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Answers & Reasoning: Set 10/16-Verbal Here are my answers and explanations for the verbal section of Set 16. I disagree with 5 of the reference answers in this set: Questions 16, 17, 24, 30, and 41. A consensus seems to have been reached in forum discussion regarding ALL of these questions, suggesting that the reference answer for each is, in fact, incorrect. 1. A; B-"because of"--idiom; C-"...capability of the respiratory system in dealing with..."--idiom; D & E-"a specially" is not the same as "an especially" and changes the meaning. 2. E; A & B-irrelevant; C-provides a basis for weakening the argument, but doesn't go far enough; D-supports the argument. If cashew farmers can't make a living farming, and they move to the cities en masse, then these unemployed newly urban residents will add to urban unemployment. 3. B; First BF is a consideration (reason) for supporting the strategy of avoiding the use of executive titles. The second BF is a reason (or consideration) for not adopting this strategy. B is the only one that fits. 4. D; if, for the year following the tax increase, the pre-tax price of cigarettes was more than eight cents lower than it had been the previous year, and the volume of cigarettes still fell by ten percent, then there must be some other reason than the after tax price. The others are not assumptions. 5. E; line 11, "This comparative neglect of Westinghouse is consistent with other recent historians' works..." and line 20, "My recent re-evaluation..." and line 39, "Westinghouse thus better exemplifies the systematic approach to technological development that would become a hallmark of modern corporate research and development." 6. C; line 27, "For Edison as an inventor, novelty was always paramount." Novelty reads originarlity. 7. E; line 14, "...although it marks an intriguing departure from the prevailing view during the inventors' lifetimes (and for decades afterward) of Edison and Westinghouse as the two "pioneer innovators" of the electrical industry." Intriguing reads surprising. 8. D; anything that suggests exchange of goods, ideas, architecture, money, etc. beginning in the tenth century or suggests that none of this exhange occurred before tenth century supports the historians' account. A, B, C, & E all give support to the account, by this definition. Thus, D. 9. C; line 9, "Peter Senge and Goran Carstedt see this development as laudable but suggest that simply adopting ecoefficiency innovations could actually worsen environmental stresses in the future." Read concern about the possible consequences. 10. A; last line in the passage. 11. D; line 30, "...greater profits may be turned into investment captial that could easily be reinvested in old-style eco-inefficient industries." 12. B; line 15, "Such innovations reduce production waste but do not alter the number of products manufactured no the waste generated from their use and discard..." Read, "May allow...greater number of products..." 13. D; A-parallelism--should be "not produced by...but by...;" B-same principle as A; C-same; E-same; D has the correct parallel structure noted above. 14. A; If total sales of all refreshments increased by less than 5 percent, and popcorn sales increased by 5 percent, then Moviemania's claim has problems. C-E weaken the argument. B is irrelevant. 15. A; B-"...but also if..." should be "...but also whether..." and needs relative pronoun "...or when they are..." to maintain parallel structure; C-idiom--"whether or not" should be simply "whether," plus, "if" problem and "when" problems noted in B; D-construction needs to be "to investigate not only...but also..." in order to maintain parallelism, plus, "whether or not" problem noted in C, plus, "when" problem noted in B & C; E-should be "to investigate not only...but also..." 16. A; B-"...and also his envisioning of..." is awkward and stylistically poor construction; C-"...and envisioning as well..." awkward, plus, style; D-the "Essay" didn't critique "also a vision of a new chemistry" that had not yet been founded; E-same problem as D, plus the problems of B. That leaves A, which is another terrible GMAT sentence. To address one point which I noted in forum discussion, "Essay," here, is part of the title. So, any problems which might otherwise result regarding relative meanings of "essay" vs. "critique" can be ignored, as a title is a proper name and, basically, exists outside the rules of grammar. 17. A; B-awkward and wordy, plus, construction calls for subjunctive mood; C-lacks subjunctive; D & E-lack subjunctive and are awkward and stylistically poor, too. A is a good example of the grammatically correct and appropriate use of the subjunctive mood. 18. E; if people are using computers more at work, then they still have plenty of time to waste watching TV at home. A-D are simply irrelevant. 19. C; if the Kravonian workforce has very few people with college degrees and this is the reason for the discrepancy in average salaries noted in the argument, then a dramatic increase in the percentage of the workforce with college degrees may not translate into a significant increase in the absolute number of people with college degrees. For instance, if there are two people in the country with college degrees this year, and four more graduate and enter the workforce next year, then the percentage has increased by 200 percent, but there are only six people with college degrees in the workforce. 20. A; First paragraph establishes that courts can find federal rights to reserve water "if...(2) the land has been formally withdrawn from federal public lands...," which, by itself, implies that any land not formally withdrawn from public lands is not covered by the Winters doctrine. However, the passage goes on to clarify, specifically, that this is not the case. The author introduces this clarification by citing the fact that referrd to in the stem. 21. C; This is one of the primary points of the passage and there is no foundation for any of the other choices within the passage. 22. D; Line 8, "Although this treaty did not mention water rights...." 23. B; A-deals with development of laws relating to the water rights of the reservations, not laws establishing the reservations, themselves; C-doesn't question anything; D-presents no evidence, rather presents the legal bases for the water rights; E-does nothing of the sort. 24. A; same as Question 17. 