:\EUDQH]DJDGQLHQLDHQHUJHW\NLFLHSOQHM
(QHUJLDLMHMMHGQRVWNL
(QHUJLD MHVW SRGVWDZRZ\P SRM FLHP ZH ZV]\VWNLFK QDXNDFK SU]\URGQLF]\FK
(QHUJLDXNáDGXMHVWIXQNFM MHJRVWDQX&LHSáRLSUDFDQLHV SRVWDFLDPLHQHUJLLPLPR
HPLHU]\VL MHW\PLVDP\PLMHGQRVWNDPL:\NRQ\ZDQLHSUDF\LSU]HSá\ZFLHSáDWR
GZD VSRVRE\ SU]HND]\ZDQLD HQHUJLL PL G]\ XNáDGDPL ]DPNQL W\PL &LHSáR L SUDFD
SU]HVWDM MHGQDN LVWQLHü ] FKZLO ]DNR F]HQLD Z\NRQ\ZDQLD SUDF\ OXE SU]HSá\ZX
FLHSáD>@
(QHUJLDMHVWX \WNRZDQDZUy Q\FKSRVWDFLDFKGODWHJRZD QHMHVW HPR QDM
SU]HPLHQLDü ] MHGQHM SRVWDFL Z LQQ 1LH]PLHUQLH LVWRWQ\P SRM FLHP V QR QLNL
HQHUJLLNWyUHG]LHOLVL QD
¾QR QLNL HQHUJLL SLHUZRWQHM – SDOLZD NRSDOQH Z JLHO URSD QDIWRZD L JD]
]LHPQ\ELRPDVDRUD]SDOLZDM GURZH
¾QR QLNLHQHUJLLZWyUQHM–SU GHOHNWU\F]Q\SDUDZRGQDJRU FDZRGDVSU RQH
SRZLHWU]H
1R QLNL HQHUJLL SLHUZRWQHM ]Z\NáR VL WH QD]\ZDü VXURZFDPL HQHUJHW\F]Q\PL
QR QLNLHQHUJLLZWyUQHMV W\ONR URGNDPLGRSU]HQRV]HQLDHQHUJLL
(QHUJLD PR H SU]\MPRZDü Uy QH SRVWDFLH (QHUJLD FDáNRZLWD XNáDGX MHVW ]DWHP
VXP HQHUJLLZUy QHMSRVWDFL1DMZD QLHMV]HVNáDGQLNLHQHUJLLFLDáDV QDVW SXM FH
DHQHUJLDNLQHW\F]QDUXFKXSRVW SRZHJRLREURWRZHJRFLDáD
EHQHUJLDSRWHQFMDOQDFLDáD
FHQHUJLDZHZQ WU]QDFLDáD
:HQHUJHW\FHQDMZL NV]H]QDF]HQLHPDHQHUJLDZHZQ WU]QDFLDáDMHMVNáDGQLNLV
QDVW SXM FH
DHQHUJLDUXFKXSRVW SRZHJRLREURWRZHJRF] VWHF]HN
EHQHUJLDUXFKXGUJDM FHJRDWRPyZZF] VWHF]FH
FHQHUJLDSRWHQFMDOQDZSROXZ]DMHPQHJRSU]\FL JDQLDVL GURELQ
GHQHUJLDFKHPLF]QD]ZL ]DQD]PR OLZR FL SU]HEXGRZ\FLDáD
Henergia stanów elektronRZ\FK
IHQHUJLDM GURZD
(QHUJL GRXNáDGXPR QDGRSURZDG]LüOXERGSURZDG]Lü]DSRPRF
DSUDF\PHFKDQLF]QHMPDV]\Q\WáRNRZHZLUQLNRZH
EFLHSáDSU]H]SU]HZRG]HQLHSURPLHQLRZDQLHOXENRQZHNFM
FSU GXHOHNWU\F]QHJRVLOQLNLJHQHUDWRU\HOHNWU\F]QHJU]HMQLNLHOHNWU\F]QH
GVWUXJLF]\QQLND
=HZ]JO GXQDáDWZR üZ\NRU]\VWDQLDHQHUJLLZ\Uy QLDVL
DHQHUJL SLHUZRWQ – HQHUJLD SRG MDN NROZLHN SRVWDFL NWyUD QLH SRGOHJD
NRQZHUVMLDQLWUDQVIRUPDFMLQDSU]\NáDGSDOLZDNRSDOQH
EHQHUJL ZWyUQ –HQHUJLDSRGMDN NROZLHNSRVWDFL SRFKRG] FD]SU]HWZRU]HQLD
HQHUJLLSLHUZRWQHMOXE z innej energii wtórnej,
FHQHUJL EH]SR UHGQL –HQHUJLDSRGMDN NROZLHNSRVWDFL SLHUZRWQDOXEZWyUQD
GRVWDUF]RQDGRRGELRUF\ZSRVWDFLZáD FLZHMGODMHJRRGELRUQLków,
GHQHUJL X \WHF]Q – HQHUJLD SRG MDN NROZLHN SRVWDFL NWyUD RGHEUDQD SR
SU]HWZRU]HQLX HQHUJLL EH]SR UHGQLHM ]RVWDMH Z\NRU]\VWDQD GR ZáD FLZ\FK
]DVWRVRZD
-HGQRVWNL
: RERZL ]XM F\P XNáDG]LH MHGQRVWHN 6, 6\VWqPH ,QWHUQDWLRQDO SRGVWDZRZ
MHGQRVWN LOR FL FLHSáD SUDF\ L HQHUJLL UyZQ SUDF\ Z\NRQDQHM SU]H] VLá 1 Z
NLHUXQNXMHMG]LDáDQLDQDGURG]HGáXJR FLPMHVWG XO
-=N·m.
