*áyZQH V\VWHP\ SUDZQH
6\VWHP\ SUDZD F\ZLOQHJR L SUDZD ]Z\F]DMRZHJR

Prawo cywilne, prawo prywatne, prawo publiczne i prawo karne .........................................4

Prawo cywilne....................................................................................................................4
3UDZR F\ZLOQH SUDZR SU\ZDWQH Z RGUy*QLHQLX RG SUDZD SXEOLF]QHJR
3UDZR F\ZLOQH Z RGUy*QLHQLX RG SUDZD NDUQHJR
3UDZR PDWHULDOQH Z RGUy*QLHQLX RG SUDZD SURFHVRZHJR

Powstawanie umów........................................................................................................................5

&]\QQR FL SUDZQH D XPRZ\
:]JO GQ\ FKDUDNWHU VWRVXQNyZ XPRZQ\FK
6ZRERGD ]DZLHUDQLD XPyZ
:áD FLZR ü SUDZQD Z\EyU XVWDZRGDZVWZD D SU\ZDWQH SUDZR PL G]\QDURGRZH
=GROQR ü GR ]DZLHUDQLD XPyZ
8]JRGQLHQLD SU]HGXPRZQH F]\ QHJRFMDFMH PRJ VWZDU]Dü ]RERZL ]DQLD "
2IHUWD L MHM SU]\M FLH
:\PDJDQLD GRW\F] FH IRUP\
,QWHUSUHWRZDQLH ZDUXQNyZ XPyZ
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3U]HVáDQNL ]DZLHUDQ\FK NRQWUDNWyZ
5HSUH]HQWDFMD

Wykonywanie kontraktów..........................................................................................................18

5RV]F]HQLD ] W\WXáX QLHZ\NRQDQLD NRQWUDNWX L LFK HJ]HNZRZDQLH
:\NRQ\ZDQLH V]F]HJyOQH
.DU\ L OLNZLGDFMD V]NyG
6NXWNL ]GDU]H QLHSU]HZLG]LDQ\FK

3UDZR ZáDVQR FL

%H]ZDUXQNRZ\ FKDUDNWHU SUDZD ZáDVQR FL
:áDVQR ü
3RVLDGDQLH
:áDVQR ü SURSHUW\

:áDVQR ü LQWHOHNWXDOQD L SU]HP\VáRZD

Uwagi ogólne ...................................................................................................................27
)RUP\ ZáDVQR FL SU]HP\VáRZHM

Prawo o czynach niedozwolonych..............................................................................................28

Czyn niedozwolony – uwagi ogólne ................................................................................28
2GSRZLHG]LDOQR ü ]D LQQH RVRE\
2GSRZLHG]LDOQR ü EH]SR UHGQLD

XI - 3

32'67$:2:( 32- &,$ 35$:1( =:, =$1(

= 75$16)(5(0 7(&+12/2*,,

Wprowadzenie

Strony zainteresowane ustanowieniem kontaktów w celu przeprowadzenia negocjacji i zawarcia
XPRZ\ F] VWR QLH UR]XPLHM

SUDZQ\FK LPSOLNDFML Uy*QHJR URG]DMX ]RERZL ]D

MDNLH

SRGHMPXM

OXE ZDUXQNyZ QD NWyU\FK SU]\M FLH VL RVWDWHF]QLH ]JDG]DM

: QLQLHMV]\P PRGXOH

Z\MD QLRQR ]DVDG\ L SRM FLD SUDZQH OH* FH X SRGVWDZ HWDSX ZVW SQHJR QHJRFMDFML L ]DZLHUDQLD
XPyZ PRJ FH PLHü ZSá\Z QD ZDUXQNL XPyZ RUD] Z\QLNDM FH ] QLFK SUDZD L RERZL ]NL
3RQLHZD* FHOHP PRGXáX MHVW SRND]DQLH Z MDNL VSRVyE NRQWUDNW MHVW NV]WDáWRZDQ\ L ]DSHZQLHQLH
OHSV]HJR ]UR]XPLHQLD ZDUXQNyZ XPRZ\ RUD] SUDZ L ]RERZL ]D

] QLHM Z\QLNDM F\FK

QLH]DOH*QLH RG URG]DMX WDNLHM XPRZ\ ]DZDUW\FK Z QLP XZDJ QLH RGQLHVLRQR GR *DGQHJR
NRQNUHWQHJR URG]DMX XPRZ\ 3U]HDQDOL]RZDQR UyZQLH* SRGVWDZRZH SRM FLD SUDZQH GRW\F] FH
F]\QyZ QLHGR]ZRORQ\FK L ZáDVQR FL

D WDN*H LQQ\FK VSUDZ ]ZL ]DQ\FK ] XPRZDPL

GRW\F] F\PL WUDQVIHUX WHFKQRORJLL

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*áyZQH V\VWHP\ SUDZQH

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ZLDGRPH IDNWX *H *DGHQ ] W\FK SURFHVyZ QLH SU]HELHJD Z SUDZQHM SUy*QL 6WRVXQNL

SU]HGXPRZQH L XPRZQH VWURQ V Já ERNR ]DNRU]HQLRQH Z V\VWHPLH SUDZQ\P FR QDMPQLHM
MHGQHJR NUDMX D E\ü PR*H QDZHW NLONX NUDMyZ

1LH MHVW RF]\ZL FLH PR*OLZH ]DZDUFLH Z W\P PRGXOH SU]HJO GX RGSRZLHGQLFK SU]HSLVyZ
SUDZQ\FK QDZHW NLONX NUDMyZ SRQLHZD* Uy*QL VL RQH Z ]DOH*QR FL RG V\VWHPX SUDZD L RG
NUDMX Z NWyU\P RERZL ]XM

0R*OLZH MHVW MHGQDN SU]HSURZDG]HQLH SRG]LDáX V\VWHPyZ

SUDZQ\FK QD NLOND ZLHONLFK JUXS URG]LQ V\VWHPyZ SUDZQ\FK

0LPR Uy*QLF\ SRJO GyZ

GRW\F] FHM NZHVWLL ZáD FLZHM NODV\ILNDFML Z W\P ]DNUHVLH MHGQD ] WDNLFK NODV\ILNDFML G]LHOL
V\VWHP\ SUDZQH QD

•

URPD VNL

•

JHUPD VNL

•

nordycki (skandynawski)

•

dalekowschodni

•

hinduski

•

islamski

: FHOX ]LOXVWURZDQLD QLHNWyU\FK NZHVWLL Z QDVW SQ\FK UR]G]LDáDFK E G SRGDQH RGZRá\ZDQLD
GR XVWDZRGDZVWZD QLHNWyU\FK NUDMyZ OXE SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK V\VWHPyZ SUDZQ\FK = SRZRGyZ
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NUDMDPL VWRVXM F\PL SUDZR F\ZLOQH OXE SUDZR ]Z\F]DMRZH

XI - 4

Systemy prawa cywilnego i prawa zwyczajowego

W niniejszym module omówiono dwa podstawowe systemy prawne: prawa cywilnego i prawa
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Z SU]\SDGNX SU]HSLVyZ UHJXOXM F\FK RGQRV] F\FK VL GR ]DZLHUDQLD XPyZ L KDQGOX *G\
FKRG]L R SUDZR ]RERZL ]DQLRZH Z ZL NV]R FL V\VWHPyZ SUDZQ\FK SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK NUDMyZ
VWRVXMH VL

]DVDG\ SUDZD F\ZLOQHJR DOER V\VWHPX SUDZD ]Z\F]DMRZHJR

Z QLHNWyU\FK

SU]\SDGNDFK XVWDZRGDZVWZR NUDMRZH Z\ND]XMH LVWQLHQLH HOHPHQWyZ SRFKRG] F\FK ] RE\GZX
W\FK V\VWHPyZ SUDZQ\FK

6\VWHP SUDZD ]Z\F]DMRZHJR Z\ZRG]L VL ] :LHONLHM %U\WDQLL L FKDUDNWHU\]XMH JR ZLHONLH
]QDF]HQLH RU]HF]QLFWZD V GRZHJR D Z HIHNFLH UyZQLH* RU]HF]H SUHFHGHQVRZ\FK 3RQDG MHGQD
WU]HFLD OXG]NR FL *\MH QD REV]DUDFK QD NWyU\FK XVWDZRGDZVWZR MHVW VLOQLH ]ZL ]DQH ] SUDZHP
]Z\F]DMRZ\P REV]DU\ WH V F] VWR NRMDU]RQH ] NUDMDPL DQJORM ]\F]Q\PL 6WDQRZL WR VSDGHN
SR RNUHVLH NRORQLDOQHM SRW JL :LHONLHM %U\WDQLL

6\VWHP SUDZD F\ZLOQHJR NWyUHJR QLH QDOH*\ P\OLü ] SUDZHP F\ZLOQ\P F]\OL SUDZHP
SU\ZDWQ\P

Z\ZRG]L VL

] SUDZD U]\PVNLHJR

5R]ZLQ á VL

RQ Z NUDMDFK (XURS\

NRQW\QHQWDOQHM L UR]SU]HVWU]HQLá VL QD ZLHOH LQQ\FK NUDMyZ QS NUDMH $PHU\NL 3RáXGQLRZHM
L F] FL 'DOHNLHJR :VFKRGX

QS

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6\VWHP WHQ FKDUDNWHU\]XMH VL

Z FDáR FL

VNRG\ILNRZDQ\P SUDZHP

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GR SUDZD ]RERZL ]DQLRZHJR L KDQGORZHJR Z RSDUFLX R ]DVDG\ L SRM FLD SUDZD F\ZLOQHJR OXE
SUDZD ]Z\F]DMRZHJR 5y*QH V\VWHP\ SUDZQH PRJ MHGQDN ]EOL*Dü VL GR VLHELH SRQLHZD* Z
V GRZQLFWZLH F\ZLOQ\P FRUD] ZL NV]H ]QDF]HQLH ]GRE\ZD RU]HF]QLFWZR SRGF]DV JG\ NUDMH
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] XVWDZRGDZVWZD L

GRFHQLDM MHJR ZDJ

Prawo cywilne, prawo prywatne, prawo publiczne i prawo karne

.D*G\ V\VWHP SUDZQ\ VNáDGD VL ] ZLHOX RGG]LHOQ\FK REV]DUyZ SUDZD F] VWR Uy*QL F\FK VL
EDUG]R VWUXNWXU

L VW\OHP 6]HURNR UR]SRZV]HFKQLRQ\ SRG]LDá SUDZD Z\QLND ]H VSRVREX

UR]PLHV]F]HQLD SU]HGPLRWyZ XVWDZ Z SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK NRGHNVDFK

ZáD FLZ\FK GR LFK

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Prawo cywilne

3UDZR F\ZLOH MHVW F] FL

SUDZD ]DMPXM F

VL

]DVDGQLF]R SUDZDPL L RERZL ]NDPL RVyE

Z]JO GHP VLHELH 3UDZR WR QDOH*\ RGUy*QLü RG SUDZD SXEOLF]QHJR L SUDZD NDUQHJR ]RE GZD
QDVW SQH UR]G]LDá\

QLH PD RQR QLF ZVSyOQHJR ] SRM FLHP V\VWHPX SUDZD F\ZLOQHJR MDNR

SU]HFLZLH VWZD SUDZD ]Z\F]DMRZHJR

3UDZR F\ZLOQH REHMPXMH P LQ QDVW SXM FH XVWDZRGDZVWZR

•

SUDZR ]RERZL ]DQLRZH ]DMPXM FH VL

G]LHG]LQ

SUDZD NWyUH RNUH OD F]\ VNáDGDQH

]RERZL ]DQLD V ZD*QH ] SXQNWX ZLG]HQLD SUDZD L MDNLH V LFK VNXWNL SUDZQH

•

SUDZR R F]\QDFK QLHGR]ZRORQ\FK L SUDZR R ]RERZL ]DQLDFK XSUDZQLDM OXG]L UDF]HM Z
RJUDQLF]RQ\P ]DNUHVLH GR GRPDJDQLD VL

RGV]NRGRZDQLD Z V\WXDFMDFK JG\ VWURQD

VNDU* FD QLH MHVW XVDW\VIDNFMRQRZDQD Z VZRLFK XSUDZQLRQ\FK RF]HNLZDQLDFK

*

H

SR]ZDQ\ Z\ZL *H VL ]H VZRLFK RELHWQLF 3UDZR GRW\F] FH F]\QyZ QLHGR]ZRORQ\FK

XI - 5

]DMPXMH VL WDN*H QDUXV]HQLDPL MH*HOL QDVW SLáR XV]NRG]HQLH ]GURZLD SRZRGD QS MH*HOL
SRWU FLá JR VDPRFKyG

MH*HOL MHJR GREUH LPL GR]QDáR XV]F]HUENX MHJR GREUD XOHJá\

]QLV]F]HQLX OXE MH*HOL GR]QDá RQ QLHNWyU\FK LQQ\FK VWUDW ,VWQLHMH EDUG]R ZLHOH ]GDU]H
SRZRGXM F\FK V]NRG\ D ]DGDQLHP SUDZD R F]\QDFK QLHGR]ZRORQ\FK MHVW XVWDOHQLH NLHG\
RILDUD SRZLQQD PLHü PR*OLZR ü REFL *HQLD NRJR LQQHJR V]NRGDPL MDNLFK VDPD GR]QDáD

•

SUDZR ZáDVQR FL U]HF]RZH XVWDOD URG]DM L ]DNUHV SUDZ ] NWyU\FK OXG]LH PRJ NRU]\VWDü
Z RGQLHVLHQLX GR ZáDVQR FL UXFKRPHM L QLHUXFKRPHM QLHUXFKRPR FL

3UDZR F\ZLOQH SUDZR SU\ZDWQH Z RGUy*QLHQLX RG SUDZD SXEOLF]QHJR

Prawo cywilne jest nazywane czasami prawem prywatnyP

E\ RGUy*QLü MH RG SUDZD

SXEOLF]QHJR NWyUH REHMPXMH G]LHG]LQ\ SUDZD ]DMPXM FH VL Z SLHUZV]\P U] G]LH RUJDQL]DFM
SD VWZD VWRVXQNDPL SRPL G]\ SD VWZHP D OXGQR FL VWDQRZL FD HOHPHQW WHJR SD VWZD RUD]
RGSRZLHG]LDOQR FL

XU] GQLNyZ SD VWZRZ\FK ZREHF SD VWZD

VLHELH QDZ]DMHP L RVyE

SU\ZDWQ\FK

, WDN SUDZR SXEOLF]QH REHMPXMH PL G]\ LQQ\PL

•

SUDZR NRQVW\WXF\MQH ]DVDG\ RNUH ODM FH VWUXNWXU SRGVWDZRZ\FK RUJDQyZ SD VWZRZ\FK
VWRVXQNL PL G]\ QLPL RUD] LFK SRGVWDZRZH IXQNFMH L XSUDZQLHQLD

•

prawo administracyjne ]DVDG\ GRW\F] FH SUDZ L RERZL ]NyZ ]ZL ]DQ\FK ] ZSá\ZHP
Z\ZLHUDQ\P QD LQG\ZLGXDOQH RVRE\ Z Z\QLNX VWRVRZDQLD SU]H] U] G LQVWUXPHQWyZ
Z\NRQDZF]\FK

•

prawo karne – RSLV\ZDQH SRQL*HM

3UDZR F\ZLOQH Z RGUy*QLHQLX RG SUDZD NDUQHJR

W prawie cywilnym to osoba SU\ZDWQD ZV]F]\QD SRVW SRZDQLH SUDZQH Z FHOX XVWDOHQLD VZ\FK
SUDZ RVRELVW\FK Z VWRVXQNX GR GUXJLHM RVRE\ 3UDZR NDUQH QDWRPLDVW Z\NRQ\ZDQH MHVW Z
LPLHQLX SD VWZD SRQLHZD* SU]HVW SVWZD NDUQH V SU]HVW SVWZDPL SU]HFLZNR SD VWZX

3UDZR PDWHULDOQH Z RGUy*QLHQLX RG SUDZD SURFHVRZHJR

3UDZR PDWHULDOQH REHMPXMH SU]HSLV\ SUDZD F\ZLOQHJR OXE SXEOLF]QHJR GRW\F] FH NZHVWLL
PDWHULDOQR SUDZQ\FK 6WDQRZL RQR F] ü SUDZD XVWDQDZLDM F

RNUH ODM F L UHJXOXM F SUDZD L

RERZL ]NL RVyE

3UDZR SURFHVRZH XVWDQDZLD SU]HSLV\ UHJXOXM FH VSRVyE Z MDNL Z\NRQ\ZDQH V

SUDZD

SRZVWDM FH QD PRF\ SU]HSLVyZ SUDZD PDWHULDOQHJR L Z MDNL FLJDQH V RVRE\ QDUXV]DM FH WH
SUDZD 5y*QH RUJDQD ZáDG]\ VWRVXM Uy*QH SU]HSLV\ WM VWRVRZDQH ]DVDG\ ]DOH* RG WHJR F]\
SRVW SRZDQLH PD FKDUDNWHU F\ZLOQ\ NDUQ\ F]\ WH* DGPLQLVWUDF\MQ\

Powstawanie umów

&]\QQR FL SUDZQH D XPRZ\

3RM FLH F]\QQR FL SUDZQHM VWDQRZL SRGNDWHJRUL SRM FLD DNWX SUDZQHJR Z V]HURNLP ]QDF]HQLX
WHJR VáRZD 3RGF]DV JG\ WHQ RVWDWQL R]QDF]D ND*GH G]LDáDQLH RVRE\ Z\ZLHUDM FH VNXWNL Z
REV]DU]H SUDZD SU\ZDWQHJR WR F]\QQR ü SUDZQD Z\ZLHUD VNXWNL SRQLHZD* ]RVWDá\ RQH
]DPLHU]RQH SU]H] RVRE Z\NRQXM F W F]\QQR ü :V]\VWNLH V\VWHP\ SUDZQH PXV] X]QDZDü
F]\QQR FL SUDZQH ]D ]GDU]HQLD Z\VW SXM FH Z *\FLX L GODWHJR Z\PDJDM FH RNUH ORQHJR