25. C; The first BF is a position which the argument challenges. The second is evidence supporting the alternative position, a position which the argument supports. C is the only one that fits. 26. D; A-"the forming of" should "the formation of" to be stylistically correct, but that still doesn't work because "to build" requires the construction to be "to form" in order to maintain parallelism; B-same principle as A; C-same principle; E-same principle. 27. E; A-"evidence for" is unidiomatic--should be "evidence of" or 'evidence that," plus, "were arising" is passive and incorrectly uses progressive form--should be "arose;" B-"were arising" is still incorrect and, "but also" generally follows "not only," which is absent in this sentence; C-"having been cut" should be "that were cut" in this construction, plus, "were arising;" D-"yields" is incorrect usage of the present tense when present perfect is necessary in this construction, "arising" is incorrect usage of progressive, and "but also" doesn't work. 28. D; A-could marginally weaken the argument; B-what might happen at some undisclosed time in the future is irrelevant. Besides, who knows whether anyone who owns and drives a car in Birangi would use such a rail system; C-again, marginally weakens the argument; E-irrelevant. D says old cars cause more pollution. So, if the new tax discourages people from buying new cars, that implies that everyone with a car simply keeps driving it. And, as it continues to grow older, it produces progressively more pollution, which means that even though people are buying fewer new cars, the air quality problem has failed to improve. 29. D; A-subject-verb agreement, incorrect usage of singular form "comes," plus, "compounds [that are] also found" omits the bracketed relative pronoun and verb; B-same as A, except "that are" has been added, plus, "they" is unnecessary; C-missing "that are;" E-needs "that are" and needs to lose "they." 30. B; A-pure speculation; C-argument give percentages, not absolute numbers; D-there could be lots of households with very low annual incomes, dragging down the average; E-again, pure speculation. That leaves B, which pretty much has to be true (unless, of course, every single household with an income of greater than $40,000, has an income of exactly $60,000--unlikely, but it is ETS, after all). Still, of the choices, B is the only one that's even close to being supported by this argument. 31. A; B-"thinking of" is inconsistent with the later phrasing "...now understand...," needs to be the simple past tense, plus, "and" makes the sentence incomplete, as written; C-incorrect usage of past perfect tense "had thought," plus, the "and" problem of B; D & E- "Native American literatures" cannot "...now understand..." anything. 32. B; if peat bogs build at the rate of one foot per 1000 years, and the Highlands' peat bogs are 4 feet deep (Second BF-evidence against agriculture as the cause), then whatever caused them must have be at least 4000 years old. But, agriculture is only 2000 years old (First BF-evidence which, in light of Second BF, serves as grounds for rejecting agriculture as the cause). Therefore, something other than agriculture must have caused the peat bogs. 33. A; if 80% of people polled are in favor of this commuter rail system because they expect to experience less congestion during their highway commute, then, obviously, none of them are planning on taking the train. If no one takes the train, then everyone keeps driving, and congestion remains a problem. None of the other choices make much sense. 34. C; A-incorrect use of "like" when "as...so..." is necessary; B-the "who" construction doesn't work with the remainder of the sentence, plus, "as" should be "as...so...;" D-incorrect use of "like," "who" is problematic; E-awkward, wordy, and lacking parallel construction. 35. D; line 1 "For many years, historians thought...," line 16, "Recently, however, some scholars have argued...," read refutation. 36. E; line 8, "...but they did not question the widespread acceptance of laissez-faire captialism...," line 17, "...some scholars have argued that even though laissez-faire capitalism became the prevailing ethos in ninteteen-century America, it was not accepted without struggle." 37. A; line 21, "Laissez-faire capitalism, they suggest, clashed with existing religious and communitarian norms that imposed moral constraints on acquisitiveness..."--"clashed" read as "opposed." 38. E; A-"because of" is poor usage in this construction; B-"because of," plus, the whole construction is awkward and confusing; C-"is" doesn't work with this construction, "...can be..." would work; D-"have been" is awkward, confusing, unnecessary, and makes the sentence incomplete. 39. E; A-inclusion of "was" after "Columbus" requires structural changes later in the sentence such as, "...Columbus was the Incan highway, which was over 2500 miles long and extended from...;" B-needs construction similar to that noted in A; C-relocation of the verb "was" makes "which" problematic; D-"being," as usual, is unnecessary, plus, "was extended" changes the original meaning. 40. D; A-irrelevant; B-the argument concerns strokes and the resulting damage to speech centers. Statement B may be true, however, the argument does not concern those cases where linguistic capabilities are not impaired, but only those in which they are impaired, making this choice tempting, but incorrect; C-irrelevant; E-irrelevant. The conclusion says that a serious stroke on the left side of the brain equals linguistic impairment, or the language centers must be on the right half of the brain. So, every serious stroke involving the left brain must effect left brain speech centers, or the argument fails. 41. C; A-incorrect usage of "like" when "such as" is called for, plus, subject-verb disagreement, as "market" is singular and "remain" is plural; B-"like" is problematic, plus, "those" is unnecessary and "are remaining" is incorrect usage of the progressive tense when simple present will do; D-commas are unnecessary, plus, the subject-verb agreement problem noted in A; E-"like" is problematic, plus, "the commodities" is redundant.