=H Z]JO GX QD WR H MHVW WR EDUG]R PDáD MHGQRVWND Z SUDNW\FH VWRVXMH VL MHM
ZLHORNURWQR FL−N-0-*-WDE
6WDUV] MHGQRVWN HQHUJLLVSR]DXNáDGX6,VWRVRZDQ MHV]F]HZZLHOXNUDMDFKMHVWNDORULD
LOR üFLHSáDSRWU]HEQDGRRJU]DQLDJF]\stej wody od 14,5 do 15, 5 °C)
FDO≈-
: NUDMDFK DQJORVDVNLFK VWRVXMH VL MHGQRVWN HQHUJLL %WX %ULWLVK WKHUPDO XQLW
MHVWWRLOR üFLHSáDSRWU]HEQDGRRJU]DQLDIXQta czystej wody od 39 do 40 °F
%WX≈-≈N-
RUD]MHGQRVWN HQHUJLL4
4
%WX≈(-
DZNUDMDFKIUDQFXVNRM ]\F]Q\FKWHUPLH
WHUPLH=0FDO≈0-
: XNáDG]LH 6, SRGVWDZRZ MHGQRVWN PRF\ F]\OL HQHUJLL Z\WZDU]DQHM OXE
]X \ZDQHMZFL JXMHGQRVWNLF]DVXMHVWZDW
: -V
:SUDNW\FHVWRVXMHVL MHMZLHORNURWQR FL–N:0:WDE
!
!
" #$%
'&!(!
)*
+
-HGQRVWN PRF\GRG]L VWRVRZDQ ZPRWRU\]DFMLMHVWNR PHFKDQLF]Q\
.0 : N:
-HMDQJLHOVNLPRGSRZLHGQLNLHPMHVW+3+RUVHSRZHU+3 :
'R RNUH OHQLD ]DVREyZ HQHUJHW\F]Q\FK X \ZD VL RGSRZLHGQLFK MHGQRVWHN =D
SDOLZR Z]RUFRZH SU]\MPXMH VL Z\VRNRNDORU\F]Q\ Z JLHO NDPLHQQ\ R ZDUWR FL
RSDáRZHMNFDONJ–WSXWRQDSDOLZDXPRZQHJROXEWFHWRQRIFRDOHTXLYDOHQW
WSX WFH *FDO≈*-
OXEURS QDIWRZ RZDUWR FLRSDáRZHM0-NJ–WRHWRQRIRLOHTXLYDOHQW
WRH≈*-
=DVRE\ HQHUJHW\F]QH Z VNDOL JRVSRGDUNL NUDMRZHM OXE ZLDWRZHM ELODQVXMH VL
Z]QDF]QLHZL NV]\FKMHGQRVWNDFKQS
1 TW·a = 1 TW·h = 31,54·10
,
-
-
./01
2'3
453#678079:9;
<'='>#
?
>02
0:
;
=0A@B
01
<7C;
=
>?05=' :$;
0<"DE
7GF
HI
JK=
=
<
67807C:9;
0<
L2='5>0=
0
4MN
O
4M
N
P
4M
N
Q
4MR
4MS
4MT
4MQ
4MN
4
4M
–
N
4M
–
Q
4M
–
T
4M
–
S
4M
–
R
4M
–
N
Q
4M
–
N
P
4M
–
N
O
0<:C
U
0;
;
07C
V
V
DW0
V
<'
1
X
0< ;
0<
–
05>#Y
>0=;
Y
DE
1
DE
<7C
='=
U
<'
Z
0D";
;
;
[
6
.