XI - 6

VSRVREX LFK XUHJXORZDQLD DOH PRJ WR F]\QLü SRPLMDM F SRM FLH DNWX SUDZQHJR Z MHJR F]\VWHM
SRVWDFL , WDN ZLHOH V\VWHPyZ SUDZD ]DZLHUD SU]HSLV\ RU]HF]HQLD NWyU\FK SRGVWDZ MHVW
SUDZR SUHFHGHQVRZH VWDQRZLRQH SU]H] V G\ OXE SU]HSLV\ XVWDZRZH XFKZDODQH SU]H] FLDáD
XVWDZRGDZF]H

NWyUH UHJXOXM W\ONR QDMSRZV]HFKQLHM VSRW\NDQ\ URG]DM F]\QQR FL SUDZQHM D

PLDQRZLFLH XPRZ\

8PRZD VWDQRZL ZL * FH SUDZQLH SRUR]XPLHQLH PL G]\ GZLHPD VWURQDPL OXE ZL NV] OLF]E
VWURQ SRZRGXM FH SRZVWDQLH ]DUyZQR ]RERZL ]DQLD GR GRNRQDQLD OXE SRZVWU]\PDQLD VL RG
GRNRQDQLD F]HJR RUD] SUDZD RGSRZLDGDM FHJR WHPX ]RERZL ]DQLX

:]JO GQ\ FKDUDNWHU VWRVXQNyZ XPRZQ\FK

6WRVXQHN SRZVWDá\ Z Z\QLNX ]DZDUFLD XPRZ\ PR*QD RNUH OLü MDNR ÄZ]JO GQ\´ ERZLHP
SUDZD L RERZL ]NL Z\QLNDM FH ] XPRZ\ GRW\F] W\ONR VWURQ WHM XPRZ\ ]DFKRG]L ]ZL ]HN
PL G]\ ]RERZL ]DQLDPL W\FK VWURQ : NRQWUD FLH GR XPRZ\ SR]RVWDM SUDZD ÄQLHRJUDQLF]RQH´

]Z\NOH SUDZR GR ZáDGDQLD ZáDVQR FL

NWyUH RGQRV] VL GR RFKURQ\ ND*GHM LQQHM RVRE\ ]RE

UR]G]LDá QD WHPDW ÄQLHRJUDQLF]RQHJR FKDUDNWHUX´ SUDZ ZáDVQR FL

Swoboda zawierania umów

6ZRERGD ]DZLHUDQLD XPyZ R]QDF]D VZRERG Z\ERUX L ]DZLHUDQLD OXE QLH]DZLHUDQLD XPyZ
RUD] VZRERG ND*GHJR XPDZLDM FHJR VL

GR XVWDODQLD ZDUXQNyZ SRGHMPRZDQ\FK ]RERZL ]D

SRG ZDUXQNLHP Z\UD*HQLD QD WR ]JRG\ SU]H] LQQ VWURQ XPRZ\ 'ODWHJR WH* VZRERGD WD
GRW\F]\ SRGHMPRZDQLD GHF\]ML Z VSUDZLH ]DZLHUDQLD OXE QLH ]DZLHUDQLD XPRZ\ RUD]
ZDUXQNyZ QD MDNLFK PR*H E\ü ]DZDUWD 2]QDF]D WR *H Z UDPDFK RNUH ORQ\FK XVWDZDPL ]DVDG
VWURQ\ PDM VZRERG NV]WDáWRZDQLD ]DZLHUDQ\FK XPyZ ZHGáXJ VZRMHJR X]QDQLD

1DZHW MH*HOL SUDZR GRSXV]F]D VZRERG ]DZLHUDQLD XPyZ WR SUDZG]LZD VZRERGD ]DZLHUDQLD
XPyZ QLH PR*H LVWQLHü

MH*HOL SR]\FMH VWURQ XPRZ\ QLH V

UyZQH SRG Z]JO GHP

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XPyZ´ QLH PD SR SURVWX RGELFLD Z U]HF]\ZLVWR FL

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VWRVXQNL XPRZQH ]DNRU]HQLRQH V

Z XVWDZRGDZVWZLH GDQHJR NUDMX &] VWR QLH MHVW áDWZR

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LVWQLHM FHJR Z XNáDG]LH PL G]\QDURGRZ\P 7UZDM F\ FDáH ZLHNL UR]ZyM SUDZD GRSURZDG]Lá Z
RGQLHVLHQLX GR SRM FLD VZRERG\ ]DZLHUDQLD XPyZ GR WHJR *H XVWDZRGDZVWZR ZLHOX NUDMyZ
]H]ZDOD VWURQRP WUDQVDNFML Z V]F]HJyOQR FL WUDQVDNFML KDQGORZHM QLH W\ONR QD VZRERGQH Z
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RGQLHVLHQLX GR RNUH ORQHM WUDQVDNFML

Wybór prawa

'ODWHJR WH* Z XPRZDFK VWURQ SRFKRG] F\FK ] Uy*Q\FK NUDMyZ Z SRVWDQRZLHQLDFK NR FRZ\FK
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XI - 7

3RUR]XPLHQLH Z VSUDZLH PDM FHJR ]DVWRVRZDQLH SUDZD SRZLQQR MHGQDN E\ü RVL JDQH MDN
QDMZF]H QLHM Z SURFHVLH QHJRFMDFML

SRQLHZD* SRVWDQRZLHQLD XPRZ\ R FKDUDNWHU]H

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XI - 8

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XI - 10

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ZH ZV]\VWNLFK NRQW\QHQWDOQ\FK NUDMDFK

HXURSHMVNLFK

XI - 11

DF]NROZLHN LFK V\WXDFMD SUDZQD MHVW ]Uy*QLFRZDQD : NUDMDFK VWRVXM F\FK SUDZR ]Z\F]DMRZH
QLH IXQNFMRQXM

XU] GQLF\ Z\NRQXM F\ IXQNFMH SRUyZQ\ZDOQH ] IXQNFMDPL QRWDULXV]D Z

QLHNWyU\FK NUDMDFK HXURSHMVNLFK GRW\F] F\PL SRWZLHUG]DQLD UHMHVWURZDQLD QLHNWyU\FK OHJDOQLH
]DZLHUDQ\FK WUDQVDNFML DF]NROZLHN PRJ Z QLFK Z\VW SRZDü SRGREQH Z\PDJDQLD IRUPDOQH

Wymogi prawne

3U]HSLV\ ]DZLHUDM FH Z\PDJDQLD IRUPDOQH F] VWR ]DMPXM

VL

W\P F]\ ]DPLDU\ VWURQ V

SRZD*QH :DUXQNL MDNLH WUDQVDNFMD PXVL VSHáQLDü E\ PRJáD E\ü HJ]HNZRZDQD MDNR G]LDáDQLH ]
]DáR*HQLD SRZD*QH Z\QLNDM ] G *HQLHP GR WHJR E\ RVRE\ PQLHM ]D]QDMRPLRQH ] G]LDáDOQR FL
JRVSRGDUF]

PLDá\ PR*OLZR ü VWDUDQQHJR SU]HP\ OHQLD VSUDZ L E\á\ FKURQLRQH SU]HG

QLHSU]\MHPQ\PL QLHVSRG]LDQNDPL

: NUDMDFK VWRVXM F\FK SUDZR F\ZLOQH ]D]Z\F]DM UR]Uy*QLD VL SU]\SDGNL Z NWyU\FK PXV] E\ü
]DFKRZDQH SHZQH IRUPDOQR FL WUDNWRZDQH MDNR ZVW SQH ZDUXQNL GRW\F] FH ZD*QR FL OHJDOQLH
]DZLHUDQ\FK WUDQVDNFML

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Z NWyU\FK WUDQVDNFMH ]DZLHUDQH Z VSRVyE

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E\ü XGRZRGQLRQH ] ]DVWRVRZDQLHP ]DOHGZLH RJUDQLF]RQ\FK

URGNyZ GRZRGRZ\FK

6]F]HJyáRZH ZDUXQNL IRUPDOQH L URG]DMH WUDQVDNFML NWyU\FK RQH GRW\F]

V

Uy*QH Z

SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK NUDMDFK

: SUDZLH DQJOR DPHU\ND VNLP RELHWQLFD QLH SRSDUWD ZLDGF]HQLHP Z]DMHPQ\P MHVW ZL * FD
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JG\ VNáDGDQD MHVW Z SRVWDFL GRNXPHQWX PDM FHJR IRUP

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] SLHF] FLDPL NWyU\ WR ZDUXQHN Z\QLND EH]SR UHGQLR ] GRNWU\Q\ ZLDGF]H Z]DMHPQ\FK :

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RNUH ORQHM IRUP\ VWDQRZL ZDUXQHN NRQLHF]Q\ GOD ZD*QR FL GRNXPHQWX 1LH ]DFKRZDQLH
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*

H QLH PR*H RQD VWDQRZLü SRGVWDZ\ GR Z\VW SLHQLD ] URV]F]HQLHP SU]HG V GHP

3RZ\*V]H Z\ZRG\ Z\GDM

VL

VXJHURZDü *H PLPR L* *DGHQ V\VWHP SUDZQ\ QLH PR*H

FDáNRZLFLH ]UH]\JQRZDü ]H VWDZLDQLD Z\PRJyZ IRUPDOQ\FK LVWQLHMH WHQGHQFMD ]PLHU]DM FD Z
W\P NLHUXQNX Z ND*G\P UD]LH Z G]LHG]LQLH NODV\F]QHJR SUDZD F\ZLOQHJR SU\ZDWQHJR

:\PDJDQLD IRUPDOQH GRW\F] FH XPyZ

6WURQ\ F] VWR X]JDGQLDM

*

H XPRZD

OXE ZV]HONLH ]PLDQ\ GR XPRZ\

SRGOHJD M

RERZL ]NRZL ]DFKRZDQLD RNUH ORQHM IRUP\ Z V]F]HJyOQR FL IRUP\ SLVHPQHM L SRGSLVDQLD MHM

LFK SU]H] VWURQ\ OXE RGSRZLHGQLR XSRZD*QLRQ\FK SU]HGVWDZLFLHOL )RUP

Z WHQ VSRVyE

X]JRGQLRQ

QDOH*\ ]D]Z\F]DM X]QDZDü ]D ZDUXQHN ZD*QR FL NRQWUDNWX -HGQDN*H VNXWNL

MDNLFKNROZLHN RGVW SVWZ RG ]DFKRZDQLD X]JRGQLRQHM IRUP\ E G

PXVLDá\ E\ü XVWDORQH QD

]DVDGDFK LQG\ZLGXDOQ\FK Z ]DOH*QR FL RG WRZDU]\V] F\FK WHPX RNROLF]QR FL L SUDZD
PDM FHJR ]DVWRVRZDQLH GR GDQHM XPRZ\

Interpretowanie warunków umów

,VWRW NRQWUDNWX MHVW ]ELH*QR ü ]DPLDUyZ -HGQDN*H Z\UD*HQLD VWRVRZDQH Z NRQWUDNFLH QLJG\
QLH Z\UD*DM

Z SHáQL W\FK ]DPLDUyZ &R ZL FHM VWURQ\ NRQWUDNWX PRJ

QLH XZ]JO GQLDü

SHZQ\FK VSUDZ NWyUH Sy(QLHM PRJ RND]Dü VL LVWRWQH 'ODWHJR WH* V G]LRZLH OXE DUELWU]\ VWDOH
VWDM ZREHF NRQLHF]QR FL GHF\GRZDQLD R SUDZDFK L RERZL ]NDFK VWURQ NWyUH Z\UD]Lá\ ]ZRMH
]DPLDU\ QLHMDVQR OXE Z VSRVyE QLHNRPSOHWQ\ 3URFHV XVWDODQLD ]QDF]HQLD ]DZDUW\FK Z

XI - 12

NRQWUDNFLH Z\UD*H

GZX]QDF]Q\FK OXE ZDGOLZ\FK QD]\ZDQ\ MHVW ÄLQWHUSUHWRZDQLHP´ OXE

ÄUHNRQVWUXNFM ´

,QWHUSUHWDFMD MHVW NRQLHF]QD MH*HOL ZLDGRPR FR VWURQ\ R]QDMPLá\ ]DSLVDá\ OXE Z LQQ\ VSRVyE
Z\UD]Lá\ DOH QLH MHVW RF]\ZLVWH FR SU]H] WR UR]XPLDá\ -HM SXQNWHP Z\M FLD PRJ E\ü GZD
SU]HFLZVWDZQH VWDQRZLVND ] NWyU\FK *DGQHJR QLH VSRW\ND VL Z G]LVLHMV]HM SUDNW\FH Z F]\VWHM
SRVWDFL

•

Zgodnie z pieUZV]\P VWDQRZLVNLHP OLF]\ VL ]DPLDU VNáDGDM FHJR RELHWQLF

SRJO G WHQ

]QDMGXMH X]DVDGQLHQLH Z ]DVDG]LH ÄSU\ZDWQHM DXWRQRPLL´ NWyUD WUDNWXMH ZROQ ZRO RVRE\
SUDZQHM MDNR (UyGáR L PLDU NRQVHNZHQFML SUDZQ\FK

•

=JRGQLH ] GUXJLP VWDQRZLVNLHP SLHUZV]H VWZR SU]\]QDMH VL ]HZQ WU]QHPX Z\UD]RZL
]DPLDUyZ QD WHM SRGVWDZLH *H Z LQWHUHVLH ]DSHZQLHQLD SRU] GNX SUDZQHJR OH*\
]DSHZQLHQLH RFKURQ\ REURWX KDQGORZHJR ZROD ZHZQ WU]QD WM ]DPLDU VNáDGDM FHJR
RELHWQLF

WUDNWRZDQD MHVW MDNR PDM FD ]QDF]HQLH W\ONR R W\OH R LOH MHVW RQD ]ELH*QD ]

QRUPDOQ\P RELHNW\ZQ\P ]QDF]HQLHP MDNLH UR]V GQ\ F]áRZLHN QDGDZDáE\ VZRLP
Z\UD*HQLRP

1LH]DOH*QLH RG WHJR NWyUH ] W\FK VWDQRZLVN ]RVWDQLH SU]\M WH ]JRGQLH ] ]DVDGDPL LQWHUSUHWDFML
RERZL ]XM F\PL Z Uy*Q\FK V\VWHPDFK SUDZD F\ZLOQHJR FHOHP LQWHUSUHWDFML QLHMDVQ\FK OXE
QLHNRPSOHWQ\FK NRQWUDNWyZ MHVW RVL JQL FLH VSUDZLHGOLZHJR L IXQNFMRQDOQHJR UR]ZL ]DQLD
RGSRZLDGDM FHJR IDNWRP GRW\F] F\P NRQNUHWQHJR SU]\SDGNX

: V]F]HJyOQR FL QDOH*\

SRVWDZLü S\WDQLH F]\ NWyUD ]H VWURQ QLH SRZLQQD ]GDZDü VRELH VSUDZ\ ] WHJR *H GUXJD VWURQD
PRJáDE\ Z VSRVyE X]DVDGQLRQ\ QDGDü MDNLH V]F]HJyOQH ]QDF]HQLH RNUH ORQHPX ]DZDUWHPX Z
NRQWUDNFLH ZDUXQNRZL -H*HOL PRJáRE\ WR PLHü PLHMVFH WR MDNR RVWDWHF]QH PXVL E\ü WUDNWRZDQH
]QDF]HQLH Z VSRVyE XF]FLZ\ QDGDZDQH GDQHPX R ZLDGF]HQLX D VXELHNW\ZQ\ ]DPLDU RVRE\
VNáDGDM FHM GHNODUDFM PXVL E\ü ]LJQRURZDQ\

: SUDZLH ]Z\F]DMRZ\P UR]ELH*QR ü SRPL G]\ WHRULDPL ]DPLDUX L Z\UD*DQLD PD PQLHMV]H
]QDF]HQLH

QL* Z V\VWHPDFK SUDZD F\ZLOQHJR

7R SRGVWDZRZH VWDQRZLVNR SUDZD

]Z\F]DMRZHJR MHVW Z\MD QLHQLHP GODF]HJR V G\ NUDMyZ VWRVXM F\FK SUDZR ]Z\F]DMRZH
SURV]RQH R SU]HSURZDG]HQLH NRUHNW Z SURMHNFLH XPRZ\ SU]H]QDF]DM WDN ZLHOH F]DVX MDN MHVW
WR PR*OLZH QD DQDOL] VWRVRZDQ\FK VIRUPXáRZD

D GR NRQNUHWQ\FK RNROLF]QR FL RGQRV] VL

W\ONR ZWHG\ JG\ QLH PD LQQHJR VSRVREX RVL JQL FLD SRUR]XPLHQLD -H*HOL NODX]XOD NRQWUDNWRZD
R EU]PLHQLX MHGQR]QDF]Q\P SDVXMH GR RNROLF]QR FL E G F\FK SU]HGPLRWHP VSRUX V G F] VWR
]DVWRVXMH W NODX]XO Z MHM DNWXDOQLH MHGQR]QDF]Q\P ]QDF]HQLX QDZHW MH*HOL LVWQLHM PRFQH
SRGVWDZ\ GR SU]\SXV]F]HQLD *H VWURQ\ SUDZGRSRGREQLH QLH ]DPLHU]DM