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Answers & Reasoning: Set 15-Verbal Here are my answers and explanations for the verbal section of Set 15. I disagree with 5 of the reference answers in this set: Questions 2, 3, 5, 16, and 30. A consensus seems to have been reached in forum discussion regarding Questions 2, 16, and 30, suggesting that the reference answer for each is, in fact, incorrect. There has been a great deal of forum debate regarding Questions 3 and 5, with no clear consensus having been reached. Since I simply cannot find justification for the reference answers for these two questions, I will post my answers and make my case for each. 1. D; A-"Being," and opening clause incorrectly modifies the possessive "Frances Perkins' considerable influence" rather than Ms. Perkins; B-same modifier problem as A, plus, passive construction; C-combines problems of A and B, with incorrect usage of participial form "preventing;" E-modifer problem and passive construction and incorrect participial usage. 2. E; A-awkward and confusing construction; B-awkward, confusing, incomplete construction; C-"...and staying where it is inserted..." is incorrect usage of the progressive tense and results in the sentence stating that "The honeybee's stinger...results in the act of stinging causing" the bee's fatal injury, when the bee's fatal injury is caused by the fact that the heavily barbed stinger stays where it has been inserted; D-again, incompletely identifies the honeybee's stinger as the cause of the bee's fatal injury, rather than the fact that the barbed stinger stays where it is inserted. E states the causal relationship correctly. 3. E; The reference answer is B. As far as I am concerned, it's incorrect. E seems to be the best choice. If the farmers who tried modified seed had had to use very large quantities of insecticide, then even slightly lower amounts of insecticide used per acre as a result of the marginal advantage of planting modified cotton seed could translate into significant savings, perhaps, beyond the difference in expense of the modified seed over regular seed. A-D are irrelevant, in my opinion. Stone addresses this question (supporting E as the correct answer) in the following link: 4. D; line 38, "Evidence for differential distribution of wealth is found in burials of the period..." A-supports the statement; B-contradicts the statement, but does not undermine it; C & E-irrelevant. Regarding D, if burial artifacts are ritual objects rather than personal possessions, then there is no basis for differential distribution of wealth as suggested in the passage. 5. E; line 11, "The formal management of food resources was needed is suggested by the large size of storage spaces located around some communal Great Kivas (underground ceremonial chambers)...in such apparently communal spaces." This states that the storage spaces are around the ceremonial chambers, not the ceremonial chambers, themselves. The last part of the next sentence specifically states that theses spaces were "apparently communal." So, I believe the reference answer, B, is incorrect. 6. C; line 2, "...many Western Pueblo settlements...may have possessed distinctly hierarchical organizational structures." That's the hypothesis. The remainder of the passage attempts to support this hypothesis. The passage does not primarily outline methods, account for the distribution of wealth, explain changes in political leadership, or present evidence contradicting other theories. 7. E; A-"the number of..." is singular, but "have been reduced" is plural--subject-verb disagreement; B-parallelsim--"is reduced because..." is not parallel with "by pollution, and by various other threats...," plus, the present tense changes the meaning of the sentence, and "deep-sea and coastal netting is not controlled..." doesn't work, in replacing "uncontrolled deep-sea and coastal netting...;" C-"numbers of" is always wrong and "because of" is better said as "by;" D-present tense changes meaning, plus, awkward, passive construction. 8. E; A-D are simply irrelevant. If Newtown's public schools received more applications for teaching positions than there were teaching positions to fill, clearly no teacher shortage need result. 9. C; again, basically, none of the other choices even come close. 10. E; the advice is the result of "numerous studies...that compare Japanese production and supply practices with those of the rest of the world." E restates this sentence. 11. B; "The link between the success of a certain well-known Japanese automaker and its effective management of its suppliers, for example, has led to an unquestioning belief within Western management circles in the value of strategic partnerships." B restates this assertion. 