\
J
<
X
–
>
D
µ
=
U
Z
3RGVWDZ\JRVSRGDUNLHQHUJHW\F]QHM
: ]DSRWU]HERZDQLX NUDMRZ\P QD HQHUJL SLHUZRWQ QDMZD QLHMV]D MHVW HQHUJLD
FLHSOQD JáyZQLH GR RJU]HZDQLD L NOLPDW\]DFML SRPLHV]F]H RUD] QD SRWU]HE\
WHFKQRORJLF]QH NWyUH VWDQRZL SRQDG FDáR FL ]DSRWU]HERZDQLD (QHUJLD
HOHNWU\F]QDMHVWWDN HZ\WZDU]DQD]X \FLHPHQHUJLLFLHSOQHM7DNGX \XG]LDáHQHUJLL
FLHSOQHMZ]DVSRNDMDQLXSRWU]HEHQHUJHW\F]Q\FKVWDQRZLRMHM]QDF]HQLXZJRVSRGDUFH
NUDMRZHM
Podstawowym zadaniem energetyków jest wybó
U QDMHNRQRPLF]QLHMV]HM GURJL
VSR UyGOLF]Q\FKVSRVREyZSU]HWZDU]DQLDLSU]HV\áDQLDHQHUJLL1DMEDUG]LHMG\VNXV\MQH
]HZ]JO GXQDGX OLF]E PR OLZ\FKZDULDQWyZUR]ZL ]D MHVWZ\NRU]\VWDQLHFLHSáD
>@
']LDá WHFKQLNL L QDXNL ]DMPXM F\ VL SUREOHPDPL UDFMRQDOQHJR SR]\VNLZDQLD
SU]HWZDU]DQLDSU]HV\áDQLDLX \WNRZDQLDHQHUJLLQRVLQD]Z JRVSRGDUNLHQHUJHW\F]QHM
>@*RVSRGDUNDFLHSOQDMHVWMHMREV]HUQ F] FL GRktórej ]DGD QDOH \SU]HPLDQD
HQHUJLL]DZDUWHMZQR QLNDFKHQHUJLLSLHUZRWQHMSDOLZDFKZHQHUJL FLHSOQ ]DZDUW
ZJRU FHMZRG]LHOXEZSDU]H
3U]HWZDU]DQLHP X \WNRZDQLHP L XGRVW SQLDQLHP HQHUJLL ]DMPXM VL ]DNáDG\
HQHUJHW\F]QHREHMPXM FHHOHNWURZQLHHOHNWURFLHSáRZQLHLFLHSáRZQLH=HZ]JO GXQD
Z\PDJDQLDRGELRUFyZ]DNáDG\HQHUJHW\F]QHG]LHOLVL QD]DZRGRZHLSU]HP\VáRZH
=DZRGRZH SU]HGVL ELRUVWZD HQHUJHW\F]QH G]LDáDM QD SRWU]HE\ U\QNX D ZL F
GRVWDUF]DM HQHUJL ZLHOXRGELRUFRPGODWHJR]DVDG\LFKG]LDáDQLDUHJXOXMHVSHFMDOQD
XVWDZD]ZDQD3UDZHPHQHUJHW\F]Q\P>@
=DNáDG\ HQHUJHW\NL SU]HP\VáRZHM FKDUDNWHU\]XM VL GX Uy QRURGQR FL
SRQLHZD SRZVWDá\ Z FHOX ]DVSRNRMHQLD VSHF\ILF]Q\FK SRWU]HE ]DNáDGyZ
SU]HP\VáRZ\FKUy Q\FKG]LHG]LQJRVSRGDUNL
1DMZD QLHMV]H ]DNáDG\ HQHUJHW\F]QH ZNWyU\FKGRNRQXMH VL SU]HPLDQD HQHUJLL
SLHUZRWQHMZLQQHIRUP\HQHUJLLX \WHF]QHMV QDVW SXM FH
¾FLHSáRZQLH OXE NRWáRZQLH GRVWDUF]DM FH HQHUJLL FLHSOQHM ]DZDUWHM Z JRU FHM
ZRG]LHRWHPSHUDWXU]HRGGR.OXESDU]HZRGQHMRFL QLHQLXRGGR
03D
LWHPSHUDWXU]H.