]DVWRVRZDü WDNLHM

NODX]XOL GR GDQHM NZHVWLL

3RGVWDZRZH ]DVDG\ RERZL ]XM FH SRGF]DV LQWHUSUHWRZDQLD NRQWUDNWyZ

MDNLH PR*QD

]DREVHUZRZDü Z XVWDZRGDZVWZLH ZLHOX NUDMyZ SRGDQR QL*HM

•

6áRZD QDOH*\ UR]XPLHü Z LFK F]\VW\P L SRGVWDZRZ\P ]QDF]HQLX =DVDGD WD PR*H F]DVHP
SURZDG]Lü GR QLH SU]HZLG\ZDQ\FK SU]H] VWURQ\ NRQVHNZHQFML -HVW RQD VWRVRZDQD ]DZV]H
SU]\ XZ]JO GQLHQLX GRSXV]F]DOQ\FK SU]H] SUDZR GRZRGyZ SRZRá\ZDQ\FK Z ]ZL ]NX ]
GRGDWNRZ\PL

]DVWRVRZDQLDPL

SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK

VáyZ

OXE

]PLHQLDM F\P

VL

LFK

]DVWRVRZDQLHP WM MH*HOL QD SRWU]HE\ NRQWUDNWX MDNL WHUPLQ PD RNUH ORQH ]GHILQLRZDQH
]QDF]HQLH

•

,QWHUSUHWDFMD NRQWUDNWX MHVW WDND E\ MDN QDMOHSLHM RGGDZDáD ]DPLDU\ VWURQ ] SXQNWX
ZLG]HQLD FDáR FL NRQWUDNWX -DVQR ü FR GR ]DPLDUyZ VWURQ PD ZL NV]H ]QDF]HQLH DQL*HOL
SRV]F]HJyOQH VáRZD MDNLFK VWURQ\ PRJá\ X*\ü GR Z\UD*HQLD VZRLFK ]DPLDUyZ

XI - 13

7\P SRGVWDZRZ\P ]DVDGRP SRGSRU] GNRZDQH V

MHV]F]H Uy*QH LQQH ]DVDG\ SU]\ F]\P

ZV]\VWNLH VáX* WHPX VDPHPX FHORZL WM PDM SU]\F]\QLü VL GR UHDOL]DFML ]DPLDUyZ VWURQ QD
W\OH QD LOH PR*OLZH MHVW LFK VSUHF\]RZDQLH QD SRGVWDZLH Z\UD*H ]DZDUW\FK Z NRQWUDNFLH
3RQL*HM SRGDQR SU]\NáDG\ ]DVDG

•

V G SU]HSURZDG]D NRUHNW RF]\ZLVW\FK Eá GyZ OLWHURZ\FK L JUDPDW\F]Q\FK

•

]DNUHV ]QDF]HQLRZ\ Z\UD]yZ RJyOQ\FK PR*H E\ü ]DZ *RQ\ L RJUDQLF]RQ\ G]L NL
GRNáDGQHPX L V]F]HJyáRZHPX RSLVRZL SU]HGPLRWX VSUDZ\ NWyUHJR RQH GRW\F]

•

Z\UD]RP R SRGZyMQ\P ]QDF]HQLX QDGDMH VL ]QDF]HQLH SRZRGXM FH *H NRQWUDNW VWDMH VL
ZD*Q\

•

QLHMDVQH L GZX]QDF]QH Z\UD]\ L VIRUPXáRZDQLD LQWHUSUHWXMH VL SU]HFLZNR VWURQLH NWyUD
LFK X*\ZD 5HJXáD WD RSLHUD VL

QD ]DVDG]LH *H VWURQD RGSRZLDGD ]D GZX]QDF]QR ü

X*\ZDQ\FK SU]H] VLHELH Z\UD*H

: SU]\SDGNX NRQWUDNWyZ ]DZDUW\FK QD SL PLH SUREOHPHP NWyU\ ZL *H VL ] LQWHUSUHWDFM
NRQWUDNWyZ MHVW ]DNUHV GRSXV]F]DQLD GRZRGyZ GRW\F] F\FK ZF]H QLHMV]\FK OXE UyZQROHJá\FK
X]JRGQLH

XVWQ\FK NWyUH ]PLHQLDM

OXE UR]V]HU]DM

]QDF]HQLH ]DSLVDQHJR WHNVWX NRQWUDNWX

=JRGQLH ] SUDZHP F\ZLOQ\P VWURQD WZLHUG] FD

*

H PLDáR PLHMVFH UyZQROHJáH XVWQH

SRUR]XPLHQLH PD SUDZR XGRZRGQLü WHQ IDNW QDWRPLDVW QD SRGVWDZLH SUDZD ]Z\F]DMRZHJR MHVW
WR QLHGRSXV]F]DOQH

8PRZ\ QLHZD*QH SRGOHJDM FH XQLHZD*QLHQLX L VSU]HF]QH ] SUDZHP

-HGQ\P ] LVWRWQ\FK HOHPHQWyZ ZD*QHJR NRQWUDNWX MHVW DXWHQW\F]QD ]JRGD VWURQ GRW\F] FD
NRQWUDNWX ,VWQLHQLH WDNLHM ]JRG\ PR*H E\ü SRGZD*RQH ZVNXWHN Z\VW SLHQLD

•

Eá GyZ

•

wadliwej reprezentacji,

•

VSU]HF]QR FL ] SUDZHP

-H*HOL FKRü MHGHQ ] W\FK F]\QQLNyZ RGQRVL VL GR NRQWUDNWX QLH PR*H PLHü PLHMVFD U]HF]\ZLVWD
]JRGD L NRQWUDNW PR*H E\ü X]QDQ\ ]D QLHZD*Q\ OXE ]D SRGOHJDM F\ XQLHZD*QLHQLX

.RQWUDNW\ QLHZD*QH L QLH]JRGQH ] SUDZHP

.RQWUDNW\ QLHZD*QH QLH SRZRGXM VNXWNyZ SUDZQ\FK WM QLH V NRQWUDNWDPL L XPRZ\ WHJR
URG]DMX QLH QDGDM VWURQRP ]JRGQ\FK ] SUDZHP XSUDZQLH

3RPLPR *H VZRERGD ]DZLHUDQLD

XPyZ PD GRPLQXM FH ]QDF]HQLH

ND*G\ V\VWHP SUDZQ\ SRZLQLHQ ]DVWU]HF PR*OLZR ü

RJáRV]HQLD QLHZD*QR FL NRQWUDNWX MH*HOL QDUXV]D RQ RERZL ]XM FH SUDZR :H ZV]\VWNLFK
V\VWHPDFK VSU]HF]QR ü NRQWUDNWX ] SUDZHP X]QDMH VL

]D RNROLF]QR ü NWyUD SRZRGXMH

QLHZD*QR ü NRQWUDNWX FR R]QDF]D *H V G\ QLH E G VL QLP ]DMPRZDá\ .ZHVWLD QLH]JRGQR FL
NRQWUDNWX ] SUDZHP Z Uy*Q\FK V\VWHPDFK SUDZQ\FK UR]ZL ]\ZDQD MHVW Z Uy*Q\ VSRVyE :
NUDMDFK VWRVXM F\FK SUDZR F\ZLOQH ]Z\NOH PR*QD ]QDOH(ü SU]HSLV\ RJyOQH X]QDM FH NRQWUDNW ]D
QLHZD*Q\ MH*HOL MHVW RQ QLH]JRGQ\ ] SU]HSLVDPL XVWDZRZ\PL OXE MH*HOL ]DZDUWR JR ] ]DPLDUHP
RPLQL FLD SU]HSLVX SRZRGXM FHJR *H NRQWUDNW WHQ MHVW QLHZD*Q\

1LH]JRGQR ü ] SUDZHP PR*H PLHü PLHMVFH V]F]HJyOQLH Z SU]\SDGNX Z\WZDU]DQLD
Z\NRQ\ZDQLD OXE FHOX 1LHNLHG\ NRQWUDNW MHVW QLH]JRGQ\ ] SUDZHP W\ONR Z F] FL : WDNLHM
V\WXDFML SUDZR PDM FH ]DVWRVRZDQLH GR NRQWUDNWX PR*H SU]\F]\QLü VL GR MHJR SRG]LDáX GR
Z\NRQDQLD ZD*QHM MHJR F] FL L PR*H RGPyZLü SRPRF\ Z UHDOL]DFML NRQWUDNWX Z RGQLHVLHQLX
GR F] FL QLH]JRGQHM ] SUDZHP

XI - 14

.RQWUDNW\ SRGOHJDM FH XQLHZD*QLHQLX

-H*HOL NRQWUDNW SRGOHJDM F\ XQLHZD*QLHQLX QLH EXG]L ]DVWU]H*H FR GR VZRMHM ]DZDUWR FL DOH ]
SRZRGX SHZQ\FK GHIHNWyZ WHFKQLF]Q\FK MHGQD VWURQD OXE UyZQRF]H QLH RE\GZLH VWURQ\ QLH
PRJ SRGHMPRZDü G]LDáD SUDZQ\FK QD MHJR SRGVWDZLH WM PR*H RQ ]RVWDü XQLHZD*QLRQ\ QD
*

GDQLH MHGQHM ]H VWURQ 1D SU]\NáDG NRQWUDNW ]DZDUW\ Z Z\QLNX RV]XVWZD PR*H ]RVWDü

XQLHZD*QLRQ\ SU]H] VWURQ ZSURZDG]RQ Z Eá G

-H*HOL NRQWUDNW RND*H VL QLHZD*Q\ WR QD MHJR SRGVWDZLH QLH PRJ SRZVWDZDü *DGQH OHJDOQH
XSUDZQLHQLD =RVWDMH RQ DQXORZDQ\ = WHJR *H NRQWUDNW SRGOHJDM F\ XQLHZD*QLHQLX MHVW
NRQWUDNWHP ZDGOLZ\P PR*H VNRU]\VWDü MHGQD ]H VWURQ NRQWUDNWX

%á G\

Klas\ILNDFMD Eá GyZ

3UDZR ]DMPXM FH VL Eá GDPL VWDQRZL MHGHQ ] QDMWUXGQLHMV]\FK L QDMEDUG]LHM NRQWURZHUV\MQ\FK
REV]DUyZ SUDZD ]RERZL ]DQLRZHJR *HQHUDOQLH Eá G MDNR WDNL QLH PR*H EXG]Lü Z WSOLZR FL
Eá G GRW\F] F\ MDNLHJR SU]HSLVX SUDZD QLH SRZLQLHQ ZHGáXJ ZL NV]R FL MH*HOL QLH ZV]\VWNLFK
XVWDZRGDZVWZ PLHü FKDUDNWHUX PDWHULDOQHJR SU]\ F]\P ]DNáDGD VL SRZV]HFKQD ]QDMRPR ü
SUDZD %á G\ PRJ E\ü SRG]LHORQH QD QDVW SXM FH NDWHJRULH

•

%á G\ GRW\F] FH WR*VDPR FL SU]HGPLRWX -H*HOL GZLH VWURQ\ ]DPLHU]DM ]DZU]Hü NRQWUDNW
SU]\ F]\P LFK LQWHQFMD RGQRVL VL

GR Uy*Q\FK SU]HGPLRWyZ WR QLH PD PLHMVFD QD

U]HF]\ZLVW XPRZ D W\P VDP\P NRQWUDNW QLH LVWQLHMH

•

%á G\ GRW\F] FH LVWQLHQLD SU]HGPLRWX -H*HOL RELH VWURQ\ ]DZLHUDM NRQWUDNW Z Eá GQ\P
SU]HNRQDQLX *H RNUH ORQ\ SU]HGPLRW LVWQLHMH SRGF]DV JG\ Z U]HF]\ZLVWR FL WDN QLH MHVW
WR WDNL SRGVWDZRZ\ Eá G PR*H VSRZRGRZDü QLHZD*QR ü NRQWUDNWX

•

%á G\ GRW\F] FH MDNR FL SU]HGPLRWX %á G GRW\F] F\ MDNR FL U]HF]\ E G FHM SU]HGPLRWHP
NRQWUDNWX QLH Z\ZRáXMH ]Z\NOH QLHZD*QR FL NRQWUDNWX DOH SRZRGXMH *H SRGOHJD RQ
XQLHZD*QLHQLX

•

%á G\ GRW\F] FH WR*VDPR FL GUXJLHM VWURQ\ XPRZ\ 7HQ URG]DM Eá GX SRZVWDMH ZyZF]DV
JG\ QD SU]\NáDG ILUPD $ PD ]DPLDU ]DZU]Hü NRQWUDNW ] ILUP % DOH QD VNXWHN Eá GX
]DZLHUD NRQWUDNW ] ILUP & : ]DOH*QR FL RG WHJR F]\ WR*VDPR ü VWURQ\ QD SU]\NáDG
ILUP\ % PD ]QDF]HQLH GOD NRQWUDNWX Z W\P VHQVLH *H ILUPD $ ]DPLHU]DáD ]DZU]Hü
NRQWUDNW W\ONR ] ILUP % D QLH ] *DGQ LQQ

NRQWUDNW PR*H E\ü ZD*Q\ OXE SRGOHJDü

XQLHZD*QLHQLX

•

%á G\ GRW\F] FH FKDUDNWHUX GRNXPHQWX =JRGQLH ] SRGVWDZRZ ]DVDG SUDZD RVRED MHVW
]ZL ]DQD ZDUXQNDPL SRGSLV\ZDQHJR SU]H] VLHELH GRNXPHQWX

QDZHW MH*HOL WHJR

GRNXPHQWX QLH SU]HF]\WDáD OXE QLH ]UR]XPLDáD MHJR WUH FL PLPR *H PLDáD WDN PR*OLZR ü
2G ]DVDG\ WHM PRJ LVWQLHü Z\M WNL JG\ GDQD RVRED SRGSLVXMH GRNXPHQW Z Eá GQ\P
SU]HNRQDQLX *H SRGSLVXMH GRNXPHQW FDáNRZLFLH LQQ\

6NXWNL Eá GyZ

7R JG]LH SU]HELHJD SRG]LDá SRPL G]\ Eá GDPL XZ]JO GQLDQ\PL SU]H] SUDZR L W\PL NWyUH
SUDZR LJQRUXMH VWDQRZL S\WDQLH EXG] FH NRQWURZHUVMH D SRV]F]HJyOQH V\VWHP\ SUDZQH
XG]LHODM QD QLH Uy*Q\FK RGSRZLHG]L 5yZQLH* SRJO G\ QD VNXWNL Eá GX SROHJDM FH QD W\P *H
NRQWUDNW WUDFL ZD*QR ü OXE SRGOHJD XQLHZD*QLHQLX Uy*QL VL Z SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK NUDMDFK -DN
MX* ZF]H QLHM ]DXZD*RQR Eá G PXVL E\ü QLHZ WSOLZ\ QLH ]D VWDQRZLü ]DOHGZLH XVWHUN

-H*HOL

XI - 15

VWURQD NRQWUDNWX SRSHáQLáD Eá G GRW\F] F\ MDNLHM JHQHUDOQHM ]DVDG\ SUDZD WR QLH PR*H VL RQD
EURQLü SU]HG V GHP WZLHUG] F *H QLH ZLHG]LDáD R MHM LVWQLHQLX

%á GQH R ZLDGF]HQLD

-DN MX* ZF]H QLHM ]DXZD*RQR GRNWU\QD Eá GyZ MHVW GR ü VNRPSOLNRZDQD 2GG]LHOQ

LFK

NDWHJRUL VWDQRZL SU]\SDGNL JG\ Eá G SRZRGXMH QLHGRNáDGQH VWZLHUG]HQLH OXE R ZLDGF]HQLH
LQQHM VWURQ\

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XI - 16

WUDQVDNFML OXE MH*HOL NRQWUDNW MHVW ]DZLHUDQ\ Z RNUH ORQHM ORNDOL]DFML WR PR*QD ]DNáDGDü *H
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]RERZL ]DQH GR VWRVRZDQLD PLQLPDOQ\FK VWDQGDUGyZ R RGQLHVLHQLX GR ZV]HONLFK WUDQVDNFML OXE
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Warunki i gwarancje

:DUXQNL Z\QLNDM FH ] SU]HSLVyZ SUDZD F\ZLOQHJR

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SUDZQHM 6áRZR WR MHVW X*\ZDQH Z SUDZLH ]Z\F]DMRZ\P Z WDNLP ]QDF]HQLX MDN Z\UD*HQLD
ÄZDUXQNL SRSU]HG]DM FH´ L ÄZDUXQNL UR]ZL ]XM FH´ :DUXQHN SRSU]HG]DM F\ PD FKDUDNWHU
]DZLHV]DM F\ W]Q *H ]DZLHV]D RQ Z\NRQDQLH NRQWUDNWX SRGF]DV JG\ ZDUXQHN UR]ZL ]XM F\
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Z\NRQDü ]RERZL ]DQLD UyZQRF]H QLH

WR RERZL ]HN MHGQHJR Z\NRQXM FHJR GRW\F] F\

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: SUDZLH ]Z\F]DMRZ\P ]ZáDV]F]D Z SUDZLH DQJLHOVNLP VáRZR ÄZDUXQHN´ MHVW WDN*H X*\ZDQH
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] SRZRGX QDUXV]HQLD SRVWDQRZLH

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JZDUDQFML

XI - 17

Gwarancje w prawie zwyczajowym

6\VWHP\ SUDZD F\ZLOQHJR ]D]Z\F]DM UR]Uy*QLDM SRVWDQRZLHQLD NRQWUDNWyZ RGQRV] FH VL GR
JZDUDQFML GRW\F] F\FK SUDZD GR WRZDUyZ L MDNR FL W\FK WRZDUyZ RG RJyOQ\FK SRVWDQRZLH
RGQRV] F\FK VL