12. E; The final sentence of the passage refers to "market-exchange" relationships, which essentially amounts to having no definitive loyalty to any particular partnership, "strategic" or otherwise. E illustrates the concept of buying "whatever is on sale." 13. E; A-D are irrelevant. If the new antibiotic requires only a three-day course of treatment, and it takes three days for most patients to feel fully recovered, regardless of which antibiotic the patient is taking, then most patients who have been prescribed the new antibiotic should complete the full course of the drug before they feel better and, hence, before they are likely to discontinue the drug. 14. D; A-"The scrub jay" is singular, while "tend" is plural and "if" is unnecessary; B-"they" incorrectly refers to the singular "jay" and the pronoun reference is unnecessary, as well; C-"and tending" makes no sense and "it" should be omitted; E-"not bothering to recover" should be "not to bother recovering" and "it" should be omitted. 15. C; A-referent of "it" is unclear (the population or India?), plus, wordy and awkward construction, and idiomatically flawed--"estimated as;" B-"there are" is generally poor style and the future tense is called for here, plus, the sentence makes no sense with this construction; D-second independent clause needs a subject that works with the remainder of the clause--"there" doesn't cut it; E-similar problem as noted in D. 16. E; the argument deals purely with hazardous waste output per production worker. If the amount of waste per worker decreased, either the total production of waste decreased, or the number of workers increased (or a combination of both). A-D are altogether irrelevant and none of them is an assumption of the argument . E correctly notes the underlying assumption. 17. D; A-incorrect use of past tense "made" when, apparently, the sloth continues to be the earliest known mammal of the Greater Antilles; a condition which requires the progressive tense "making" to accurately relate the ongoing nature of the condition; B-"they" has no clear referent, plus, the construction is awkward in the terminal clause; C-subject-verb agreement error--"Fossils" is plural, "was" is singular; E-combines the problems of A and C. 18. D; A-clause needs a verb (was) and a relative pronoun (that)--"...was so embarrassed in his later years by what he considered...that he destroyed...;" B-"and" turns the the sentence into one long subject with no predicate; C-run-on sentence; E-"destroying" is incorrect tense, also, "..considered as..." is idiomatically incorrect. 19. E; A-run-on sentence, plus, "fears of" is awkward and unidiomatic; B-"as a result" is unnecessary and should be omitted, plus, "which" incorrectly refers to "gold reserves" (the relative pronoun "which" cannot refer to an entire clause, but only to the nearest antecedent noun) and "fear of," again; C-"they" has no clear referent, and even if it did, "panel" requires the singular "it;" D-wordy, awkward, passive construction, which is corrected in E. 20. C; A-"it" is redundant; B-no verb; D-wordy and illogically suggests that "a method" was "as early as the eighteenth century;"E-incorrect usage of past perfect tense, plus, the final independent clause has no subject. 21. E; A-obviously irrelevant; B-strengthens the argument; C-doesn't really effect the argument; D-irrelevant--argument deals with deterioration due to tourism, not weather. 22. C; the underlined phrase must logically modify the opening independent clause logically, correctly structure the terminaly dependent clause, and logically connect the two. A-fails to achieve the first two requirements through the inappropriate usage of "...not only...but also;" B-fails to achieve the first two requirements; D-fails to achieve the last two; E-also, fails to achieve the last two. C correctly completes the independent clause with "who unearths," correctly structures the dependent clause with "who draws," and logically connects the two with "as well as." Here is the spine of the sentence, "Giuseppe Alessi...is an accomplished scholar...as well as a poet and a philosopher who draws his inspiration from..." Finding the spine of the sentence, make sure it is sound--that's the key to understanding this question. 23. D; first BF is clearly a statement of the goal of the environmental organizations. A-the argument plainly states "the plan is ill-conceived," not the goal; B-In final sentence of the argument, "And that is exactly why a more sensible preservation strategy would be..." clearly indicates that the argument sees the goal as attainable; C-the second BF does not dispute this conclusion; E-the argument doesn't specifically endorse the stated goal, nor does it oppose that goal. The second BF states a reason that the plan, not the goal, of the environmental organizations is ill-conceived. It does not contend that this situation must be changed in order to meet the goal, but that the plan must be changed to do so. Put it all together and D is the best choice. 24. A; B-clearly, the ultimate effect is the same--this is no justification for approving the permits; C-the argument concerns migratory species, not local species; D-irrelevant; E-totally irrelevant. If the blackbirds are the first birds to show up in the spring, then they could (theoretically) be poisoned without effecting the later arrival of the rare species. 