¾VLáRZQLH GRVWDUF]DM FH ]D SR UHGQLFWZHP HQHUJLL FLHSOQHM HQHUJLL
PHFKDQLF]QHM Z ]DOH QR FL RG QR QLND HQHUJLL SLHUZRWQHM Z\Uy QLD VL FLHSOQH
VLáRZQLHSDURZHVSDOLQRZHLM GURZH
¾HOHNWURZQLHZ\WZDU]DM FHHQHUJL HOHNWU\F]Q
¾HOHNWURFLHSáRZQLH Z\WZDU]DM FH MHGQRF]H QLH Z VNRMDU]RQ\P SURFHVLH
SU]HPLDQHQHUJHW\F]Q\FKHQHUJL HOHNWU\F]Q LFLHSOQ S
3RGVWDZRZ\PL XU] G]HQLDPL FLHSáRZQL HOHNWURFLHSáRZQL L HOHNWURZQL V NRWá\
JHQHUDWRU\ SDU\ 'RNRQXMH VL Z QLFK SU]HPLDQD HQHUJLL FKHPLF]QHM ]DZDUWHM Z
SDOLZLHQDHQHUJL FLHSOQ VSDOLQDQDVW SQLHQDHQHUJL FLHSOQ SDU\ZRGQHM*RU F
ZRG RWU]\PXMHVL Z]HVSROHSRGJU]HZDF]\]DVLODQ\FKSDU OXEZRVREQ\FKNRWáDFK
ZRGQ\FK (QHUJLD FLHSOQD SDU\ ZRGQHM ]RVWDMH ]DPLHQLRQD QD HQHUJL PHFKDQLF]Q
SU]H]SRGVWDZRZ PDV]\Q HQHUJHW\F]Q −WXUELQ SDURZ (QHUJL HOHNWU\F]Q X]\V
NXMH VL SU]H] SU]HPLDQ HQHUJLL PHFKDQLF]QHM Z JHQHUDWRU]H HOHNWU\F]Q\P Z
SU GQLF\V\QFKURQLF]QHM
!
!
" #$%
'&!(!
)*
+
7XUELQDSDURZD]JHQHUDWRUHPHOHNWU\F]Q\PVWDQRZL WXUER]HVSyá]ZDQ\F]DVHP
WXUERJHQHUDWRUHP D NRFLRá SDURZ\ ZUD] ] WXUER]HVSRáHP QD]\ZD VL EORNLHP
HQHUJHW\F]Q\PU\V:SU]\SDGNXFLHSáRZQLOXEHOHNWURFLHSáRZQLPR QDPyZLü
REORNDFKFLHSáRZQLF]\FK.RQZHQFMRQDOQHEORNLHQHUJHW\F]QHV MHGQRF]\QQLNRZH
WR ]QDF]\ H Z XNáDG]LH Z\VW SXMH W\ONR MHGHQ F]\QQLN URERF]\ SDUD ZRGQD OXE
VSDOLQ\,VWQLHM WDN HEORNLHQHUJHW\F]QHGZXF]\QQLNRZHQDSU]\NáDGZXNáDGDFK
JD]RZRSDURZ\FKF]\QQLNDPLURERF]\PLV VSDOLQ\LSDUDZRGQD
AY:#33
453]>
X
0DW;0= 07
V
0;
Y>#=0
V
^/'1
<_
U
79@"0
V
`
a
–
<>
U
79@bYc.
–
;
_7
/'
=
U
79@d5c
\
–
V
0=079;
7
'X \P G]LDáHP HQHUJHW\NL FLHSOQHM MHVW FLHSáRZQLFWZR – ]DMPXM FH VL EXGRZ
L HNVSORDWDFM systemów cieplnoHQHUJHW\F]Q\FK 5R]PLHV]F]RQ\P Z WHUHQLH
RGELRUFRPFLHSáRMHVWGRVWDUF]DQH]DSRPRF VLHFLFLHSáRZQLF]\FKNWyUHVNáDGDM VL
]QDVW SXM F\FKXU] G]H
¾UR]G]LHODF]HQR QLNyZFLHSáD
¾UXURFL JL
¾XU] G]HQLDRGELRUF]H
¾SRPS\RELHJRZH
¾DXWRPDW\ND
: VLHFLDFK FLHSáRZQLF]\FK R FKDUDNWHU]H PLHMVNLP OXE UHJLRQDOQ\P QR QLNLHP
FLHSáDMHVWQDMF] FLHMJRU FDZRGDU]DG]LHMSDUDZRGQD(NRQRPLF]Q\]DVL JVLHFL
ZRGQ\FK PR H ERZLHP Z\QRVLü – NP Z VLHFLDFK SDURZ\FK QLH SU]HNUDF]D
QDWRPLDVW–NP>@
6NRMDU]RQDJRVSRGDUNDHQHUJHW\F]QD
.RQZHQFMRQDOQ\ EORN HQHUJHW\F]Q\ ] NRWáHP SDURZ\P SUDFXM F\ Z XNáDG]LH
NRQGHQVDF\MQ\P U\V D PD VSUDZQR ü RG GR D ZL F QLH]E\W GX
1DMZL NV]D VWUDWD HQHUJLL SRZVWDMH Z WXUELQLH SDURZHM QD VNXWHN NRQLHF]QR FL
VNUDSODQLDSDU\RSXV]F]DM FHMWXUELQ
3RSUDZ VSUDZQR FL WHM SU]HPLDQ\ HQHUJHW\F]QHM PR QD X]\VNDü SU]H]
MHGQRF]HVQH Z\WZDU]DQLH HQHUJLL HOHNWU\F]QHM L FLHSOQHM F]\OL F] ü VWUXPLHQLD
SDU\
] WXUELQ\ Z\NRU]\VWDü GR SRGJU]HZDQLD ZRG\ Z V\VWHPLH FLHSáRZQLF]\P U\V
.