GR QLHZ\NRQDQLD NRQWUDNWX :DGOLZH Z\NRQDQLH QLH VWDQRZL Z VSRVyE

NRQLHF]Q\ SU]\SDGNX QLHZ\NRQDQLD D ZLHU]\FLHO PR*H Z\VW SRZDü ] URV]F]HQLHP MHG\QLH QD
SRGVWDZLH JZDUDQFML XVWDZRZHM SU]HZLG]LDQHM Z SUDZLH Z RGQLHVLHQLX GR GDQHJR URG]DMX
NRQWUDNWX ]D]Z\F]DM GRW\F] F\P XVXQL FLD ZDG\ OXE VNXWNyZ ZDGOLZHJR Z\NRQDQLD DOER
RGSRZLHGQLHJR REQL*HQLD FHQ\ OXE XQLHZD*QLHQLD NRQWUDNWX

Reprezentacja

Uwagi ogólne

2VRE\ NWyUH QLH PRJ

OXE QLH FKF G]LDáDü VDPRG]LHOQLH PRJ NRU]\VWDü ] SRPRF\ RVyE NWyUH

]DZLHUDM WUDQVDNFMH ]H VWURQDPL WU]HFLPL ÄZ LPLHQLX´ ÄQD UDFKXQHN´ OXE ÄMDNR SU]HGVWDZL
FLHOH´ LWS WDNLFK RVyE 6áRZR ÄUHSUH]HQWDFMD´ RGQRVL VL GR V\WXDFML Z NWyUHM ]OHFHQLRGDZFD

DOER QD PRF\ VDPHJR SUDZD ]RE GDOHM XSRZD*QLD LQQ RVRE

VZHJR UHSUH]HQWDQWD OXE

SU]HGVWDZLFLHOD GR ]DZDUFLD ]JRGQ\FK ] SUDZHP WUDQVDNFML ]H VWURQDPL WU]HFLPL OXE GR
VNáDGDQLD Z MHM LPLHQLX ZL * F\FK GOD QLHM GHNODUDFML : V\VWHPDFK SUDZD F\ZLOQHJR
VWRVRZDQH MHVW ]DVDGQLF]H UR]Uy*QLHQLH F]\ WUDQVDNFMD ]H VWURQ WU]HFL MHVW ]DZLHUDQD SU]H]
SR UHGQLND Z MHJR ZáDVQ\P LPLHQLX F]\ WH* Z LPLHQLX MHJR ]OHFHQLRGDZF\ ']LDáDQLD
SR UHGQLND Z\ZLHUDM VNXWNL GOD MHJR ]OHFHQLRGDZF\ W\ONR ZyZF]DV JG\ VWURQD WU]HFLD ZLH QD
SRGVWDZLH LQIRUPDFML RG SR UHGQLND OXE LVWQLHM F\FK RNROLF]QR FL *H GDQD WUDQVDNFMD MHVW
]DZLHUDQD GOD NRJR LQQHJR L W\ONR Z WDNLFK SU]\SDGNDFK PyZL VL

Z NUDMDFK VWRVXM F\FK

SUDZR F\ZLOQH R UHSUH]HQWRZDQLX -H*HOL SR UHGQLN ]DZLHUD WUDQVDNFM ZH ZáDVQ\P LPLHQLX WR
W\ONR RQ QDE\ZD SUDZD L RERZL ]NL Z\QLNDM FH ] NRQWUDNWX QDZHW MH*HOL GRNáDGQLH WDN MDN Z
SU]\SDGNX U]HF]\ZLVWHJR SU]HGVWDZLFLHOVWZD G]LDáDá RQ Z LQWHUHVLH VZHJR ]OHFHQLRGDZF\ L QD
MHJR UDFKXQHN QLH PDM F Z ]DZDUFLX WUDQVDNFML *DGQHJR ZáDVQHJR LQWHUHVX
5R]Uy*QLHQLD WDNLHJR QLH ]QD SUDZR ]Z\F]DMRZH -H*HOL SR UHGQLN DJHQW G]LDáDM F\ Z UDPDFK
VZRLFK XSUDZQLH

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]OHFHQLRGDZFD WHQ QDE\ZD SUDZD L RERZL ]NL Z\QLNDM FH ] NRQWUDNWX QDZHW ZyZF]DV JG\
SR UHGQLN G]LDáDá MDNR QLHXMDZQLRQ\ DJHQW F]\OL SU]HSURZDG]Lá WUDQVDNFM Z VZRLP ZáDVQ\P
LPLHQLX L QLH XMDZQLá IDNWX *H G]LDáD GOD VZRMHJR ]OHFHQLRGDZF\

Reprezentacja ustawowa

Reprezentacja ustawowa osób fizycznych

Zgodnie z ustawodawstwem SD VWZ VWRVXM F\FK V\VWHP SUDZD F\ZLOQHJR Z NUDMDFK MH
VWRVXM F\FK LVWQLHM SUDZQH LQVW\WXFMH UHSUH]HQWDFML XVWDZRZHM SR]ZDODM FH RVRERP GR WHJR
QLH]GROQ\P WDNLP MDN RVRE\ PDáROHWQLH L FKRUH SV\FKLF]QLH XF]HVWQLF]\ü Z VSUDZDFK
SUDZQ\FK NRU]\VWDM F ] SRPRF\ XVWDZRZ\FK SU]HGVWDZLFLHOL , WDN QD SU]\NáDG URG]LFH PRJ
E\ü XVWDZRZ\PL SU]HGVWDZLFLHODPL Z VSUDZDFK SUDZQ\FK RVyE PDáROHWQLFK

3RM FLH

SU]HGVWDZLFLHOD XVWDZRZHJR QLH MHVW ]QDQH Z SUDZLH ]Z\F]DMRZ\P

Reprezentacja ustawowa osób prawnych

2VRE\ SUDZQH PRJ

G]LDáDü W\ONR SRSU]H] RVRE\ IL]\F]QH 2VREDPL Z\]QDF]RQ\PL GR

UHSUH]HQWRZDQLD RVyE SUDZQ\FK WDNLFK MDN VSyáND ]JRGQLH ] LFK DNWHP ]DáR*\FLHOVNLP

XI - 18

VWDWXWHP LWS V LFK RUJDQ\ 7R F]\P PRJ

OXE PXV]

G\VSRQRZDü RUJDQ\ RVyE SUDZQ\FK

XM WH MHVW Z Uy*Q\FK SU]HSLVDFK SUDZD Z V]F]HJyOQR FL SUDZD R VSyáNDFK

Reprezentacja w odniesieniu do kontraktów

USRZD*QLHQLH ]OHFHQLRGDZF\ GOD MHJR SU]HGVWDZLFLHOD ]DZLHUDM FHJR NRQWUDNW PR*H FR GR
]DVDG\ E\ü XG]LHORQH QD SL PLH XVWQLH OXE Z IRUPLH RNUH ORQ\FK G]LDáD

FK\ED *H LVWQLHMH

Z\PyJ XG]LHOHQLD JR Z MDNLHM V]F]HJyOQHM IRUPLH 8SRZD*QLHQLH QD SL PLH QD]\ZDQH MHVW
]Z\NOH SHáQRPRFQLFWZHP &R GR ]DVDG\ SU]HGVWDZLFLHO DJHQW PR*H MH*HOL MHVW XSRZD*QLRQ\
SRGHMPRZDü G]LDáDQLD ZL * FH GOD MHJR ]OHFHQLRGDZF\ W\ONR Z JUDQLFDFK SU]\]QDQHJR PX
SHáQRPRFQLFWZD WM QDE\ZDü SUDZD OXE ]DFL JDü ]RERZL ]DQLD EH]SR UHGQLR ZL * FH GOD
]OHFHQLRGDZF\

Wykonywanie kontraktów

5RV]F]HQLD ] W\WXáX QLHZ\NRQDQLD NRQWUDNWX L LFK HJ]HNZRZDQLH

2VRED ]DZLHUDM FD NRQWUDNW RF]HNXMH RG GUXJLHM VWURQ\ G]LDáDQLD ]JRGQHJR ] MHM
SU]\U]HF]HQLHP

WM

Z\NRQDQLD NRQWUDNWX

0R*H RQD E\ü QLH]DGRZRORQD ]H VSRVREX

Z\SHáQLHQLD MHJR SRVWDQRZLH

1D SU]\NáDG PR*H QLH GRM ü GR GRVWDUF]HQLD WRZDUyZ 3RZVWDMH

ZyZF]DV S\WDQLH MDN IRUP SRPRF\ SUDZQHM V\VWHP SUDZQ\ ]DSHZQL VWURQLH NRQWUDNWX NWyUHM
RF]HNLZDQLD ]ZL ]DQH ] Z\NRQ\ZDQLHP NRQWUDNWX QLH ]RVWDá\ VSHáQLRQH" =DVDGD RERZL ]XM FD
ZH ZV]\VWNLFK QRZRF]HVQ\FK V\VWHPDFK SUDZD MHVW QDVW SXM FD ZLHU]\FLHO QLH PR*H SROHJDü
Z\á F]QLH QD ZáDVQ\FK PR*OLZR FLDFK ]DELHUDM F QD SU]\NáDG WRZDU\ RG VSU]HGDZF\ OXE
NRU]\VWDM F ] SU\ZDWQ\FK URGNyZ SU]\PXVX Z FHOX Z\PXV]HQLD RG LQQHM VWURQ\ VSHáQLHQLD
SU]H] QL

]áR*RQHJR SU]\U]HF]HQLD 3U]HG SRGM FLHP MDNLFKNROZLHN LQQ\FK NURNyZ ZREHF

GáX*QLND VWURQD QLH SRQRV] FD ZLQ\ PXVL Z\VW SLü GR V GX L ]áR*\ü VNDUJ

GRW\F] F

QLHZ\NRQDQLD NRQWUDNWX D NURNL WH PXV] E\ü UyZQLH* SRGHMPRZDQH SRG QDG]RUHP SD VWZD

6WURQ

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]DVSRNRLü UHNRPSHQVDW

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JG\ FR

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ZLQ\ ] LQQHJR (UyGáD QDZHW SR Z\*V]HM FHQLH D VWURQD WD ]DGRZROL VL * GDQLHP RG VSUDZF\
V]NRG\ UHNRPSHQVDW\ ]D GRGDWNRZR SRQLHVLRQH NRV]W\ $OH FR QDOH*\ ]URELü JG\ WUXGQH OXE
QLHPR*OLZH MHVW REOLF]HQLH ZDUWR FL V]NRG\ DOER JG\ *DGQD NDONXODFMD QLH MHVW Z VWDQLH Z\UD]Lü
V]F]HJyOQHJR LQWHUHVX MDNL GOD ZLHU]\FLHOD ZL ]Dá VL ] Z\NRQDQLHP NRQWUDNWX" 3\WDQLH WR
ZL *H VL

] NROHMQ\P Z MDNLFK RNROLF]QR FLDFK V G PR*H QD * GDQLH SRZRGD ]DU] G]Lü

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1DZHW MH*HOL V G SU]\]QDMH ZLHU]\FLHORZL SUDZR GR * GDQLD UHDOL]DFML NRQWUDNWX WR ZFL * QLH
RWU]\PXMH RQ WHJR F]HJR Z U]HF]\ZLVWR FL RF]HNXMH SRQLHZD* ZLHOX GáX*QLNyZ QLH ]DVSRNDMD
URV]F]H QDZHW ZWHG\ JG\ SRWZLHUG]DM RQL LFK ]DVDGQR ü SRQLHZD* QLH V Z VWDQLH DOER QLH
FKF WHJR ]URELü 3D VWZR ZVSRPDJD ZLHU]\FLHOL VWRVXM F SURFHGXU\ Z FHOX UHDOL]DFML URV]F]H
QDZHW ZEUHZ ZROL GáX*QLND

: QLQLHMV]\P PRGXOH QLH SR ZL FRQR ZL NV]HM XZDJL Z\NRQ\ZDQLX URV]F]H

ERZLHP NZHVWLH

WH Z\NUDF]DM SR]D MHJR ]DNUHV WHPDW\F]Q\ :\VWDUF]\ SRZLHG]LHü *H URV]F]HQLD SLHQL *QH
OXE GRW\F] FH SáDWQR FL ] W\WXáX RSáDW OLFHQF\MQ\FK ZH ZV]\VWNLFK NUDMDFK V HJ]HNZRZDQH
SU]\ ZVSDUFLX NRPRUQLNyZ SD VWZRZ\FK ]DMPXM F\FK VL

]DM FLHP L VSU]HGD*

ZáDVQR FL

XI - 19

GáX*QLND

D QDVW SQLH SU]HND]\ZDQLHP NZRW X]\VNDQ\FK ]H VSU]HGD*\ ZLHU]\FLHORZL

5RV]F]HQLD V F] VWR ZVSLHUDQH LQQ\PL VSRVREDPL Z ]DOH*QR FL RG RGSRZLHGQLFK SU]HSLVyZ
SUDZD RERZL ]XM F\FK Z NUDMX

Z NWyU\P Z\VW SXMH VL

R Z\NRQDQLH RGSRZLHGQLFK

SRVWDQRZLH

Wykonywanie szczególne

: RGUy*QLHQLX RG SUDZD ]Z\F]DMRZHJR ]RE QL*HM Z SUDZLH F\ZLOQ\P * GDQLH UHDOL]DFML
NRQWUDNWX MHVW X]QDZDQH SRZV]HFKQLH ZLHU]\FLHO PD SUDZR ZQLH ü GR V GX URV]F]HQLH Z
VSUDZLH Z\NRQDQLD NRQWUDNWX L X]\VNDü Z\URN QDND]XM F\ VSHáQLHQLH URV]F]HQLD SU]H] GáX*QLND
'OD FHOyZ W\FK QLH PD ]QDF]HQLD

F]\ ]RERZL ]DQLH GáX*QLND GRW\F]\

QD SU]\NáDG

GRVWDUF]HQLD WRZDUyZ ]JRGQLH ] XPRZ VSU]HGD*\ RSXV]F]HQLD GRPX F]\ WH* SRZVWU]\PDQLD
VL RG QLHOHJDOQ\FK G]LDáD NRQNXUHQF\MQ\FK

1DND] V GRZ\ ]RERZL ]XM F\ GáX*QLND GR Z\NRQDQLD NRQWUDNWX Z QDWXU]H PR*H ]RVWDü Z\GDQ\
W\ONR ZyZF]DV JG\ MHVW RQR ZFL * PR*OLZH L MHVW RQ VNXWHF]Q\ W\ONR ZyZF]DV JG\ V\VWHP
SUDZQ\ GRVWDUF]D URGNyZ GR MHJR Z\HJ]HNZRZDQLD 6W G WH* SRZVWDMH S\WDQLH F]\ L MDN WDNLH
RU]HF]HQLH PR*H ]RVWDü Z\NRQDQH

: FHOX ]DVSRNRMHQLD URV]F]H

ZLHU]\FLHOD SUDZR

SU]HZLGXMH ]D]Z\F]DM ZLHOH SURFHGXU ]JRGQLH ] NWyU\PL GáX*QLN PR*H E\ü GR WHJR ]PXV]RQ\ ]
]DVWRVRZDQLHP

URGNyZ SD VWZRZHJR SU]\PXVX

7H SURFHGXU\ VáX* FH HJ]HNZRZDQLX

RU]HF]H

GRW\F] F\FK V]F]HJyOQHJR VSRVRE\ Z\NRQDQLD Uy*QL

VL

Z VSRVyE ]QDF] F\

Z ]DOH*QR FL RG Uy*QLF Z V\VWHPDFK SUDZQ\FK

3RGF]DV JG\ Z NUDMDFK VWRVXM F\FK SUDZR F\ZLOQH VWURQD NRQWUDNWX MHVW FR GR ]DVDG\
XSUDZQLRQD GR * GDQLD UHDOL]DFML NRQWUDNWX Z QDWXU]H Z\NRQDQLH V]F]HJyOQH WR VWDQRZLVNR Z
SUDZLH ]Z\F]DMRZ\P Uy*QL VL GLDPHWUDOQLH MH*HOL VWURQD NRQWUDNWX QLH UHDOL]XMH JR Z VSRVyE
]JRGQ\ ]H VZRLP SU]\U]HF]HQLHP WR VWURQD QLH SRQRV] FD ]D WR ZLQ\ PD FR GR ]DVDG\ SUDZR
W\ONR GR ZQLHVLHQLD VNDUJL GRW\F] FHM QDUXV]HQLD SRVWDQRZLH

NRQWUDNWX FR ZL *H VL

]

NRQLHF]QR FL SLHQL *QHM UHNRPSHQVDW\ ]D SRZVWDáH V]NRG\ .RQFHSFMD Z P\ O NWyUHM ]DZDUFLH
NRQWUDNWX URG]L SRGOHJDM FH HJ]HNXFML ]RERZL ]DQLH GR MHJR UHDOL]DFML MHVW REFD SUDZX
]Z\F]DMRZHPX

]JRGQLH

]

NWyU\P

MHG\Q

SRZV]HFKQLH

X]QDZDQ

NRQVHNZHQFM

QLHGRWU]\PDQLD SUDZQLH ZL * FHJR SU]\U]HF]HQLD MHVW WR *H VNáDGDM F\ SU]\U]HF]HQLH MHVW
]RERZL ]DQ\ GR ]DSáDW\ ]D SRZVWDáH V]NRG\

-HGQDN*H Z Z\M WNRZ\FK SU]\SDGNDFK QDZHW Z NUDMDFK VWRVXM F\FK SUDZR ]Z\F]DMRZH PR*QD
GRPDJDü VL Z\NRQDQLD Z QDWXU]H SU]H] FR UR]XPLH VL