25. A; line 12, Regarding the "behavioral gene,"--Neuroscientists...define the term broadly. But ethologists...define the term narrowly. They insist that mutations in a behavioral gene must alter a specific normal behavior and not merely make the organism ill, so that the genetically induced behavioral change will provide variation that natural selection can act upon..." The Shaker gene caused violent shaking in the fly when under anesthesia (read illness). Therefore, the neuroscientists would call this a behavioral gene. 26. C; from quotations noted in Question 25 above, if a gene mutation makes the organism ill, then it's not a "behavioral gene" from the point of view of the ethologist. 27. B; line 10, "...researchers in different fields do not necessarily agree that ..." and line 32, "In contrast..." The whole passage, basically, highlights the differences between the perspectives of the ethologist relative to the neuroscientist. 28. A; B-"that" is misplaced--it should precede "just as...," and incorrect use of past tense "would" when "will" is required by the remainder of the sentence; C-missing the relative pronoun "that" completely; D-"...the fact that..." is unnecessary (and usually wrong in these GMAT sentences), plus, "that" later in the sentence should follow "convinced" and "would" should be "will" as noted in B; E-"the fact that," plus, "the number" is singular, but "are growing" is plural and "would" is still wrong. 29. C; this argument concerns new coal-burning plants only and the relative cost of the installation of (and potentially the operation of) coal cleaning equipment vs. emissions filtration equipment. A-existing plants are irrelevant; B-older plants are irrelevant; D-environmental damage is irrelevant; E-existing plants--irrelevant. C is the only choice that has anything to do with the argument. 30. D; A-"that of" redundant and stylistically poor and "words" is probably a typo; B-"that of," plus, the opening modifying phrase incorrectly modifies "Blassingame" rather than "innovative study;" C-modifier problem noted in B; E-modifier problem noted in B and C, plus, "the earlier works" implies that "Blassingame's innovative study" eclipses every previous work on slavery--a much more specific statement/claim (in other words, it changes the meaning). 31. E; A-"...not, like more recently..." is incorrect style and usage; B-"being" is unnecessary, "instead of" is better said as "rather than", plus, the structure of the sentence does not properly set the stage for the clause that follows the colon; C-"like they were more recently" introduces a pronoun reference problem as "the push for greater precision" is singular, but "they" is plural; D-structure does not correctly set-up the terminal dependent clause. E gets it right. 32. E; the argument says that since Galileo's observations proved the Ptolemaic theory false, and since Ptolemaic theory is not the same as Copernican theory, that Copernican theory is true, per Galileo's observations. Obviously, this is absurd. The reason that it is absurd is that the argument assumes that given two inconsistent theories regarding the same phenomenon, one must be true, when, clearly both might very well be false. 33. E; a very difficult question. A-supports the budget-deficit explanation; B-supports; C-this choice has nothing to do with the budget-deficit explanation; D-supports the b-d explanation. However, if E is true, then there must be some other cause unaccounted for by the budget-deficit explanation--weakens the explanation. 34. A; line 47, "However, the pressure on manufacturing workers in the United States to work more efficiently has generally been overstated..." 35. A; line 9, "Since 1980, productivity improvements in manufacturing have moved the United States from a position of acute decline in manufacturing to one of world prominence." 36. C; line 76, "The culprits for service-sector productivity stagnation are the forces---such as corporated takeovers and unnecessary governmental regulation---that distract managers from the task of making optimal use of available resources." 37. B; A-weakens the argument; C-irrelevant; D-weakens; E-weakens. 38. D; A-"they" has no clear referent and the structure makes the sentence meaningless; B-"they," plus, "deciding" is incorrect usage of the progressive tense and the structure still doesn't work; C-"deciding" and structure; E-"their" and "their," plus, wordy and awkward construction. 39. E; A-"evidence for" is unidiomatic--should be "evidence of" or 'evidence that," plus, "were arising" is passive and incorrectly uses progressive form--should be "arose;" B-"were arising" is still incorrect and, "but also" generally follows "not only," which is absent in this sentence; C-"having been cut" should be "that were cut" in this construction, plus, "were arising;" D-"yields" is incorrect usage of the present tense when present perfect is necessary in this construction, "arising" is incorrect usage of progressive, and "but also" doesn't work. 40. B; A, C, D, and E are irrelevant. B pretty clearly relates directly to the argument. Question 41 is missing from this Set.