7
*
WXUERJHQHUDWRU
E 7DN JRVSRGDUN HQHUJHW\F]Q QD]\ZD VL VNRMDU]RQ OXE – Z M ]\NX
WHFKQLF]Q\P–NRJHQHUDFM 3UDFDEORNXHQHUJHW\F]QHJRZXNáDG]LHVNRMDU]RQ\P
XPR OLZLD ]ZL NV]HQLH VSUDZQR FL Z\NRU]\VWDQLD HQHUJLL ]DZDUWHM Z SDOLZLH
GR
D
E
AY:#33
e3] >
X
0#DW;>
0
U
1
=YB/'1
< _E0= 07
V
0;
Y>#=0
V
'`#f@g_<
0G<=0#=:5>YC?C= YDEc
/f@g_<
02:$<9?7$=YDihj4
–
< >
ce
–
;
_7$/'
=5c
–
@bYDk
0= =
<W>
0
U
@^=
>Y
:D QLHMV]HSURFHV\SU]HPLDQHQHUJHW\F]Q\FK
3U]HPLDQ\ HQHUJHW\F]QH Z\VW SXM FH Z XU] G]HQLDFK L PDV]\QDFK HQHUJHW\NL
FLHSOQHM V Z\QLNLHP wielu procesów fizycznych i chemicznych, z których
QDMZD QLHMV]\PLV
¾VSDODQLHZ\]ZDODQLHHQHUJLLFKHPLF]QHM
¾UR]V]F]HSLDQLHZ\]ZDODQLHHQHUJLLM GURZHM
¾SU]HND]\ZDQLHFLHSáD]DSRPRF SU]HZRGQLFWZDNRQZHNFMLLSURPLHQLRZDQLD
¾SU]HSá\ZF]\QQLNyZSDOLZSRZLHWU]DVSDOLQZRG\SDU\ZRGQHM
¾SDURZDQLHLZU]HQLHZRG\
6SDODQLH MHVW VLOQLH HJ]RWHUPLF]Q UHDNFM XWOHQLDQLD SDOLZD ]Z\NOH ] X \FLHP
SRZLHWU]DMDNRXWOHQLDF]D1DMSRZV]HFKQLHMVWRVRZDQHSDOLZDHQHUJHW\F]QHWRZ JLHO
ROHM RSDáRZ\ L JD] ]LHPQ\ :\]ZDODQD SRGF]DV VSDODQLD HQHUJLD MHVW ]DZDUWD Z
VSDOLQDFKNWyUH]\VNXM Z\VRN WHPSHUDWXU SU]HNUDF]DM F QDZHW.
5R]V]F]HSLDQLHM GHUXUDQX
lmn
8NWyU\MHVWSDOLZHPHOHNWURZQLM GURZ\FKZL H
VL ] LQWHQV\ZQ\P Z\G]LHODQLHP HQHUJLL FLHSOQHM FR SURZDG]L GR Z]URVWX
WHPSHUDWXU\SU WyZSDOLZRZ\FK]DZLHUDM F\FKXUDQ6SUDZQHRGSURZDG]HQLHFLHSáD
RG SU WyZ SDOLZRZ\FK MHVW SRGVWDZRZ\P Z\PRJLHP EH]SLHF]QHM SUDF\ UHDNWRUD
M GURZHJR
!
!
" #$%
'&!(!