*

H RU]HF]HQLH Z NZHVWLL Z\NRQDQLD

NRQWUDNWX Z VSRVyE V]F]HJyOQ\ SR]RVWDZLD VL FDáNRZLFLH GR X]QDQLD V G]LHJR

1DMZD*QLHMV]\P Z\PRJLHP MDNL VSHáQLü PXVL VWURQD GRPDJDM FD VL

QDND]X Z\NRQDQLD

NRQWUDNWX Z VSRVyE V]F]HJyOQ\

MHVW WR

E\ ]Z\Ná\ VSRVyE Z\UyZQDQLD V]NRG\ E\á

QLHZ\VWDUF]DM F\ L E\ VWURQD PLDáD LQWHUHV Z W\P *HE\ NRQWUDNW E\á ]UHDOL]RZDQ\ ERZLHP
Z\UD*HQLH V]NyG Z Z\PLDU]H SLHQL *Q\P MHVW XWUXGQLRQH -H*HOL NRQWUDNW GRW\F]\ WUDQVIHUX
WHFKQRORJLL LQWHUHV ZLHU]\FLHOD

RGELRUF\ WHFKQRORJLL

]ZL ]DQ\ MHVW ] W\P *H ZDUWR ü

WHFKQRORJLL WUXGQR MHVW RV]DFRZDü Z NDWHJRULDFK SLHQL *Q\FK Z V\WXDFML JG\ QLH MHVW PR*OLZH
X]\VNDQLH WHFKQRORJLL LGHQW\F]QHM OXE SRGREQHM RG MDNLHM VWURQ\ WU]HFLHM

: V\WXDFML JG\ PD PLHMVFH URV]F]HQLH GRW\F] FH Z\NRQDQLD Z VSRVyE V]F]HJyOQ\
QLHDGHNZDWQR ü URV]F]HQLD SLHQL *QHJR QLH VWDQRZL E\QDMPQLHM MHG\QHJR SUREOHPX 6 G\
F] VWR ]DGDM S\WDQLH F]\ HJ]HNXFMD RU]HF]HQLD QDND]XM FHJR WDNLH Z\NRQDQLH ZL ]DáDE\ VL ]
ZLHONLPL QLHGRJRGQR FLDPL

XI - 20

:\NRQDQLH V]F]HJyOQH QLH ]RVWDQLH RU]HF]RQH MH*HOL NRQWUDNW Z\PDJD Z\NRQDQLD SU]H]
SR]ZDQHJR XVáXJL ZLDGF]RQHM RVREL FLH

3RGF]DV JG\ URV]F]HQLH GRW\F] FH Z\NRQDQLD VWDQRZL VDQNFM ]XSHáQLH QRUPDOQ Z NUDMDFK
VWRVXM F\FK ]DVDG\ SUDZD F\ZLOQHJR D Z\NRQDQLH V]F]HJyOQH VWDQRZL Z SUDZLH ]Z\F]DMRZ\P
Z\M WHN WR UHDOQLH Z\VW SXM FH Uy*QLFH QLH V GR WHJR VWRSQLD RVWUH -H*HOL QDZHW URV]F]HQLH Z
VSUDZLH Z\NRQDQLD XZD*DQH MHVW ]D SRGVWDZRZ\ SUDZQ\ URGHN ]DUDGF]\ WR QLH PD RQ Z
SUDNW\FH SLHUZRWQLH QDGDZDQHJR PX ]QDF]HQLD MH*HOL W\ONR EUDN Z\NRQDQLD PR*H ]RVWDü
]UHNRPSHQVRZDQ\ ]DSáDW RNUH ORQHM NZRW\ SLHQL *QHM SU]HGVL ELRUF\ F] VWR ZRO GRPDJDü
VL

RGV]NRGRZDQLD QL* U\]\NRZDü VWUDW

F]DVX L SLHQL G]\ QD GRPDJDQLH VL

Z\NRQDQLD

NWyUHJR UHDOL]DFMD PR*H QLH SU]\QLH ü ]DGRZDODM F\FK LFK UH]XOWDWyZ = GUXJLHM MHGQDN VWURQ\
WUDG\F\MQ\ SRJO G SUDZD ]Z\F]DMRZHJR GDM F\ VL Z\MD QLü W\ONR QD JUXQFLH KLVWRU\F]Q\P *H
Z\NRQDQLH V]F]HJyOQH VWDQRZL UR]ZL ]DQLH MHG\QLH Z\M WNRZH Z VSRVyE RF]\ZLVW\ WUDFL
VWRSQLRZR VZRM Z\PRZ

Kary i likwidacja szkód

: FHOX XQLNQL FLD Z\GDWNyZ L QLHSHZQR FL ]ZL ]DQ\FK ] SURFHVHP V GRZ\P

ZLHOH

NRQWUDNWyZ KDQGORZ\FK ]DZLHUD NODX]XOH RNUH ODM FH ] JyU\ NZRW

RGV]NRGRZDQLD

Z\SáDFDQHJR Z SU]\SDGNX QDUXV]HQLD LFK SRVWDQRZLH

WM

VWURQ\ RFHQLDM

Z\VRNR ü

RGV]NRGRZDQLD MDNLH SU]\VáXJLZDáRE\ Z SU]\SDGNX QDUXV]HQLD SRVWDQRZLH NRQWUDNWX SU]H]
MHGQ VWURQ OXE RE\GZLH VWURQ\ L ZSURZDG]DM Z\QLNL WHM RFHQ\ GR ZDUXQNyZ NRQWUDNWX 1LH
Z\NOXF]D WR MHGQDN VWRVRZDQLD ]DVDG\ *H RGV]NRGRZDQLH ]D QDUXV]HQLH SRVWDQRZLH NRQWUDNWX
PD FKDUDNWHU UHNRPSHQVDW\ D QLH NDU\ 'ODWHJR WH* NZHVWL SUDZLGáRZHJR VNRQVWUXRZDQLD
NRQWUDNWX SR]RVWDMH GHF\]MD F]\ VXPD XVWDORQD Z WDNL VSRVyE MDNNROZLHN E\ VWURQ\ MHM QLH
RSLV\ZDá\ VWDQRZL NDU

Z W\P SU]\SDGNX QLH PR*H E\ü RQD RG]\VNLZDQD QD JUXQFLH SUDZD

]Z\F]DMRZHJR F]\ WH* RU\JLQDOQ

SUyE

Z\UyZQDQLD F]\OL VSURZDG]HQLD GR SR]LRPX

SHZQR FL HZHQWXDOQ\FK UR]PLDUyZ SU]\V]áHJR RGV]NRGRZDQLD : ND*G\P UD]LH XVWDORQD VXPD
PR*H E\ü VNDONXORZDQD MDNR NZRWD U\F]DáWRZD OXE ZHGáXJ VNDOL ]PLHQLDM FHM VL Z ]DOH*QR FL
RG GáXJR FL F]DVX WUZDQLD QDUXV]HQLD SRVWDQRZLH NRQWUDNWX

.ODX]XOH ]DPLHV]F]DQH Z W\P FHOX Z NRQWUDNWDFK VDQNFMRQXM ZLHON Uy*QRURGQR ü ]DFKRZD
RSy(QLHQLD Z Z\NRQDZVWZLH QLHGRWU]\P\ZDQLH MDNR FL OXE JZDUDQFML GRW\F] F\FK SURGXNFML
QLH]UHDOL]RZDQLH GRVWDZ\ QLHZ\NRQDQLH ]RERZL ]DQLD GRW\F] FHJR GRNRQDQLD ]DNXSX

.ODX]XOD GRW\F] FD RGV]NRGRZD

SRZRGXMH

*

H VWURQ\ QLH PXV]

XVWDODü

DQL QDZHW

XGRZDGQLDü Z\VRNR FL RGV]NRGRZDQLD OXE RF]HNLZDü *H Z\VRNR ü RGV]NRGRZDQLD E G]LH
XVWDORQD SU]H] V G L SU]\QRVL NRU]\ FL QLH W\ONR NXSXM FHPX OXE OLFHQFMRELRUF\ DOH WDN*H
GRVWDZF\ OXE OLFHQFMRGDZF\ QD W\OH QD LOH PR*H RQD RJUDQLF]Dü ]DNUHV LFK RGSRZLHG]LDOQR FL
6SRVyE WUDNWRZDQLD WDNLFK NODX]XO MHVW Uy*Q\ Z Uy*Q\FK V\VWHPDFK SUDZQ\FK

.UDMH VWRVXM FH SUDZR ]Z\F]DMRZH

3UDZR NUDMyZ VWRVXM F\FK SUDZR ]Z\F]DMRZH RGUy*QLD RGV]NRGRZDQLD XPRZQH RG NDU
.ODX]XOD GRW\F] FD NDU MHVW ZD*QD L VNXWHF]QD W\ONR ZyZF]DV JG\ MHM FHOHP MHVW QDáR*HQLH
ZF]H QLHM RV]DFRZDQHJR RGV]NRGRZDQLD PRJ FHJR SUDZGRSRGREQLH Z\QLNQ ü ] GDQHJR
QDUXV]HQLD XPRZ\ 1LH XZD*D VL MHM ]D ZD*Q per se(samoistnie). Prawo jednak uznaje za
ZD*QH V]DFXQNRZH RNUH ODQLH Z\VRNR FL RGV]NRGRZDQLD GRNRQ\ZDQH SU]H] VWURQ\
SU]\VáXJXM FHJR LP ] W\WXáX QDUXV]HQLD SRVWDQRZLH NRQWUDNWX SU]H] MHGQ ] QLFK OXE RE\GZLH
6W G WH* SRZVWDMH S\WDQLH F]\ VXPD XVWDORQD Z WDNL VSRVyE VWDQRZL NDU

L MHVW QLH FL JDOQD

XI - 21

F]\ WH* RGV]NRGRZDQLH XPRZQH L MHVW G]L NL WHPX FL JDOQD

L WR ZHGáXJ VWDQX PDM FHJR

PLHMVFH Z FKZLOL RSUDFRZ\ZDQLD NRQWUDNWX D QLH Z PRPHQFLH ]DLVWQLHQLD QDUXV]HQLD MHJR
SRVWDQRZLH

1DOH*\ VL

XSHZQLü FR GR RU\JLQDOQ\FK LQWHQFML VWURQ ]DVWRVRZDQLH SRM ü RGV]NRGRZDQLD

XPRZQHJR Z]JO GQLH NDU\ Z RGSRZLHGQLHM NODX]XOL PR*H ZVND]\ZDü QD LQWHQFMH VWURQ DOH QLH
PD ]QDF]HQLD UR]VWU]\JDM FHJR -H*HOL VXP XVWDORQ Z NRQWUDNFLH PR*QD ]DNZDOLILNRZDü MDNR
RGV]NRGRZDQLH XPRZQH WR V G SU]\]QD W VXP

1LH VWDQRZL SU]HV]NRG\ Z MHM RG]\VNDQLX

IDNW *H NRQVHNZHQFMH QDUXV]HQLD SRZRGXM

*

H ZF]H QLHMV]H RV]DFRZDQLH RGV]NRGRZDQLD E\áR

QLHPR*OLZH SRGREQLH MDN QLHLVWRWQH MHVW WR *H VWUDWD U]HF]\ZL FLH SRQLHVLRQD MHVW Z\*V]D OXE
QL*V]D

1LH]DOH*QLH RG WHJR F]\ SU]HZLG]LDQD NZRWD E G]LH SU]H] V G ]LQWHUSUHWRZDQD MDNR NDUD F]\
WH* MDNR RGV]NRGRZDQLH XPRZQH RF]\ZLVW

]DOHW

SU]\M FLD WDNLFK ZDUWR FL Z NRQWUDNFLH

SR]RVWDMH Z ND*G\P SU]\SDGNX WR *H XáDWZLD WR FL JQL FLH RGV]NRGRZDQLD SU]\ XQLNQL FLX
WUXGyZ L Z\GDWNyZ ]ZL ]DQ\FK ] GRZRG]HQLHP ZDUWR FL U]HF]\ZL FLH SRQLHVLRQHM V]NRG\
5y*QLFH PL G]\ GZRPD URG]DMDPL NODX]XO V UyZQLH* LVWRWQH Z SRVW SRZDQLX SUDZQ\P MH*HOL
NODX]XOD SU]HZLGXMH RGV]NRGRZDQLD XPRZQH

WR VWURQD Z\VW SXM FD ] URV]F]HQLHP R

RGV]NRGRZDQLH QLH SRWU]HEXMH XGRZDGQLDü ZLHONR FL V]NyG DOH MH*HOL VWDQRZL RQD NODX]XO
GRW\F] F NDU NWyUD MDN ZVSRPQLDQR Z\*HM MHVW LJQRURZDQD

WR VWURQD PXVL XGRZRGQLü

ZLHONR ü V]NRG\ NWyUHM SRNU\FLD VL GRPDJD

.UDMH VWRVXM FH SUDZR F\ZLOQH

: SU]HFLZLH VWZLH GR SRZ\*V]HJR Z NUDMDFK VWRVXM F\FK SUDZR F\ZLOQH SUDZR GRW\F] FH
NODX]XO R NDUDFK OXE RGV]NRGRZDQLDFK XPRZQ\FK PR*H E\ü QDG]Z\F]DM ]áR*RQH 3RF]\QDM F
RG ]DVDG\ *H WHJR URG]DMX NODX]XOH QLH SRGOHJDM ]PLDQRP ND*G\ V\VWHP SU]HZLGXMH ZLHOH
Z\M WNyZ RG ]DVDG\ RJyOQHM FR Z SUDNW\FH MHVW SRZRGHP GDOHNR LG FHM QLHSHZQR FL 5HJXá
MHVW WR *H NODX]XOH WDNLH V VWRVRZDQH Z GZyFK FHODFK ]DJZDUDQWRZDQLD Z\NRQDQLD NRQWUDNWX
L RV]DFRZDQLD V]NyG Z SU]\SDGNX QLHGRWU]\PDQLD XPRZ\ .ODX]XOH WDNLH V

JHQHUDOQLH

DNFHSWRZDQH SRPLPR *H V G\ SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK NUDMyZ V VNáRQQH NáD ü ZL NV]\ QDFLVN QD
DVSHNW JZDUDQF\MQ\ DOER QD DVSHNW RGV]NRGRZDZF]\

,FK Z\NRQ\ZDOQR ü Z NUDMDFK

VWRVXM F\FK SUDZR F\ZLOQH QLH MHVW MHGQDN ZROQD RG V GRZHM LQJHUHQFML OXE G]LDáD
GRVWRVRZDZF]\FK

1D RJyá LVWQLHM

SHZQH SRGVWDZ\ GR WZLHUG]HQLD *H Z PL G]\QDURGRZ\FK WUDQVDNFMDFK

KDQGORZ\FK NODX]XOH WH VSUDZLDM FH QD SLHUZV]\ U]XW RND WDN LQWHUHVXM FH ZUD*HQLH PRJ

]H

Z]JO GX QD WRZDU]\V] FH LP ]DPLHV]DQLH SRM FLRZH L QLHSHZQR ü Z VWRVXQNDFK KDQGORZ\FK
SRZRGRZDü ZLHOH SUREOHPyZ

'ODWHJR WH* Z WSOLZH MHVW

F]\ LFK ]DOHW\ ]ZL ]DQH ]

XáDWZLHQLDPL SURFHGXUDOQ\PL Z GRVWDWHF]Q\P VWRSQLX UyZQRZD* QLHSHZQR FL LVWQLHM FH Z
REV]DU]H SUDZD PDWHULDOQHJR 3RQLHZD* MHGQDN ZL NV]R ü NUDMyZ X]QDMH SUDZR VWURQ GR
ZVND]DQLD SUDZD PDM FHJR ]DVWRVRZDQLH GR ]DZLHUDQ\FK SU]H] QLH XPyZ L SUDZR WR RNUH OD
ZDUXQNL ZD*QR FL WDNLFK NODX]XO VWURQ\ PRJ

VL

XSHZQLü MDNLH E G

VNXWNL NODX]XO

GRW\F] F\FK NDU OXE RGV]NRGRZD XPRZQ\FK VWDUDQQLH DQDOL]XM F SU]HSLV\ SUDZD PDM FHJR
U] G]Lü NRQWUDNWHP D QDVW SQLH UHGDJXM F WUH ü RGQR QHM NODX]XOL WDN E\ RG]ZLHUFLHGODáD RQD
LFK LQWHQFMH Z ZLHWOH Z\PDJD WHJR SUDZD %DUG]R F] VWR MHGQDN QLH F]\QL VL WHJR ]DNáDGDM F

]ZáDV]F]D MH*HOL VáRZD X*\WH QD LFK R]QDF]HQLH EU]PL MHGQDNRZR Z M ]\NDFK REX VWURQ *H

NDUD Z PDM F\P ]DVWRVRZDQLH SUDZLH REF\P MHVW WUDNWRZDQD GRNáDGQLH WDN MDN PD WR PLHMVFH
Z LFK SUDZLH NUDMRZ\P FR EDUG]R F] VWR RND]XMH VL ]ZRGQLF]H

XI - 22

: V\VWHPDFK SUDZQ\FK X]QDM F\FK ZD*QR ü NODX]XO GRW\F] F\FK NDU MHVW U]HF] MDVQ

*

H

RNUH OHQLH VXP\ RGV]NRGRZDQLD SáDWQHM QDW\FKPLDVW SR ]DQLHFKDQLX Z\NRQDQLD PR*H G]LDáDü
MDNR VNXWHF]Q\ ERG]LHF VNáDQLDM F\ VNáDGDM FHJR SU]\U]HF]HQLH GR Z\NRQDQLD FL * F\FK QD QLP
]RERZL ]D

&R ZL FHM VWRVRZDQLH LFK XPR*OLZLD XQLNQL FLH RSy(QLH

Z\GDWNyZ L WUXGX

]ZL ]DQHJR ] SU]HSURZDG]HQLHP GRZRGX QLHUR]á F]QLH ZL * FHJR VL ] SU]HSURZDG]DQ SU]H]
V G RFHQ V]NyG SRZVWDM F\FK Z Z\QLNX QDUXV]HQLD SRVWDQRZLH XPRZ\