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Answers & Reasoning: Set 14 -Verbal Here are my answers and explanations for the verbal section of Set 14 (which, by the way, is also Set 18). I disagree with 3 of the reference answers in this set. There has been significant debate over each of these questions in the past. A consensus seems to have been reached regarding Questions 6 and 28, suggesting that the reference answer for each is, in fact, incorrect. The third is Question 8. There has also been significant debate over this question in the past and no consensus appears to have been reached. I will make my case for my choice on this question. Otherwise, the reference answers seem correct to me. 1. B; A-misplaced modifier--opening clause should modify "Barbara Jordan" not her participation in impeachment hearings; C-same as A, except here the opening clause modifies "it;" D & E-"then also" is redundant and in D, the modifier problem remains. 2. E; first sentence--"Firms traditionally claim that they downsize...in an attempt to become more efficient and competitive." 3. C; the passage does not criticize firms, analyze or chronicle anything, nor provide evidence of any sort. 4. D; line 13--"...recent research has shown that the actual economic effects of downsizing are often negative for firms." 5. D; as written, the argument states that "Several towns in Vorland enacted restaurant smoking restrictions..." and that there has actually been an increase in meal taxes collected from those towns. However, restriction of smoking is not the same as a complete ban of smoking. So, if in these same towns, restaurants can maintain separate areas where smoking is permitted, and they have done so, then it is likely that any negative economic effects which might have resulted from the smoking restrictions have been side-stepped. However, a nationwide smoking ban would make these accomodations obsolete and could, therefore, lead to the decrease in restaurant revenue that the opponents to the ban suggest might result from the ban. 6. A; This question is in the SC1000 document. The reference answer there is A rather than E. I believe A is the best answer. B-"...have the capability of propelling..." is wordy and unidiomatic--simply "propel" is better--and "to help" intoduces a problem with parallelism; C-needs to have relative pronoun and verb "that could," to lose "able to" and "helping" is incorrect usage of participial form "helping;" D-"and it eventually could" is awkward and subtly changes the meaning of the sentence and "or helping" is problematic; E-absent Choice A, this would be the next best choice. However, since A is a choice, E must be reject on the grounds of wordiness, "...could have the capability to propel..." can be said more effectively with "could propel." 7. E; given the inflexible requirements of Qualitex Corp., either some departments are going to be without departments heads, or the company is going to have to decrease the number of departments. There are no other choices. 8. C; Okay. I have researched this question, both here on ST and in the grammar/style texts, and I cannot find any support for D in this case (or, generally, as "of what" is simply poor style, even when it is not grammatically incorrect). This is a question that deals with correct usage of a relative pronoun (that, which, who, whom, what, and whose). The function of a relative pronoun is to introduce a subordinate clause and relate it to another antecedent word or idea. In this sentence, that idea is "...three times the price..." The relative pronouns which would work here are: that and which (not "what," not "of what, not "at which"). So, A, B, D, and E do not work with this construction. And, by the way, "of what" can nearly always be said in a better, more stylistically acceptable fashion. This sentence should read, "A new hair-growing drug is being sold for three times the price, per milligram, that the drug's maker charges for another product with the same active ingredient." The first part of the sentence is the main (or independent) clause. The last part of the sentence is the subordinate (or dependent) clause. "That" refers to "three times the price" clearly and it introduces the subordinate clause correctly. C is the best answer, FOR THIS CONSTRUCTION. If "the price" were omitted from the sentence, then this would be correct, "A new hair-growing drug is being sold for three times, per milligram, what the drug's maker charges for another product with the same active ingredient." But, even with this construction, "of what" does not work. 9. A; B-E are irrelevant. A is the only choice that makes any sense. 10. A; B-illogically and incorrectly implies that the prevalence of "adolescent children" is higher among "authoritative parents" than among "permissive parents;" C-"...are the more likely..." is awkward and stylistically poor; D-"being" is unnecessary and "...when they are an adolescent." incorrectly implies that the earlier plural "children" will be a single "adolescent;" E-wordy, awkward, poorly constructed--terrible. 11. B; A-subject-verb agreement error--"group" is singular, "are" is plural; C-subject-verb agreement--"include" is plural; D & E-incorrect placement of the relative pronoun "which" and leaves the sentence incomplete. 12. D; A-subject-verb agreement--"a number" is singular, "includes" is plural; B-same problem as A, plus, idiom--"limits to" should be "limits on" and a problem with parallelism, too; C-wordy and stylistically poor; E-combines the problems of B and C. 13. D; A-"Being," and opening clause incorrectly modifies the possessive "Frances Perkins' considerable influence" rather than Ms. Perkins; B-same modifier problem as A, plus, passive construction; C-combines problems of A and B, with incorrect usage of participial form "preventing;" E-modifer problem and passive construction and incorrect participial usage. 14. C; since pellagra was "virtually unknown in the Americas...even among people who subsisted primarily on maize," there must have been something different about the way it was prepared in the Americas, or something different about the European maize, or something biologically different about the Europeans in comparison with the Americans. Only the first of these possibilities is represented as an answer choice. 