)*
+
3U]HND]\ZDQLHFLHSáDSU]H]JRU FHVSDOLQ\ do czynników roboczych (woda, pDUD
RGE\ZD VL ]D SR UHGQLFWZHP SRZLHU]FKQL RJU]HZDOQ\FK : GX \FK NRWáDFK V WR
UXU\SU]H]NWyUHSU]HSá\ZDZRGDOXESDUD]]HZQ WU]RP\ZDQHSU]H]JRU FHVSDOLQ\
: HOHNWURZQLDFK M GURZ\FK SU W\ SDOLZRZH V FKáRG]RQH F]\QQLNLHP URERF]\P
ZRG JD]HPOXESá\QQ\PPHWDOHPNWyU\MHEH]SR UHGQLRRP\ZD
: PDV]\QDFK L XU] G]HQLDFK HQHUJHW\F]Q\FK ZD Q URO RGJU\ZDM SU]HSá\Z\
GR NRWáD MHVW GRSURZDG]DQD ZRGD ]DVLODM FD D RGSURZDG]DQD MHVW SDUD OXE JRU FD
ZRGD]NRWáDPXV] E\ü RGSURZDG]DQHVSDOLQ\DGRVWDUF]DQHSRZLHWU]HLSDOLZR
0RF QLH]E GQD GR ]DSHZQLHQLD SU]HSá\ZyZ F]\QQLNyZ URERF]\FK SU]H] NRFLRá
VWDQRZL ]QDF]Q VWUDW HQHUJHW\F]Q ZFKRG] F Z VNáDG WDN ]ZDQ\FK SRWU]HE
ZáDVQ\FK EORNX HQHUJHW\F]QHJR =QDF]Q\ ZNáDG GR VWUDW HQHUJHW\F]Q\FK WXUELQ\
SDURZHMPDM VWUDW\]ZL ]DQH]SU]HSá\ZHPZQLHMSDU\
3DUDMHVWZ\WZDU]DQDZNRWOHSDURZ\P]ZRG\]DVLODM FHMZF] FL]DVDGQLF]HM
NRWáD ]ZDQHM SDURZQLNLHP ,QWHQV\ZQH GRSURZDG]DQLH FLHSáD GR SDURZQLND
SRZRGXMHZU]HQLHZRG\
Oprócz
SRGDQ\FK PR QD MHV]F]H Z\PLHQLü ZLHOH LQQ\FK SURFHVyZ XERF]Q\FK
VSR UyGNWyU\FKZLHOHPDQHJDW\ZQ\ZSá\ZQD URGRZLVNRQDWXUDOQH1DOH GRQLFK
SU]HGH ZV]\VWNLP SRZVWDZDQLH L UR]SU]HVWU]HQLDQLH VL ]DQLHF]\V]F]H JD]RZ\FK
12
o
62
l
&2&2
l
LS\áRZ\FKORWQ\SRSLyáS\áZ JORZ\
3U]HPLDQ\ MHGQHM IRUP\ HQHUJLL QD MHM LQQ IRUP ]DFKRG] ]H VSUDZQR FL QLH
ZL NV] RG MHGQR FL ZL VL ]DWHP ]H VWUDWDPL HQHUJLL -HVW ]UR]XPLDáH H QDOH \
G \ü GR PLQLPDOL]DFML VWUDW HQHUJHW\F]Q\FK D ZL F GR X]\VNLZDQLD PDNV\PDOQHM
VSUDZQR FL PDV]\Q L XU] G]H HQHUJHW\F]Q\FK 3RGVWDZ\ WHRUHW\F]QH GR RNUH OHQLD
VSUDZQR FLHQHUJHW\F]QHMPDV]\QLXU] G]H VWZRU]\áDWHUPRG\QDPLNDWHFKQLF]QD>@
6SUDZQR üPDV]\QLXU] G]H HQHUJHW\F]Q\FK
6SR UyG SRGVWDZRZ\FK G\VF\SOLQ QDMZD QLHMV] URO Z UR]ZRMX PDV]\Q L
XU] G]H FLHSOQ\FKRGHJUDáDWHUPRG\QDPLNDNWyU ]LQ \QLHUVNLHJRSXQNWXZLG]HQLD
PR QD XZD Dü ]D QDXN R ]ZL ]NDFK PL G]\ FLHSáHP SUDF D HQHUJL 2JyOQLHM
ELRU F WHUPRG\QDPLND MHVW WHRUL ]MDZLVN WHUPLF]Q\FK F]\OL ]MDZLVN ]DFKRG] F\FK
ZFLDáDFKPDNURVNRSRZ\FK7DNXM WDWHUPRG\QDPLND]ZDQDIHQRPHQRORJLF]Q QLH
XZ]JO GQLDPLNURVNRSRZHMVWUXNWXU\FLDáPDWHULDOQ\FKOHF]WUDNWXMHMHMDNRNRQWLQXD