6NXWNL ]GDU]H QLHSU]HZLG]LDQ\FK

Uwagi ogólne

Strona kontraktu, która nie wykonuje w VSRVyE QDOH*\W\ MHJR SRVWDQRZLH

MHVW ]D]Z\F]DM

RGSRZLHG]LDOQD ]D QDUXV]HQLH NRQWUDNWX -H*HOL MHGQDN Z\NRQDQLH WR XQLHPR*OLZLDM

FKRFLD*E\

W\PF]DVRZR RNROLF]QR FL QLHSU]HZLG]LDQH L SR]RVWDM FH SR]D NRQWURO WHM VWURQ\ WR PD PLHMVFH
V\WXDFMD Z\M WNRZD 7D QLHPR*QR ü VSURVWDQLD ]RERZL ]DQLRP QDWXU\ U]HF]RZHM OXE SUDZQHM
PR*H F] VWR G]LDáDü MDNR ÄXVSUDZLHGOLZLDM FD SU]HV]NRGD Z Z\NRQ\ZDQLX´ $OH FR VL VWDQLH
MH*HOL QLHSU]HZLG]LDQD ]PLDQD RNROLF]QR FL QLH]XSHáQLH XQLHPR*OLZLD GáX*QLNRZL Z\NRQDQLH
NRQWUDNWX DOH SRZRGXMH *H MHVW WR R ZLHOH WUXGQLHMV]H OXE EDUG]LHM NRV]WRZQH Z ]ZL ]NX ]
F]\P V\WXDFMD RE\GZyFK VWURQ NRQWUDNWX XOHJD FDáNRZLWHM ]PLDQLH" &R VWDQLH VL Z V\WXDFML
XQLHPR*OLZLDM FHM RVL JQL FLH FHOyZ NRQWUDNWX MH*HOL MHGQD ]H VWURQ PXVL ]DSáDFLü MDN

VXP

SLHQL G]\ L PR*H WR ] áDWZR FL ]URELü DOH VWZLHUG]D *H Z\NRQDQLH NRQWUDNWX SU]H] GUXJ
VWURQ

VWDáR VL

GOD QLHM Z QRZHM V\WXDFML EH]ZDUWR FLRZH Z Z\QLNX ]DLVWQLHQLD

QLHSU]HZLG]LDQ\FK RNROLF]QR FL"

'OD FHOyZ VNODV\ILNRZDQLD L Z\MD QLHQLD SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK SU]\SDGNyZ Z LVWRFLH FL OH ]H VRE
SRZL ]DQ\FK F]\QL VL UR]Uy*QLHQLH SRPL G]\ RNROLF]QR FLDPL NWyUH SRZRGXM

*

H Z\NRQDQLH

NRQWUDNWX VWDMH VL

F]DVRZR OXE Z VSRVyE RVWDWHF]Q\ QLHPR*OLZH L WDNLPL NWyUH SRZRGXM

*

H

Z\NRQDQLH WR MHVW ]QDF]QLH WUXGQLHMV]H RUD] WDNLPL NWyUH SRZRGXM

*

H ]DQLND FHO WUDQVDNFML

6LáD Z\*V]D

3\WDQLH F]\ RVRED PR*H E\ü ]ZROQLRQD ] ]RERZL ]D

XPRZQ\FK MHVW ]QDQH RG VWXOHFL

SUDZQLNRP Z NUDMDFK VWRVXM F\FK SUDZR F\ZLOQH 3RMDZLáR VL

RQR Z WUDNFLH SUDF QDG

GRNWU\Q

NWyUD X]DOH*QLD ZD*QR ü NRQWUDNWX RG VWDELOQR FL RNROLF]QR FL Z\VW SXM F\FK

SRGF]DV MHJR SRZVWDZDQLD , WDN Z ZLHOX NUDMDFK VWRVXM F\FK SUDZR F\ZLOQH NRQFHSFMD VLá\
Z\*V]HM force majeure Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQD MHVW Z FHOX ]ZL NV]HQLD Z WDNL F]\ LQQ\ VSRVyE
znaczenia zaistnienia zmienionych RNROLF]QR FL 3U]\SDGNL VLá\ Z\*V]HM (force majeure), to jest
]GDU]H

]HZQ WU]Q\FK R QLHSU]HZLG\ZDOQ\FK L QLH GDM F\FK VL XQLNQ ü ] ]DVWRVRZDQLHP

RGSRZLHGQLFK

URGNyZ NRQVHNZHQFMDFK PR*H ]ZDOQLDü VWURQ

RG RGSRZLHG]LDOQR FL ]D

RSy(QLRQH Z\NRQDQLH OXE QLHZ\NRQDQLH NRQWUDNWX FR SRZRGXMH *H DOER MHM ]RERZL ]DQLD
XOHJDM ]DZLHV]HQLX QD RNUHV WUZDQLD ]GDU]HQLD DOER MH*HOL MHVW WR ZáD FLZH NRQWUDNW XOHJD
Z\JD QL FLX

.RQFHSFMD VLá\ Z\*V]HM (force majeure) nie nDOH*\ ]DWHP Z LVWRFLH U]HF]\ GR SUDZD
]Z\F]DMRZHJR L VWURQ\ QLH SRZLQQ\ MHM Zá F]Dü GR NRQWUDNWyZ QD QLP RSDUW\FK EH]
IRUPDOQHJR ]DNZDOLILNRZDQLD NRQWUDNWX SRG W\P N WHP

: QLHOLF]Q\FK SU]\SDGNDFK

UR]SDWU\ZDQ\FK QD SRGVWDZLH SUDZD ]Z\F]DMRZHJR LQWHUSUHWRZDQR WR Z\UD*HQLH MHGQDN
ZQLRVHN MDNL QDOH*\ ] WHJR Z\FL JQ ü MHVW WDNL *H VLáD Z\*V]D (force majeure) jest terminem,
NWyU\ PR*H E\ü ]LQWHUSUHWRZDQ\ Z ZLHWOH IDNWyZ WRZDU]\V] F\FK ND*GHPX LQG\ZLGXDOQHPX
SU]\SDGNRZL L JHQHUDOQHJR XNLHUXQNRZDQLD NRQWUDNWX NWyU\ VL W\P WHUPLQHP SRVáXJXMH 7DN

XI - 23

ZL F *HE\ ]GDU]HQLH PRJáR E\ü X]QDQH ]D G]LDáDQLH VLá\ Z\*V]HM (force majeure), musi ono
SR]RVWDZDü SR]D NRQWURO

VWURQ NRQWUDNWX L VNXWNRZDü SHZQ\PL RJUDQLF]HQLDPL QDWXU\

IL]\F]QHM OXE PDWHULDOQHM

: Uy*Q\FK XVWDZRGDZVWZDFK VWRVXM F\FK SRM FLH VLá\ Z\*V]HM (force majeure) PR*H RQR PLHü
EDUG]R Uy*QH ]QDF]HQLH Z ]DOH*QR FL RG ]DVWRVRZDQHJR V\VWHPX SUDZD 'ODWHJR WH* QDOH*\
GEDü R GRNáDGQH ]UR]XPLHQLH WHJR FR NU\MH VL

SRG W\P SRM FLHP Z SUDZLH NWyUH PD

]DVWRVRZDQLH GR GDQHJR NRQWUDNWX

W ustawodawstwie wszystkich krajów NRQVHNZHQFMH VLá\ Z\*V]HM (force majeure) V

Z

SU]\EOL*HQLX WDNLH VDPH .RQWUDNW PR*H XOHF Z\JD QL FLX OXE MHJR Z\NRQ\ZDQLH ]DZLHV]HQLX
RUD] LVWQLHMH XSUDZQLHQLH RSDUWH QD SUDZLH VáXV]QR FL XPR*OLZLDM FH GRVWRVRZDQLH X]JRGQLH
SRGM W\FK Z SU]HV]áR FL Z FHOX ]DSRELH*HQLD WHPX E\ MHGQD ]H VWURQ NRU]\VWDM F ] PR*OLZR FL
Z\JD QL FLD NRQWUDNWX RGQRVLáD NRU]\ FL ] Z\NRQDQHM SUDF\ QLH SáDF F ]D QL

DOER QLH

]ZUDFDM F ZSáDFRQHM ]DOLF]NL 0R*QD ]DXZD*\ü *H PLPR L* ]DVDG\ OH* FH X SRGVWDZ NRQFHSFML
VLá\ Z\*V]HM (force majeure) V UDF]HM RGPLHQQH RG W\FK QD NWyU\FK RSLHUD VL GRNWU\QD SUDZD
]Z\F]DMRZHJR GRW\F] FD XQLHPR*OLZLHQLD Z\NRQDQLD WR UH]XOWDW\ V

Z SU]\EOL*HQLX WDNLH

VDPH ] W\P *H SUDZR GRW\F] FH VLá\ Z\*V]HM (force majeure)jest zazwyczaj bardziej
HODVW\F]QH JG\ GRW\F]\ WR NRQVHNZHQFMH GOD VWURQ ]ZL ]DQ\FK ] Z\JD QL FLHP NRQWUDNWX

8QLHPR*OLZLHQLH Z\ZL ]DQLD VL ] NRQWUDNWX

.UDMH VWRVXM FH SUDZR ]Z\F]DMRZH ]D]Z\F]DM UR]ZD*DM RPDZLDQH WXWDM VSUDZ\ Z UDPDFK
]ZROQLHQLD ] RERZL ]NX ZVNXWHN QLHPR*QR FL VSURVWDQLD ]RERZL ]DQLRP 7H GZLH ]DVDG\
VWDQRZL GZD Uy*QH VSRVRE\ SDWU]HQLD QD WHQ VDP SUREOHP L SRNU\ZDM VL RQH ]H VRE GR
SHZQHJR VWRSQLD DOH EH] Z WSLHQLD QLH V LGHQW\F]QH

'RNWU\QD SUDZD ]Z\F]DMRZHJR GRW\F] FD QLHPR*OLZR FL PR*H E\ü WUDNWRZDQD MDNR WHUPLQ
RGSRZLDGDM F\ ]DZ *RQHPX ]QDF]HQLX VLá\ Z\*V]HM (force majeure) QLH XZ]JO GQLDM F\
GRNWU\Q\ XWUXGQLHQLD ]RE QL*HM SRGF]DV JG\ NODX]XOH GRW\F] FH VLá\ Z\*V]HM (force majeure)
odnosz

VL

GR RNROLF]QR FL SRZRGXM F\FK SHZLHQ VWRSLH

XWUXGQLHQLD VSUDZLDM FHJR *H

UHDOL]DFMD NRQWUDNWX VWDMH VL RNUHVRZR OXE RVWDWHF]QLH Z\NOXF]RQD 2E\GZLH NODX]XOH PDM
GZD HOHPHQW\ ZVSyOQH 3R SLHUZV]H RE\GZLH PDM ]ZL ]HN ] ]DNáyFHQLDPL Z\VW SXM F\PL
SRGF]DV Z\NRQ\ZDQLD NRQWUDNWX SR GUXJLH *DGQD ]H VWURQ QLH SRQRVL RGSRZLHG]LDOQR FL Z

ZLHWOH RERZL ]XM FHJR SUDZD Z SU]HFLZLH VWZLH GR QDUXV]HQLD SRVWDQRZLH

NRQWUDNWX

WDNLHJR MDN ZDGOLZD MDNR ü OXE QLHZ\NRQDQLH W\FK SRVWDQRZLH

Utrudnienie

UtrudnLHQLH R]QDF]D ]D]Z\F]DM ]GDU]HQLH SRZVWDM FH SR ZHM FLX Z *\FLH NRQWUDNWX L
SRZRGXM FH WR *H MHGQD ]H VWURQ MHVW ]PXV]RQD GR ]DDNFHSWRZDQLD R ZLHOH ZL NV]HJR U\]\ND
DQL*HOL WR MDNLH EUDáD SRG XZDJ ]DZLHUDM F NRQWUDNW PLPR *H MHVW RQ QDGDO PR*OLZ\ GR
Z\NRQDQLD

,VWQLHM MHGQDN ZLHONLH Uy*QLFH Z VSRVREDFK WUDNWRZDQLD GRNWU\Q\ XWUXGQLHQLD

SU]H] Uy*QH XVWDZRGDZVWZD

=JRGQLH ] SU]HSLVDPL RERZL ]XM F\PL Z QLHNWyU\FK XVWDZRGDZVWZDFK ]GDU]HQLD WDNLH
]H]ZDODM

QD ]DVWRVRZDQLH ]DVDG\ VLá\ Z\*V]HM (force majeure) MHGQDN ]D]Z\F]DM V

RQH

WUDNWRZDQH ]JRGQLH ] ]DVDG XWUXGQLHQLD NWyUD ZVND]XMH V\WXDFMH Z NWyU\FK ]PLDQD Z ]DNUHVLH
F]\QQLNyZ

R

FKDUDNWHU]H

SROLW\F]Q\P

HNRQRPLF]Q\P

ILQDQVRZ\P

SUDZQ\P

OXQ

WHFKQRORJLF]Q\P SRZRGXMH IXQGDPHQWDOQH L PDWHULDOQH ]PLDQ\ Z FKDUDNWHU]H ]RERZL ]D

XI - 24

SU]\M W\FK QD VLHELH SU]H] VWURQ\ QD PRF\ NRQWUDNWX &]DVDPL XPR*OLZLD WR ]DVWRVRZDQLH
GRNWU\Q\ SUDZD ]Z\F]DMRZHJR GRW\F] FHJR XWUXGQLHQLD

8RJyOQLDM F NODX]XOH GRW\F] FH XWUXGQLH PDM QD FHOX XPR*OLZLHQLH UHQHJRFMDFML NRQWUDNWX Z
FHOX VWZRU]HQLD ZDUXQNyZ GR MHJR UHDOL]DFML SRPLPR ]DLVWQLHQLD QRZHM V\WXDFML

Zdarzenia losowe

1DOH*\ QD NRQLHF ]DVWDQRZLü VL QDG GHILQLFM WHUPLQX Ä]GDU]HQLH ORVRZH´ act of God - z woli
ER*HM

NWyU\ F] VWR Z\VW SXMH Z NODX]XODFK PDM F\FK GRW\F]\ü VLá\ Z\*V]HM (force majeure),

ERZLHP Z SU]HNRQDQLX QLHNWyU\FK RVyE WHUPLQ WHQ Z\GDMH VL E\ü UyZQRZD*Q\ WHUPLQRZL VLá\
Z\*V]HM (force majeure) 2F]\ZL FLH Z\VW SLHQLH ]GDU]HQLD ORVRZHJR act of God) PR*H
XQLHPR*OLZLü UHDOL]DFM NRQWUDNWX OXE VSRZRGRZDü ]DVWRVRZDQLH GRNWU\Q\ VLá\ Z\*V]HM (force
majeure). -HVW RQR UyZQLH* F] VWR Z\PLHQLDQH MDNR MHGHQ ] SRZRGyZ Z NODX]XODFK
Z\á F]DM F\FK RGSRZLHG]LDOQR ü ]D QLHZ\NRQDQLH ]RERZL ]DQLD OXE XVSUDZLHGOLZLDM FH
Z\GáX*HQLH F]DVX Z\NRQDQLD 7HUPLQ WHQ PD MHGQDN ]QDF]QLH Z *V]H ]QDF]HQLH DQL*HOL VLáD
Z\*V]D (force majeure) L QLH SRZLQLHQ E\ü ] QL P\ORQ\

Zdarzenie losowe (act of God Z\QLND Z\á F]QLH ] SU]\F]\Q QDWXUDOQ\FK QDG]Z\F]DMQHM QDWXU\
WDN *H QLH PRJáR E\ü RQR DQL SU]HZLG]LDQH DQL QLH E\áR PR*OLZH SU]HGVL Z]L FLH *DGQ\FK
UR]V GQ\FK URGNyZ ]DSRELHJDZF]\FK 1D RJyá WHUPLQ ]GDU]HQLH ORVRZH DFW RI *RG

MH*HOL

QLH MHVW Z\UD(QLH Z\PLHQLRQ\ Z NODX]XOL NRQWUDNWRZHM PD PDáH ]DVWRVRZDQLH Z RGQLHVLHQLX
GR NRQWUDNWyZ -HVW RQ MHGQDN X*\ZDQ\ Z SUDZLH ]Z\F]DMRZ\P MDNR REURQD SU]HG Uy*QHJR
URG]DMX QDGX*\FLDPL

Wnioski

=JRGQLH ] SRZ\*V]\P Z\ZRGHP QDOH*\ GR NRQWUDNWyZ ZSURZDG]Dü RJyOQH SRVWDQRZLHQLD
GRW\F] FH VLá\ Z\*V]HM (force majeure) QLHPR*OLZR FL L XWUXGQLHQLD Z\NRQDQLD RUD] RNUH ODü
]DNUHV Z MDNLP PDM GOD QLFK ]QDF]HQLH HOHPHQW\ SU]HZLG\ZDOQR FL Eá GX L EUDNX NRQWUROL
6WURQ\ SRZLQQ\ Z\PLHQLü ZV]HONLH RNROLF]QR FL NWyUH PDM

E\ü RNUH ODQH WHUPLQHP VLá\

Z\*V]HM (force majeure) OXE XWUXGQLHQLD NWyUH ]H Z]JO GX QD WR *H E\ZDM

SUDZG]LZH

SU]\SDGNL WHJR URG]DMX

SRGOHJDM

SUDZX PDM FHPX ]DVWRVRZDQLH GR SRV]F]HJyOQ\FK

NRQWUDNWyZ RUD] SRQLHZD* VWURQ\ PRJ

VRELH *\F]\ü WUDNWRZDQLD WDNLFK SU]\SDGNyZ Z

RNUH ORQ\ VSRVyE QDZHW MH*HOL SUDZR PDM FH ]DVWRVRZDQLH GR NRQWUDNWX WHJR QLH SU]HZLGXMH
1DMSRZV]HFKQLHM XZ]JO GQLDQ\PL V\WXDFMDPL V NRQIOLNW\ ]EURMQH VWUDMNL VSRU\ SUDFRZQLF]H
DNW\ ZáDG]\ ]GDU]HQLD ORVRZH (acts of God) czy uchwalenie niekorzystnych ustaw lub
GHNUHWyZ U] GRZ\FK 1DOH*\ WH* Z\V]F]HJyOQLü VNXWNL ]GHILQLRZDQ\FK Z WHQ VSRVyE ]GDU]H