15. A; there's nothing wrong with A, so, even if any of the other choices were grammatically correct (which they aren't), we're obligated to take the original. 16. B;line 18, "The conflict between the guilds..." and line 46, "At the conflict's center..." 17. A; line 14, "...seamstresses...were impatient with the remaining restrictions on their right to clothe women." 18. D; lines 38-45, "The seamstresses...viewed guild membership as a mark or independence...composed not of family units but individual women who enjoyed unusual legal and economic privileges." 19. A; the choice is between A and C. C infers too much. 20. E; A-"attempt at" is idiomatically incorrect, plus it's awkward; B-"was attempting" less than optimal use of past progressive tense and "being" is nearly always wrong; C-"...transatlantic flight, so..." needs to go; D-"Being," plus, wordy, awkward, passive construction. 21. A; there's nothing wrong with A, so, even if any of the other choices were grammatically correct (which they aren't), we're obligated to take the original. 22. C; only C is relevant. 23. A; If total sales of all refreshments increased by less than 5 percent, and popcorn sales increased by 5 percent, then Moviemania's claim has problems. C-E weaken the argument. B is irrelevant. 24. E; line 24, "But equally important to Hopi cultural persistence may have been an inherent flexibility in their social system..." 25. C; line 6, "...it was a period of diminuition in population and pressure from contact with outside groups..." and line 19, "...geographical isolation greater than that of many other Native American groups..." 26. D; line 13, "The Hopis' retention of their distinctive sociocultural system has been attributed to..." and line 24, "But equally important to Hopi cultural persistence may have been an inherent flexibility in their social system..." 27. B; if shoppers from neighboring counties will be patronizing the new shopping mall, revenue from the sales tax should rise, potentially off-setting the decrease in revenue resulting from elimination of the property tax. 28. D; A-incorrect use of past tense "made" when, apparently, the sloth continues to be the earliest known mammal of the Greater Antilles; a condition which requires the progressive tense "making" to accurately relate the ongoing nature of the condition; B-"they" has no clear referent, plus, the construction is awkward in the terminal clause; C-subject-verb agreement error--"Fossils" is plural, "was" is singular; E-combines the problems of A and C. 29. A; B-E are gone because no verb is needed or acceptable in the underlined part of the sentence. 30. D; A-"which" illogically refers to California rather than the non-Hispanic White minority; B-"it" has no clear referent, plus, the construction is awkward--"...when it was nearly three-quarters;" C-illogical usage of "and," plus, "they" is incorrect pronoun (number) and without a clear referent; E-correct use of the participial phrase "amounting to," plus, wordy and awkward construction of the final dependent clause. 31. A; Black ants are good, since they help control the bad rodents. Only Loma ants are bad, according to the argument. So, if ant flies attack the bad ants, but leave the good ants alone, then the ant flies must be good, too. D weakens the argument; B, C, and E are irrelevant. 32. C; if mice that can't make macrophages don't have elevated nitrates, then maybe the macrophages have something to do with nitrate levels in those that can. 33. E; A-incorrectly compares "the Dutch economy" to the countries, "Britain, France, and Germany;" B-corrects the comparison problem, but "have" is incorrect usage of the plural form and the verb is redundant, too; C-implies the Dutch economy has grown faster than the countries, "Britain, France, and Germany;" D-suggests all three countries have a single economy (?). 34. B; line 22, "ecologists' attempts to alter cycles...have not succeeded." 35. A; line 12, "Identification of that driving force...," aka. "explaining" and line 15, "The common approach of studying causes of population cycles by measuring the mortality caused by different agents, such as predatory birds or parasites, has been unproductive in the case of lepidoptra." 36. C; 35 above, and line 64, "One of the attractions of this hypothesis..." 37. D; line 32, "For many years, viral disease had been reported in declining populations of caterpillars, but population ecologists had usually considered viral disease to have contributed to the decline once it was underway rather than to have initiated it." 38. E; if gold was added to Frobisher's samples, prior to their testing, then the methods used to determine the gold content of the samples need not have been inaccurate. 39. E(B); only choice that makes any sense. 40. D; if mice that cannot produce antibodies to herpesvirus also cannot develop keratitis, then maybe the antibodies have something to do with the eye disease-strengthens the argument. 41. D; A-construction needs participial phrase "indicating that" rather than "that indicates, plus the remainder of the phrase simply makes no sense; B-awkward and passive structure; C-incorrectly implies that the purpose of the conference was "...to indicate...," plus, awkward and confusing; E-what should be an independent clause has no verb.
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I am trying a little different approach on the A & E for Set 13-Verbal and, accordingly, have posted it under this thread:
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Archangel nice job as usual... I have question for you on Number 27 why is cut into better to use than "that were cut" ? |
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Hi smiger, For Set 16-Verbal 27, I didn't really consider the question of "that" in Choices A and B. Frankly, I don't see anything wrong with the use of "that" in these two choices. In fact, the relative pronoun is necessary with the addition of "were," in order to avoid changing the meaning of the sentence. I discarded A and B for other reasons.
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hi set 15 V-q 34.. what is the effect of Foreign competetion on american manufacturing sector Could you pls check the question and your ans again?