]DNáDGDM F MHGQRF]H QLH FL JáR ü ]MDZLVN ]DFKRG] F\FK Z LFK ZQ WU]DFK : VZ\FK
UR]ZD DQLDFK WHUPRG\QDPLND IHQRPHQRORJLF]QD PD VWUXNWXU DNVMRPDW\F]Q SU]\
F]\PURO DNVMRPDWyZSHáQL ]DVDG\WHUPRG\QDPLNL=DVDG\WHV WU]\GODHQHUJHW\NL
FLHSOQHMSRGVWDZRZH]QDF]HQLHPDM GZLHSLHUZV]H
7HUPRG\QDPLND WHFKQLF]QD ]DMPXMH VL SRGVWDZDPL WHUPRG\QDPLF]Q\PL
G]LDáDQLD XU] G]H WHFKQLF]Q\FK D ]ZáDV]F]D WDNLFK Z NWyU\FK ]QDF] F URO
RGJU\ZDM SURFHV\ FLHSOQH : SURFHVDFK FLHSOQ\FK Z\VW SXM W]Z F]\QQLNL
WHUPRG\QDPLF]QH SHáQL FH URO SR UHGQLND Z Z\PLDQLH FLHSáD 0RJ WR E\ü FLDáD
pqrsrt
uvw
VWDáH FLHNáH OXE JD]\ 'ODWHgo termodynamika techniczna zawiera oprócz zasad
WHUPRG\QDPLF]Q\FKWDN HSUDZDGRW\F] FHVWDQXFLDáVWDá\FKFLHNá\FKLJD]yZRUD]
SUDZDU] G] FHSU]HSá\ZHPFLHSáD>@
3LHUZV]D ]DVDGD RNUH OD H LVWQLHMH MHGQR]QDF]QD UHODFMD PL G]\ WU]HPD
QDVW SXM F\PLZLHONR FLDPLIL]\F]Q\PL
¾HQHUJL ZHZQ WU]Q
8
¾SUDF XNáDGX
/
¾FLHSáHP
4
5HODFMDWDPDSRVWDüUyZQDQLD
/
8
4
+
∆
=
OXEZIRUPLHUy QLF]NRZHM
G/
G8
G4
+
=
LR]QDF]D H]PLDQDHQHUJLLZHZQ WU]QHMXNáDGXPR HQDVW SLüZZ\QLNXZ\NRQDQLD
SUDF\ XNáDGX OXE SU]H] Z\PLDQ FLHSáD ] RWRF]HQLHP 8Z]JO GQLDM F ]DPNQL W
REM WR üJD]X9SRGGDQ\PFL QLHQLHPSSUDF XNáDGXPR QDZ\UD]LüQDVW SXM FR
,
SG9
G/ =
VW G
.
SG9
G8
G4
+
=
:WHFKQLFHFLHSOQHMGX H]QDF]HQLHPDSRNUHZQDGRHQHUJLLZHZQ WU]QHMIXQNFMD
VWDQX]ZDQDHQWDOSL
.
S9
8
,
+
=
3R]DSLVDQLXWHJo równaQLDZSRVWDFLUy QLF]NRZHM
9GS
SG9
G8
G,
+
+
=
i porówn
DQLX]UyZQDQLHPRWU]\PXMHVL LQQ SRVWDü,]DVDG\
.
9GS
G,
G4
−
=
'UXJD]DVDGDPDZLHOHVIRUPXáRZD DOHORJLF]QLHV RQHUyZQRZD QHZW\P
VHQVLH H ] ND GHJR Z\QLNDM ZV]\VWNLH SR]RVWDáH 0DWHPDW\F]QH VIRUPXáRZDQLH
]DZG]L F]DP\&ODXVLXVRZLNWyU\ZSURZDG]LáQRZ ZLHONR üE G F IXQNFM VWDQX
FLDáD]ZDQ SU]H]QLHJRHQWURSL 6:W\PVIRUPXáRZDQLX,,]DVDGDWHUPRG\QDPLNL
PDSRVWDü
⇐
0
≥
G6
JG]LHHQWURSL 6GHILQLXMHVL
.
7
G4
G6 =
xyz{|}~|| }
~}
|"~} ~#{$~
y'
~
}~
,OR üFLHSáD4SREUDQHJROXERGGDQHJRSU]H]FLDáRSRGF]DVSU]HPLDQ\RGVWDQX
GRVWDQXPR QDREOLF]\üFDáNXM FZ\UD HQLH
∫
=
−
2
1
.
2
1
G6
7
4
3RGREQLHLOR üSUDF\/Z\NRQDQHMQDGF]\QQLNLHPWHUPRG\QDPLF]Q\PSRGF]DV
]PLDQ\REM WR FL9REOLF]DVL ZHGáXJZ]RUX
∫
=
−
2
1
.