3UDZR ZáDVQR FL

%H]ZDUXQNRZ\ FKDUDNWHU SUDZD ZáDVQR FL

8PRZD NRQWUDNWRZD VWZDU]D VWRVXQHN SUDZQ\ W\ONR SRPL G]\ VWURQDPL ]DZLHUDM F\PL
NRQWUDNW ] NWyU\FK ND*GD X]\VNXMH Z ]ZL ]NX NRQWUDNWHP XSUDZQLHQLD FKURQLRQH SU]H] SUDZR
'ODWHJR WH* SRGVWDZRZ

]DVDG

MHVW WR *H W\ONR RVRED E G FD VWURQ

NRQWUDNWX PR*H

Z\VW SRZDü GR V GX ]H VNDUJ Z VZRMHM VSUDZLH SUDZD L RERZL ]NL Z\QLNDM FH ] NRQWUDNWX
Z\ZLHUDM ZSá\Z W\ONR QD VWURQ\ NRQWUDNWX SU]\ F]\P ]ZL ]HN NRQWUDNWRZ\ PD FKDUDNWHU
Z]JO GQ\ =DVDGD WD MHVW ]QDQD Z SUDZLH ]Z\F]DMRZ\P MDNR GRNWU\QD ZL ]yZ Z\QLNDM F\FK ]
NRQWUDNWX

XI - 25

: SU]HFLZLH VWZLH GR SRZ\*V]HJR Z\ZRGX ZáD FLFLHO SU]HGPLRWX QLH SR]RVWDMH Z *DGQ\P
EH]SR UHGQLP VWRVXQNX ] *DGQ

LQQ

RVRE

DOH G\VSRQXMH SUDZHP GR MHJR SRVLDGDQLD

SRGOHJDM F\P V]F]HJyOQHM RFKURQLH ]ZáDV]F]D Z NUDMDFK VWRVXM F\FK SUDZR F\ZLOQH 3UDZR
WR PD FKDUDNWHU DEVROXWQ\ EH]ZDUXQNRZ\ L SRGOHJD RFKURQLH SU]HG F]\QDPL QLHGR]ZRORQ\PL

]RE QL*HM RUD] VSHFMDOQ\P SU]HSLVRP SUDZD ZáDVQR FL

:áDVQR ü

.RQFHSFMD ZáDVQR FL

:áDVQR ü PR*QD RSLVDü MDNR FDáR ü OHJDOQ\FK XSUDZQLH

GRW\F] F\FK NRU]\VWDQLD L

UR]SRU] G]DQLD SU]HGPLRWHP :áD FLFLHO SU]HGPLRWX G\VSRQXMH ]DWHP Z FDáR FL SUDZHP GR
NRU]\VWDQLD ] QLHJR QLV]F]HQLD JR L UR]SRU] G]DQLD QLP

Swobodne korzystanie ] ZáDVQR FL

:áD FLFLHO SU]HGPLRWX PR*H Z ]DVDG]LH XF]\QLü ] QLP FRNROZLHN VRELH ]D*\F]\ L RGVXQ ü
LQQH RVRE\ RG Z\ZLHUDQLD MDNLHJRNROZLHN ZSá\ZX QD SU]HGPLRW 7D VZRERGD ZáD FLFLHOD
MHGQDN QLH PD FKDUDNWHUX DEVROXWQHJR PXVL E\ü RQD ]JRGQD ] RNUH ORQ\P SUDZHP L
SRV]DQRZDQLHP SUDZ VWURQ WU]HFLFK

2JUDQLF]HQLD SUDZQH RGQRV] FH VL

GR VZRERG\

ZáD FLFLHOD ]ZL ]DQHM ] GRZROQR FL SRVW SRZDQLD ]H VZRM ZáDVQR FL

V Uy*QH Z Uy*Q\FK

NUDMDFK L Uy*QLFH WH EDUG]R F] VWR VWDQRZL RGELFLH V\VWHPX SROLW\F]QHJR L JRVSRGDUF]HJR
SDQXM FHJR Z GDQ\P NUDMX

1DE\ZDQLH ZáDVQR FL

6SRVRE\ QDE\ZDQLD ZáDVQR FL V QDVW SXM FH

•

VSRVyE RU\JLQDOQ\ SROHJD QD VWZRU]HQLX F]HJR

QS REUD]X DOER URV]F]HQLX VRELH SUDZD

GR F]HJR FR QLH MHVW QLF]\M ZáDVQR FL

QS GR G]LNLHJR SWDND

•

sposób pochodny, polega na zakupie, otrzymaniu daru lub zastosowaniu przymusu
SUDZQHJR QD SU]\NáDG JG\ WRZDU\ OXE ]LHPLD ]RVWDM

SU]\PXVRZR QDE\WH QD PRF\

XVWDZ\ OXE ]DM WH Z Z\QLNX Z\URNX V GRZHJR

•

6SRVyE QDWXUDOQ\ SROHJD QD QDE\FLX VSDGNX SR PLHUFL SRSU]HGQLHJR ZáD FLFLHOD QS
SU]H] VSDGNRELHUF WHVWDPHQWRZHJR

2FKURQD ZáDVQR FL

:áDVQR ü MHVW ]D]Z\F]DM EDUG]R GREU]H FKURQLRQD SU]H] SUDZR R F]\QDFK QLHGR]ZRORQ\FK
NWyUH XSUDZQLD GR ZQRV]HQLD VNDUJL SU]HFLZNR VWURQLH WU]HFLHM NWyUD W ZáDVQR ü QDUXV]D , WDN
ZáD FLFLHO PR*H * GDü ]ZURWX VZRMHM ZáDVQR FL RG RVRE\ NWyUD M SRVLDGD QLH G\VSRQXM F
*

DGQ\P SUDZHP GR MHM SRVLDGDQLD SRFKRG] F\P RG VDPHJR ZáD FLFLHOD : SU]\SDGNX

EH]SUDZQ\FK QDUXV]H ZáDVQR FL LQQ\FK QL* SR]EDZLHQLH SRVLDGDQLD ZáD FLFLHO PR*H * GDü LFK
]DSU]HVWDQLD L Z\GDQLD Z WHM VSUDZLH RGSRZLHGQLHJR QDND]X V GRZHJR

:áDVQR ü MHVW ]D]Z\F]DM FKURQLRQD UyZQLH* ZREHF SD VWZD -HVW WR V]F]HJyOQLH ZD*QH Z
RGQLHVLHQLX GR Z\ZáDV]F]H

6W G WH* ]DVDG\ Z\ZáDV]F]DQLD F] VWR ]DZLHUDQH Z DNWDFK

SUDZQ\FK SUDZD SXEOLF]QHJR SU]HZLGXM ]Z\NOH JRG]LZ UHNRPSHQVDW L VWRVRZQH SURFHGXU\
SRVW SRZDQLD

XI - 26

Posiadanie

3RVLDGDQLH QLH MHVW ]Z\NOH XZD*DQH ]D SUDZR VDPR Z VRELH DOH ]D VWRVXQHN IL]\F]Q\ GRW\F] F\
SU]HGPLRWX SROHJDM F\ QD VSUDZRZDQLX QDG QLP IL]\F]QHM NRQWUROL Z SRá F]HQLX ] ]DPLDUHP

Z\á F]QHJR SRVLDGDQLD SU]HGPLRWX MDNR WDNLHJR L W\P VDP\P ]DSRELHJDQLD NRU]\VWDQLX ]

QLHJR SU]H] LQQ\FK

3RVLDGDQLH SROHJD Z ]QDF]Q\P VWRSQLX QD ]DLVWQLHQLX IDNWX 7DN ZL F MH*HOL $ SR*\F]D
ZLHF]QH SLyUR % SRGF]DV HJ]DPLQX WR % ]QDMGXMH VL Z F]DVRZ\P SRVLDGDQLX WHJR SLyUD
SRGF]DV JG\ $ SR]RVWDMH MHJR ZáD FLFLHOHP

: SRVLDGDQLH ZHM ü PR*QD Z VSRVyE ]JRGQ\ OXE QLH]JRGQ\ ] SUDZHP 3RVLDGDQLH ]JRGQH ]
SUDZHP QLH Z\PDJD Z\MD QLDQLD MDN ZVND]XMH QD WR SRGDQ\ Z\*HM SU]\NáDG =áRG]LHM ZFKRG]L
Z QLH]JRGQH ] SUDZHP SRVLDGDQLH XNUDG]LRQHJR SU]HGPLRWX DOH QLH SUDZ GR WHJR SU]HGPLRWX
Z SU]HFLZLH VWZLH GR XSUDZQLRQHJR ZáD FLFLHOD

0LPR *H SRVLDGDQLH SROHJD Z ]QDF]QHM PLHU]H QD ]DLVWQLHQLX IDNWX WR PD RQR UyZQLH* LVWRWQH
]QDF]HQLH ] SXQNWX ZLG]HQLD SUDZD SRQLHZD* LVWQLHM SU]HZLG]LDQH SUDZHP GRW\F] FH JR
XSUDZQLHQLD L MHJR SUDZQD RFKURQD , WDN SRVLDGDQLH MHVW ]Z\NOH FKURQLRQH SU]HG QDUXV]DQLHP
JR L ]DNXVDPL ]H VWURQ\ RVyE WU]HFLFK QLH]DOH*QLH RG FKDUDNWHUX L ]DNUHVX XSUDZQLH
SRVLDGDF]D -H*HOL RVRED E G FD Z SRVLDGDQLX SU]HGPLRWX ]RVWDMH EH]SRGVWDZQLH ]DJUR*RQD Z
W\P SRVLDGDQLX OXE MH*HOL ]RVWDMH RQD JR SR]EDZLRQD WR PR*H RQD F]DVDPL ]DWU]\PDü OXE
RG]\VNDü SU]HGPLRW ZáDVQR FL MH*HOL MHVW WR NRQLHF]QH ] X*\FLHP VLá\ OXE Z LQQ\ VSRVyE QD
GURG]H SRVW SRZDQLD SUDZQHJR

: RGQLHVLHQLX GR U]HF]\ UXFKRP\FK SRVLDGDQLH VSHáQLD UyZQLH* IXQNFM SXEOLF]Q

PR*H RQR

GDZDü ]HZQ WU]Q\ Z\UD] SUDZX ZáDVQR FL GR W\FK U]HF]\ Z WDNLP ]DNUHVLH E\ VWURQD WU]HFLD
PRJáD QD W\P SROHJDü -H*HOL ZáD FLFLHO SU]HGPLRWX VSU]HGDMH JR R ZLDGF]DM F *H MHVW MHJR
ZáD FLFLHOHP SRGF]DV JG\ WDN MHVW WR ]JRGQLH ] SUDZHP RERZL ]XM F\P Z ZLHOX NUDMDFK
NXSXM F\ ZFL * PR*H SR]RVWDZDü ZáD FLFLHOHP SU]HGPLRWX QDE\ZDM F JR Z GREUHM ZLHU]H

:áDVQR ü SURSHUW\

7HUPLQ ZáDVQR ü (property) PD NLOND ]QDF]H

0R*H RQR GRVáRZQLH R]QDF]Dü ZáDVQR ü

(ownership) 7DN ZL F PR*QD SRZLHG]LHü *H $ MHVW ZáD FLFLHOHP ]HJDUND PDM F QD P\ OL *H
GRW\F]\ WR MHJR SUDZD ZáDVQR FL /XE WH* PR*H RQR R]QDF]Dü SU]HGPLRW OXE SU]HGPLRW\
PRJ FH VWDQRZLü ZáDVQR ü : W\P VHQVLH WHUPLQ WHQ REHMPXMH ND*G\ SU]HGPLRW MDNL GDQD
RVRED PR*H WUDNWRZDü MDNR VZRM

ZáDVQR ü OXE NWyU

PR*H PLHü Z VZRLP SRVLDGDQLX

3U]HGPLRW ZáDVQR FL PR*H E\ü PDWHULDOQ\ OXE QLHPDWHULDOQ\ :áDVQR ü PDWHULDOQ

PRJ

VWDQRZLü U]HF]\ UXFKRPH L QLHUXFKRPH 5]HF]\ UXFKRPH PRJ

E\ü Z SRVLDGDQLX L E\ü

SU]HPLHV]F]DQH Z VHQVLH IL]\F]Q\P PRJ WR E\ü NVL *NL VDPRFKRG\ OXE PHEOH -DN ND*GD
LQQD IRUPD ZáDVQR FL PRJ E\ü RQH SU]HGPLRWHP NRQWUDNWX 3UDZD ZáD FLFLHOD GR ZáDVQR FL V
FKURQLRQH SUDZHP R F]\QDFK QLHGR]ZRORQ\FK RUD] SUDZHP NDUQ\P

3UDZR ZL NV]R FL NUDMyZ ]DZLHUD ]D]Z\F]DM EDUG]LHM OXE PQLHM V]F]HJyáRZH SU]HSLV\
GRW\F] FH ZáDVQR FL ]LHPL L LQQ\FK SUDZ PDM F\FK ] QL ]ZL ]HN WDNLFK MDN SUDZR ]DVWDZX L
LQQHM ZáDVQR FL PDWHULDOQHM RUD] LFK RFKURQ\ L QDE\ZDQLD

,VWQLHMH ZLHOH IRUP ZáDVQR FL QLH VWDQRZL FHM SU]HGPLRWX IL]\F]QHJR 1D SU]\NáDG GáXJL L
XG]LDá\ Z VSyáFH VWDQRZL

ZáDVQR ü DOH QLH PR*QD LFK GRWNQ ü DQL ]REDF]\ü 3UDZR

XI - 27

ZáD FLFLHOD GR WHJR URG]DMX ZáDVQR FL QLH PR*H ]RVWDü ]UHDOL]RZDQH SRSU]H] IL]\F]QH SU]HM FLH
MHM Z SRVLDGDQLH D W\ONR Z Z\QLNX SRGM FLD RNUH ORQHJR G]LDáDQLD : NRQWHN FLH QLQLHMV]HJR
3RGU F]QLND istotne znaczenie ma ZáDVQR ü LQWHOHNWXDOQD MDNR IRUPD ZáDVQR FL QLHPDWHULDOQHM

]RE QL*HM

:áDVQR ü LQWHOHNWXDOQD L SU]HP\VáRZD

Uwagi ogólne

6\VWHP\ SUDZQH ZL NV]R FL NUDMyZ SU]HZLGXM

URGNL ]D SRPRF NWyU\FK Z\QDOD]F\ RVRE\

ZSURZDG]DM FH LQQRZDFMH SU]HGVL ELRUF\ L DXWRU]\ PRJ FKURQLü VZRMH Z\QDOD]NL SRP\Vá\
LQIRUPDFMH ZL]HUXQHN LWS SU]HG Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQLHP LFK SU]H] LQQ\FK MH*HOL QLH Z ]DNUHVLH
QLHRJUDQLF]RQ\P WR SU]\QDMPQLHM SU]H] RNUH ORQ\ F]DV 3UDZD NWyU\FK GRW\F] WH SU]HSLV\
QD]\ZDQH V

RJyOQLH SUDZDPL ZáDVQR FL LQWHOHNWXDOQHM

SU]\ F]\P WHUPLQ ÄZáDVQR ü

LQWHOHNWXDOQD´ REHMPXMH SUDZD DXWRUVNLH L ZáDVQR ü SU]HP\VáRZ

:áDVQR ü SU]HP\VáRZD

PR*H GRW\F]\ü Z V]F]HJyOQR FL MHM IRUP Z\PLHQLRQ\FK SRQL*HM =DNUHV L V]F]HJyOQ\ URG]DM
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V\VWHPX SUDZQHJR D QLHNWyUH NUDMH OXE V\VWHP\ SUDZQH PRJ

XZ]JO GQLDü GRGDWNRZH

VSHF\ILF]QH GOD QLFK IRUP\ RFKURQ\ WDNLH MDN Z]RU\ X*\WNRZH DOER WH* SUDZD GRW\F] FH
WRSRJUDILL SyáSU]HZRGQLNRZ\FK REZRGyZ VFDORQ\FK

-HVW ZL F QLH]PLHUQLH LVWRWQH SU]HDQDOL]RZDQLH Uy*QLF GRW\F] F\FK Uy*Q\FK IRUP SUDZ
ZáDVQR FL SU]HP\VáRZHM E G F\FK SU]HGPLRWHP XPRZ\ OLFHQF\MQHM Z NRQWHN FLH NUDMRZ\P Z
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LQWHUHVXM FH RELH VWURQ\

)RUP\ ZáDVQR FL SU]HP\VáRZHM

Patenty

3DWHQW MHVW XVWDZRZ\P SU]\ZLOHMHP SU]\]QDZDQ\P SU]H] U] G Z\QDOD]F\ L LQQ\P RVRERP
NWyU\FK SUDZD SRFKRG]

RG Z\QDOD]F\ QD XVWDORQ\ RNUHV F]DVX GRW\F] F\P Z\á F]DQLD

LQQ\FK RVyE ] Z\WZDU]DQLD Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQLD OXE GRNRQ\ZDQLD VSU]HGD*\ REM WHJR SDWHQWHP
SURGXNWX OXE ] Z\NRU]\VW\ZDQLD REM WHM SDWHQWHP PHWRG\ OXE SURFHVX WHFKQRORJLF]QHJR