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adcambridge, Set 15, Q34 still looks like A to me.
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Question 33 of 15 was tricky, indeed. I choose A twice and with your explanation, choice E should be the correct choice. Thanks for your great explanation and insight. |
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archangel88 SET16; V19 C; if the Kravonian workforce has very few people with college degrees and this is the reason for the discrepancy in average salaries noted in the argument, then a dramatic increase in the percentage of the workforce with college degrees may not translate into a significant increase in the absolute number of people with college degrees. For instance, if there are two people in the country with college degrees this year, and four more graduate and enter the workforce next year, then the percentage has increased by 200 percent, but there are only six people with college degrees in the workforce. - I believe you've made a wrong point since the question and answer seem not about percent and absolute number. In my view, the point is about demand and supply of salary of worker with and without degree. The conclusion is avg salary for all worker will increase becasuse of the increase in college enrollment. For premise, because workforce with degree has higher salary, so overall average will be higher. Therefore, the assumption from C is correct coz the higher avg salary is not due to the scarcity of workforce. |
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Q19: In Kravonia, the average salary for jobs requiring a college degree has always been higher than the average salary for jobs that do not require a degree. Current enrollments in Kravonia's colleges indicate that over the next four years the percentage of the Kravonian workforce with college degrees will increase dramatically. Therefore, the average salary for all workers in Kravonia is likely to increase over the next four years.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. Kravonians with more than one college degree earn more, on average, than do Kravonians with only one college degree. B. The percentage of Kravonians who attend college in order to earn higher salaries is higher now than it was several years ago. C. The higher average salary for jobs requiring a college degree is not due largely to a scarcity among the Kravonian workforce of people with a college degree. D. The average salary in Kravonia for jobs that do not require a college degree will not increase over the next four years. E. Few members of the Kravonian workforce earned their degrees in other countries.
ANSWER: C Here is the argument re-written with C included as a premise. This clearly strengthens the argument, making it a critical assumption of the argument.
In Kravonia, the average salary for jobs requiring a college degree has always been higher than the average salary for jobs that do not require a degree. And as we all know, the higher average salary for jobs requiring a college degree is not due to scarcity among the Kravonian workforce of people with a college degree. Rather the difference in salary is purely due to the increased skills and abilities that result from obtaining a college degree. Current enrollments in Kravonia's colleges indicate that over the next four years the percentage of the Kravonian workforce with college degrees will increase dramatically. Therefore, the average salary for all workers in Kravonia is likely to increase over the next four years.
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SET 15 |
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yes. For 34, it should be D. |
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Set 15, Verbal 8, the stem says: "Newtown does not face a teacher shortage in the late 1990's" So we need to find a choice that supports the above statement (late 90's). E says, there were more applicants in 1993, based on which would not be able to predict the scenario in the late 90's. But if we consider A, which says public school students donot graduate from high school, the number of students is bound to decline by late 90's therefore supports the statement that there will be no teacher shortage. So I think it should be A. |
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E says there were far more applicants than there were available teaching positions. Plenty of applicants to choose from should mean plenty of teachers and no teacher shortage. In A, just because a lot of public school students do not graduate does not mean that these students are not in school and do not need teachers. I stand by E.
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Set 10 - Q 19 Although you got the right answer arch but i guess you missed the word "NOT". Your explaination is off-track on that.
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Q19: In Kravonia, the average salary for jobs requiring a college degree has always been higher than the average salary for jobs that do not require a degree. Current enrollments in Kravonia's colleges indicate that over the next four years the percentage of the Kravonian workforce with college degrees will increase dramatically. Therefore, the average salary for all workers in Kravonia is likely to increase over the next four years.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. Kravonians with more than one college degree earn more, on average, than do Kravonians with only one college degree. B. The percentage of Kravonians who attend college in order to earn higher salaries is higher now than it was several years ago. C. The higher average salary for jobs requiring a college degree is not due largely to a scarcity among the Kravonian workforce of people with a college degree. D. The average salary in Kravonia for jobs that do not require a college degree will not increase over the next four years. E. Few members of the Kravonian workforce earned their degrees in other countries.
ANSWER: C Here is the argument re-written with C included as a premise. This clearly strengthens the argument, making it a critical assumption of the argument.
In Kravonia, the average salary for jobs requiring a college degree has always been higher than the average salary for jobs that do not require a degree. And as we all know, the higher average salary for jobs requiring a college degree is not due to scarcity among the Kravonian workforce of people with a college degree. Rather the difference in salary is purely due to the increased skills and abilities that result from obtaining a college degree. Current enrollments in Kravonia's colleges indicate that over the next four years the percentage of the Kravonian workforce with college degrees will increase dramatically. Therefore, the average salary for all workers in Kravonia is likely to increase over the next four years. |
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