2
1
G9
S
/
&LHSáRLSUDF RNUH ORQHZ]RUDPLLSU]HGVWDZLDM SRODU\VSRG
RGSRZLHGQLPLNU]\Z\PLZXNáDGDFKFLHSáD7−6LSUDF\S−9
A#
5$k#E
# A
# ¡95¢£ ¤
¡
: DQDOL]LH G]LDáDQLD PDV]\Q L XU] G]H FLHSOQ\FK ZD Q URO RGJU\ZD SRM FLH
RELHJXWHUPRG\QDPLF]QHJRNWyUHR]QDF]D]HVSyáSU]HPLDQZNWyU\FKVWDQNR FRZ\
F]\QQLNDWHUPRG\QDPLF]QHJRSRNU\ZDVL ]HVWDQHPSRF] WNRZ\P>@
6]F]HJyOQH]QDF]HQLHZWHUPRG\QDPLFHPDRELHJ&DUQRWDVNáDGDM F\VL ]GZyFK
izoterm i dwóch adiabat. Na rysunku 3.4 przedstawiono jego schemat, a na rysunku
–Z\NUHVSU]HPLDQZXNáDGDFK S9L760L G]\SXQNWDPLDGRVLOQLND
MHVWGRVWDUF]DQHFLHSáR4
¥
WHPSHUDWXUD7
¥
MHVWVWDáD0L G]\SXQNWDPLDQDVW SXMH
UR]SU DQLH DGLDEDW\F]QH ] Z\NRQDQLHP SUDF\ PL G]\ SXQNWDPL D QDVW SXMH
VSU DQLH]RGGDZDQLHPFLHSáDGRGROQHJR UyGáDWHPSHUDWXUD7
¦
MHVWVWDáD0L G]\
SXQNWDPLDZUHV]FLHQDVW SXMHVSU DQLHDGLDEDW\F]QH
']LDáDQLHRELHJXPR QDVFKDUDNWHU\]RZDü]DSRPRF VSUDZQR FLHQHUJHW\F]QHM
LQIRUPXM FHM R GRVNRQDáR FL WHUPRG\QDPLF]QHM SURFHVX 6SUDZQR ü HQHUJHW\F]QD
RELHJXVLOQLNDMHVWWRVWRVXQHNZ\NRQDQHMSUDF\GRFLHSáDGRVWDUF]RQHJRGODRELHJX
Carnota, którego uproszczony schemat przedstawi
RQRQDU\VXQNXRWU]\PXMHVL
.
1
4
/
§
=
η
:DUWR ü SUDF\ X]\VNLZDQHM ] VLOQLND Z\QLND ] Uy QLF\ FLHSáD SRELHUDQHJR ]
gó
UQHJR UyGáD4
¥
LRGGDQHJRGRGROQHJR UyGáD4
¦
.
2
1
¨
¨
/
4
4
4
=
=
−
A#
©ª£'
«¬A8
G®¯
# j¡9k°
±2¢j² $¢5£ ¤
¡
2°9³¢5´
=U\VXQNXZ\QLND]DWHP HZ\UD HQLHRNUH ODM FHVSUDZQR üVLOQLNDSU]\MPLH
SRVWDü
.
1
)
(
)
(
)
(
1
2
1
1
2
2
1
1
2
7
7
7
6
6
7
7
6
6
−
=
−
−
−
=
η
:\UD HQLH WR ZVND]XMH H RELHJ &DUQRWD E G]LH W\P VSUDZQLHMV]\ LP Z\ V]D
E G]LH WHPSHUDWXUD 7
¥
GRSURZDG]RQHJR FLHSáD L LP QL V]D WHPSHUDWXUD 7
¦
FLHSáD
RGSURZDG]DQHJR 7HQ ZQLRVHN ZVND]XMH NRQVWUXNWRURP QDMZD QLHMV]\ NLHUXQHN
G]LDáDOQR FLZFHOXSRSUDZ\VSUDZQR FLVLOQLNyZFLHSOQ\FK
/LWHUDWXUD
7
µ
4
µ
/
7
¶
4
¶
JyUQH UóGáR
GROQH UóGáR
A#
·'¸¹ #W
2C
º
'^¬G8
»¼½¾¿ÀÁ¿ÿ ÄÀÅ
ÁÀÅ
¿"ÁÀ Á#¾$ÃÁÆ
¼'ÇÅÈÅ
Á
ÉÊ
ÀÁ
Ë
>@']83UDZRHQHUJHW\F]QHQUSR]
>@.
ÌÍÎ
ÏÐÑÓÒ5ÔGÎ
( 7HUPRG\QDPLND WHFKQLF]QD Z\G ,,, :\GDZQLFWZR 3ROLWHFKQLNL
:URFáDZVNLHM:URFáDZ
>@0
ÌÕ¤Ö×jÔÎ
-*RVSRGDUNDVNRMDU]RQDFLHSOQRHQHUJHW\F]QD:17:DUV]DZD
>@0
ÖØ9ÕÐ
&]3RGVWDZ\HQHUJHW\NLWHFKQLF]QHM:17:DUV]DZD
>@6
Ù'ÌÕÚGÛGÜ
-7HUPRG\QDPLNDWHFKQLF]QD3:1:DUV]DZD
>@7
ÖÐÝGÐÕפÙÞÔ
$7HUPRG\QDPLNDWHFKQLF]QD:6L3:DUV]DZD