3URMHNW SU]HP\VáRZ\

3URMHNW SU]HP\VáRZ\ WR RUQDPHQWDF\MQ\ OXE HVWHW\F]Q\ DVSHNW DUW\NXáX X*\WNRZHJR $VSHNW
RUQDPHQWDF\MQ\ PR*H REHMPRZDü NV]WDáW Z]yU OXE NRORU DUW\NXáX L PXVL GDZDü VL SRZLHODü Z
VSRVyE SU]HP\VáRZ\ 2FKURQ SURMHNWyZ SU]HP\VáRZ\FK X]\VNXMH VL UHMHVWUXM F MH

Know-how

Przedstawiono wiele propozycji definicji know-KRZ :\VWDUF]\ SRZLHG]LHü *H PR*H RQR
REHMPRZDü ZV]HONLH LQIRUPDFMH SU]HP\VáRZH OXE WHFKQLNL PRJ FH SUDZGRSRGREQLH E\ü
SRPRFQH Z Z\WZDU]DQLX OXE SU]HWZDU]DQLX WRZDUyZ OXE PDWHULDáyZ : RGUy*QLHQLX RG
SDWHQWyZ L ]QDNyZ WRZDURZ\FK SUDZR ZáDVQR FL GR NQRZ KRZ SRGOHJD EH]SR UHGQLHM
RFKURQLH QLH QD PRF\ SU]HSLVyZ VSHFMDOQHM XVWDZ\ Z ]DOH*QR FL RG XVWDZRGDZVWZD L SRG
ZDUXQNLHP *H XWU]\P\ZDQH MHVW RQR Z WDMHPQLF\

DOH QD JUXQFLH SUDZD NDUQHJR SUDZD

GRW\F] FHJR ]ZDOF]DQLD QLHXF]FLZHM NRQNXUHQFML SUDZD R WDMHPQLF\ KDQGORZHM OXE LQQ\FK

XI - 28

SRGREQ\FK G]LHG]LQ SUDZD F\ZLOQHJR 1DG]Z\F]DM ZD*QH MHVW ]DWHP ]DPLHV]F]DQLH Z
NRQWUDNWDFK RGSRZLHGQLFK SRVWDQRZLH GRW\F] F\FK ]DFKRZDQLD WDMHPQLF\ L SRXIQR FL

=QDNL WRZDURZH L XVáXJRZH

=QDN WRZDURZ\ OXE XVáXJRZ\

Ä]QDN´

MHVW ZLGRF]Q\P R]QDF]HQLHP

NWyUH VáX*\ GR

RGUy*QLHQLD SURGXNWyZ OXE XVáXJ MHGQHJR SU]HGVL ELRUVWZD RG SURGXNWyZ L XVáXJ LQQ\FK
SU]HGVL ELRUVWZ 0LPR *H ]QDN MHVW FKURQLRQ\ SUDZQ\PL DNWDPL XVWDZRZ\PL WR Uy*QL VL RG
SDWHQWX Z GZyFK ZD*Q\FK DVSHNWDFK PLPR *H SRF] WNRZR Z\GDZDQ\ MHVW RQ QD RNUH ORQ\
F]DV WR QD RJyá MHVW RQ RGQDZLDOQ\ SU]H] F]DV QLHRJUDQLF]RQ\ QD NROHMQH RNUHV\ : ZLHOX
NUDMDFK SUDZD GR ]QDNyZ PRJ E\ü X]\VNLZDQH SU]H] LFK ]DUHMHVWURZDQLH L EH] SRWU]HE\
NRU]\VWDQLD ] QLFK DOH MH*HOL QLH V RQH QDVW SQLH X*\ZDQH WR PR*H WR VNXWNRZDü XWUDW SUDZD
GR W\FK ]QDNyZ : QLHNWyU\FK NUDMDFK QLH MHVW GR]ZRORQH SU]\]QDZDQLH OLFHQFML QD NRU]\VWDQLH
]H ]QDNyZ

3UDZD RGQRV] FH VL GR SyáSU]HZRGQLNRZ\FK XNáDGyZ VFDORQ\FK

: QLHNWyU\FK NUDMDFK Z V]F]HJyOQR FL Z 6WDQDFK =MHGQRF]RQ\FK SD VWZDFK F]áRQNRZVNLFK
8QLL (XURSHMVNLHM L Z HXURSHMVNLP REV]DUX JHRJUDILF]Q\P

LVWQLHMH XVWDZRGDZVWZR

XVWDQDZLDM FH VSHFMDOQH SUDZR Z\á F]QR FL Z RGQLHVLHQLX GR WRSRJUDILL Sá\WHN SyáSU]HZRGQL
NRZ\FK XNáDGyZ VFDORQ\FK

3UDZD ]ZL ]DQH ] ELRWHFKQRORJL

%LRWHFKQRORJLD SRVWDZLáD SU]HG V\VWHPHP SDWHQWRZ\P QRZH Z\]ZDQLD &]\ MH*HOL FR PXVL
E\ü QRZDWRUVNLH L PLHü FKDUDNWHU Z\QDOD]NX E\ PLHü ]GROQR ü SDWHQWRZ

WR F]\ RGNU\FLH

MDNLHJR RUJDQL]PX SURGXNWX

SURFHVX MX* LVWQLHM FHJR Z QDWXU]H VWDQRZL Z\QDOD]HN PDM F\

]GROQR ü SDWHQWRZ " 2VWDWQLH RVL JQL FLD LQ*\QLHULL JHQHW\F]QHM XWUXGQLá\ RGUy*QLDQLH
Z\QDOD]NX RG RGNU\FLD QDXNRZHJR

: ]ZL ]NX ] LVWQLHM F

QLHSHZQR FL

GRW\F] F

PR*OLZR FL X]\VNDQLD RFKURQ\ SDWHQWRZHM SRZV]HFKQLH V G]L VL

*

H QDMOHSV]D VWUDWHJLD

FKURQLHQLD WHJR URG]DMX RVL JQL ü SRZLQQD SROHJDü QD SU]HVWU]HJDQLX WDMHPQLF\ L DJUHV\ZQLH
SURZDG]RQ\P PDUNHWLQJX

Prawo o czynach niedozwolonych

Czyn niedozwolony – uwagi ogólne

Termin „czyn niedozwolony” (tort) SRFKRG]L RG IUDQFXVNLHJR VáRZD tort

(

OH

&]\Q\

QLHGR]ZRORQH QDOH*\ RGUy*QLü ] MHGQHM VWURQ\ RG SU]HVW SVWZ D ] GUXJLHM RG QDUXV]H
NRQWUDNWyZ 3U]HVW SVWZR MHVW ]áHP NWyUHPX SU]HFLZG]LDáD SD VWZR VWRVXM F NDU\ OXE G]LDáDM F
Z LQQ\ VSRVyE 7HQ VDP IDNW PR*H VWDQRZLü ]DUyZQR SU]HVW SVWZR MDN L F]\Q QLHGR]ZRORQ\

&]\Q QLHGR]ZRORQ\ MHVW G]LDáDQLHP QD F]\M

V]NRG

NWyUH XSRZD*QLD RVRE SRNU]\ZG]RQ GR

GRPDJDQLD VL

RGV]NRGRZDQLD ]D SRQLHVLRQH VWUDW\ SROHJDM FHJR QD SURVW\P QDSUDZLHQLX

V]NyG OXE QD Z\ND]DQLX SR]ZDQHPX DQW\VSRáHF]QHJR FKDUDNWHUX MHJR G]LDáDQLD : QLHNWyU\FK
RNROLF]QR FLDFK ZáD FLZ\P

URGNLHP ]DUDGF]\P PR*H VL

RND]Dü WDN*H QDND] V GRZ\

1DUXV]HQLH NRQWUDNWX MHVW SRGREQLH MDN F]\Q QLHGR]ZRORQ\ ]áHP ] SXQNWX ZLG]HQLD SUDZD
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VDPH ZSURZDG]DM GR NRQWUDNWX WR RERZL ]HN SRZVWU]\PDQLD VL RG F]\QyZ QLHGR]ZRORQ\FK

XI - 29

QDNáDGD SUDZR : W\P SU]\SDGNX UyZQLH* WH VDPH RNROLF]QR FL PRJ SRZRGRZDü QDUXV]HQLH
NRQWUDNWX L SRSHáQLHQLH F]\QX QLHGR]ZRORQHJR

: XVWDZRGDZVWZDFK NUDMyZ V\VWHPX SUDZD F\ZLOQHJR

SRGVWDZ

SUDZD R F]\QDFK

QLHGR]ZRORQ\FK MHVW RJyOQD ]DVDGD RGSRZLHG]LDOQR FL ]D QDUXV]HQLH SUDZD 1DZHW MH*HOL
SU]\SDGNL

REM WH W

RJyOQ

]DVDG

G]LHOL

VL

QD Uy*QH NDWHJRULH

WR SRQLHVLHQLH

RGSRZLHG]LDOQR FL Z IRUPLH RGV]NRGRZDQLD ]DOH*\ Z RVWDWHF]QR FL RG WUH FL RGSRZLHGQLHJR
SU]HSLVX XVWDZRZHJR L RG VSHáQLHQLD ]DZDUW\FK Z W\P SU]HSLVLH Z\PDJD

= GUXJLHM VWURQ\ NUDMH VWRVXM FH SUDZR ]Z\F]DMRZH ]ZL ]DQH V ] V\VWHPHP NWyU\ FR GR
]DVDG\ UR]Uy*QLD RGU EQH URG]DMH F]\QyZ QLHGR]ZRORQ\FK WDNLH MDN ]QLHVáDZLHQLH RV]XVWZR L
]DQLHGEDQLH .D*G\ ] QLFK WUDNWRZDQ\ MHVW QLH]DOH*QLH L ND*G\ FHFKXM RNUH ORQH HOHPHQW\
VNáDGRZH RUD]

URGNL REURQ\ SU]HG QLP 1DMZD*QLHMV]\P F]\QHP QLHGR]ZRORQ\P MHVW

]DQLHGEDQLH FR R]QDF]D *H Z FHOX ZVSDUFLD VZHJR * GDQLD RGV]NRGRZDQLD ]D SRSHáQLRQH
]DQLHGEDQLD SRZyG PXVL Z\ND]Dü *H GR]QDá V]NyG ZVNXWHN QDUXV]HQLD LVWQLHM FHJR ZREHF
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WURVN Z FHOX XQLNQL FLD W\FK V]NyG

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VL QD QL*HM SRGDQ\P ZVW SQ\P ]DáR*HQLX

&]\Q QLHGR]ZRORQ\ PR*H E\ü SRSHáQLRQ\ XP\ OQLH OXE Z Z\QLNX ]DQLHGEDQLD WM QDUXV]DM F
SUDZQ\ RERZL ]HN GR Z\ND]DQLD VWDUDQQR FL 1DZHW MH*HOL LVWQLHM GRZRG\ WDNLHM ZLQ\ WR
GDOV]\P Z\PRJLHP MDNL QDOH*\ VSHáQLü ]DQLP VNDUJD SRZRGD ]RVWDQLH Z SHáQL SU]\JRWRZDQD
SR]D XGRZRGQLHQLHP U]HF]\ZLVWHM ZDUWR FL V]NRG\ MHVW XGRZRGQLHQLH LVWQLHQLD ]ZL ]NX
SU]\F]\QRZHJR WM V]NRGD PXVL Z\QLNDü ] QDUXV]HQLD SU]H] SR]ZDQHJR VZHJR ]RERZL ]DQLD
OXE E\ü SU]H] QLH VSRZRGRZDQD

=D]Z\F]DM GRPDJDM F VL RGV]NRGRZDQLD SRZyG PXVL XGRZRGQLü

•

*

H GR]QDá V]NRG\

•

*

H SR]ZDQ\ MHVW ZLQQ\

•

*

H V]NRGD Z MDNL VSRVyE Z\QLNDáD ] WHM ZLQ\

6]NRG\ REHMPXM

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Z\M WNDPL Z ZLHOX V\VWHPDFK SUDZQ\FK VWUDW\ F]\VWR HNRQRPLF]QH WDNLH MDN XWUDWD ]\VNyZ
QLH PRJ E\ü RG]\VNLZDQH QD SRGVWDZLH SUDZD R F]\QDFK QLHGR]ZRORQ\FK

2GSRZLHG]LDOQR ü ]D LQQH RVRE\

1D RJyá OXG]LH QLH V RGSRZLHG]LDOQL ]D F]\Q\ QLHGR]ZRORQH SRSHáQLDQH SU]H] LQQ\FK 2G WHM
]DVDG\ RJyOQHM PRJ MHGQDN LVWQLHü Z\M WNL Z ]DOH*QR FL RG ]DVWRVRZDQHJR XVWDZRGDZVWZD ,
WDN SUDFRGDZFD PR*H RGSRZLDGDü ]D F]\Q QLHGR]ZRORQ\ SRSHáQLRQ\ SU]H] VZHJR SUDFRZQLND
Z WUDNFLH Z\NRQ\ZDQLD SU]H] QLHJR SUDF\ DOH QLH MHVW RQ RGSRZLHG]LDOQ\ ]D F]\Q\
QLHGR]ZRORQH SRSHáQLRQH SU]H] QLH]DOH*QHJR Z\NRQDZF

XI - 30

2GSRZLHG]LDOQR ü EH]SR UHGQLD

OGSRZLHG]LDOQR ü ]D F]\Q\ QLHGR]ZRORQH RSLHUD VL QD ]DVDG]LH MHM EUDNX JG\ QLH LVWQLHMH
ZLQD :LHOH F]\QQLNyZ ]ZáDV]F]D Z NUDMDFK XSU]HP\VáRZLRQ\FK GRSURZDG]LáR Z SUDZLH R
F]\QDFK QLHGR]ZRORQ\FK GR RJUDQLF]DQLD ]DNUHVX ZLQ\ REZDURZDQLD MHM ]DVWU]H*HQLDPL L GR
RGFK\OH

RG F]\VWHM ]DVDG\ D QDZHW MHM RGU]XFDQLD Z RGQLHVLHQLX GR QLHNWyU\FK URG]DMyZ

]GDU]H

&]\QQLNL WH GRW\F] UR]V]HU]DM FHJR VL ]DNUHVX NRU]\VWDQLD ] ZV]HONLHJR URG]DMX

PDV]\Q L XU] G]H

PHFKDQLF]Q\FK ZH ZV]\VWNLFK URG]DMDFK SU]HP\VáX LFK Z\WZDU]DQLD L

WUDQVSRUWX ]ZL NV]RQHJR U\]\ND SRZVWDZDQLD V]NyG MDNLH RQH VWZDU]DM

GOD RVyE OXE

ZáDVQR FL ]GROQR ü RILDU\ GR MHJR SRQRV]HQLD Z\QLNDM FHM VW G MHM SRWU]HE\ GR RFKURQ\ ]
PR*OLZR FL UR]NáDGDQLD U\]\ND ]ZL ]DQHJR ] WDNLPL VWUDWDPL QD VSRáHF]H VWZR MDNR FDáR ü
SRSU]H] XEH]SLHF]HQLD L ZLHONLFK ]PLDQ Z SRJO GDFK OXG]L QD SR]LRP EH]SLHF]H VWZD
VSRáHF]QHJR MDNL V\VWHP SUDZQ\ SRZLQLHQ ]DSHZQLDü F]áRQNRP WHJR VSRáHF]H VWZD

5RG]DMHP V\VWHPX EH]SR UHGQLHM RGSRZLHG]LDOQR FL QDMEDUG]LHM LQWHUHVXM F\P ] SXQNWX
ZLG]HQLD SU]HGPLRWX UR]ZD*D

QLQLHMV]HJR 3RGU F]QLND jest przypadek, gdy osoba zostaje

RVREL FLH SRV]NRGRZDQD OXE GR]QDMH V]NRG\ VSRZRGRZDQHM ZDGOLZR FL SURGXNWX 6]F]HJyOQH
]QDF]HQLH PD WR F]\ RILDUD Z\VW SL ] MDNLPNROZLHN URV]F]HQLHP ZREHF Z\WZyUF\ : ZLHOX
NUDMDFK V G\ Z\SUDFRZDá\ VSHFMDOQH ]DVDG\ Z RGQLHVLHQLX GR RGSRZLHG]LDOQR FL Z\WZyUF\
SURGXNWX QLH]DOH*QH RG MHJR ZLQ\ 2VWDWQLR Z ZLHOX NUDMDFK ]ZáDV]F]D HXURSHMVNLFK
XFKZDORQR XVWDZ\ GRW\F] FH RGSRZLHG]LDOQR FL ]D SURGXNW

SU]HZLGXM FH EH]SR UHGQL

RGSRZLHG]LDOQR ü Z\WZyUF\

: NRQWHN FLH QLQLHMV]HJR 3RGU F]QLND istotne jest tR F]\ QD SRGVWDZLH SUDZD PDM FHJR
]DVWRVRZDQLH GR NRQWUDNWX OLFHQFMRGDZFD NWyU\ VSU]HGDá OLFHQFM

GRW\F] F

WHFKQRORJLL

VWRVRZDQHM SU]H] OLFHQFMRELRUF GR Z\WZDU]DQLD ZDGOLZHJR SURGXNWX PR*H E\ü SR]ZDQ\ MDNR
TXDVL Z\WZyUFD SU]H] RVRE SRV]NRGRZDQ Z Z\QLNX WHM ZDG\ R ]DSáDW RGV]NRGRZDQLD DOER
WH* F]\ OLFHQFMRELRUFD PR*H E\ü SR]\ZDQ\ MDNR U]HF]\ZLVW\ Z\WZyUFD F]\ SU]\VáXJXMH PX
UHJUHV ZREHF OLFHQFMRGDZF\ Z ]ZL ]NX ] W\P *H ZDGD Z\QLNQ áD ] ]DVWRVRZDQLD WHFKQRORJLL
REM WHM OLFHQFM