Armada -Spanish fleet sent by Philip II of Spain led by the Duke of Medina Sidonia to transport army from Netherlands led by Duke of Parma across the English Channel to fight in England.

Assembly of Saints - A group created by Oliver Cromwell, which consisted of 140 hand-picked Protestants loyal and faithful to him. He chose them to help him rule both politically and religiously. Their task was to organize a programme of moral regeneration and political education. After 5 months they surrendered power back to Oliver Cromwell.

Auditors - Auditors were to check bailiffs activities whether they cheat their lords. They fixed level of production of grains and livestock (trzoda, zwierzeta hodowlane). They took investment decisions (to build barns, buy fertilizers).

Auld Alliance (1295) - alliance between France and Scotland against England until Treaty of Edinburgh (1560)

balliffs - officials appointed by lords to manage their property on their behalf. Some bailiffs cheated their lords. Auditors were to check bailiffs activities.

Basilicon Doron - Book written by James I with instructions how to be good king and husband.

Boston Massacre - People from British colonies in America wanted liberties. They were protesting against Townshed Act and other issues. English soldiers started shooting to the crowd of civilians.

brief-caters - Henry VII's only bodyguards, who still stand near the Tower of London

Burgeses - people from towns or chartered boroughs

Cavaliers (Royalists) - During 1^st Civil War they supported king Charles I. People form upper classes, supporting feudal system.
People form northern and western part of England, Celtic parts of Scotland and Ireland.

Chamber Book - Detailed records of finances kept by Henry VII. He checked it very often and put his signature by each page. He knew about every single transaction that was conducted by his officials.

Civil War

1^st Civil War (1642-1646)

Conflict between king and parliament. Charles I's wanted and absolute power.

King's supporters were Cavaliers (Royalists) and they fight against Roundheads (Parliamentarians).

Cavaliers were led by Prince Rupert, Roundheads were led by Oliver Cromwell, Thomas Fairfax, David Leslie.

battle of Edgemill → Cavaliers defeated Roundheads.

battle of Marston Moor → Roundheads defeated Cavaliers.

battle of Naseby → Roundheads defeated Cavaliers.

This battle ends the war. Results: King's power was limited, he had to co-operate with Parliament.

Some Cavaliers were deprived of lands; others were forced to lend money to king or Parliament.

2^nd Civil War

Conflict between king and parliament. People were revolting against military rule. In 1648, armed, Presbyterians in coalition with Royalist rebelled and a Scottish army invaded England on behalf of Charles I. Clubmen led by Oliver Cromwell defeated king's army at the battle of Preston. This battle ends the war.

Charles I was tried for treason and beheaded at Whitehall.

Clubmen - They were neutralists. They weren't in favour of any party and wanted to get rid of Cavaliers and Roundheads. Farmers and rural craftsmen who demanded to end the Civil War by negotiation.

Commissions of Array - Issued by Edward III during the Hundred Years War to select people to overseas expeditions. It hired professional soldiers. It was paid army was better disciplined than French troops.

Conference of Mile End - It took place during Peasants Revolt. Richard II, King of England, met with Wat Tyler. King was forced by the rebels to produce document in order to assure them that he was going to keep promises.

Conference of Smithfield -

It took place during Peasants Revolt. Richard II, King of England, met with Wat Tyler. King was forced by the rebels to produce document in order to assure them that he was going to keep promises. Wat Tyler was killed.

Congregation of the Lord - Band formed by some Scottish nobles to protect their new religion in Scotland, Presbyterianism (16^th century).

It was the army, Church and political assembly in one.

Conservatives - (19^th century) Party created by Sir Robert Peel (continuation of Tories). Opposition to Whigs and Liberals.

Constitution Clarendon - Assize of Clarendon (1166) reinforced by Assize of Northampton (1176) introduced regular measures for the trial by royal judges for those who were suspected.

Covenant Party Members were called Covenanters and had both political and religious mission. Scottish Presbyterians who organized a rebellion against Charles I because they disliked changes in church and administration. They were supported by the Duke of Argyll and the clan of Campbells.

Demesnes- Land was divided into demesnes. From these demesne lands lords took income.

Dissenters - (previously called Puritans) Nonconformists - they didn't conform with the rules of Anglican Church.

Eats India Company - First chartered by Elizabeth I transport and trading company to trade with Asia.

It's aim was to break monopoly of Dutch spice trade.

Enterprise of England (1588) - Enterprise launched by Philip II of Spain to invade England and depose Elizabeth. Philip II sent the fleet called Armada led by the Duke of Medina Sidonia to transport army from Netherlands led by Duke of Parma across the English Channel to fight in England. The English fleet was led by Lord Howard of Effingham. The second commander was Sir Francis Drake. English ships defeated Spanish ships at battle of Gravelines.

Exclusion movement - Led by Earl of Sharftesbury, leader of Whigs to exclude Charles II's brother James from succession to the throne.

In favour of Duke of Monmouth, Charles II's illegitimate child as claimant to the throne.

Familiars - Household men that formed Edward I's household army. They were paid annual fees and daily wages. King could depend on them more than on feudal army.

fidei defensor - Title by the Pope to Henry VIII in reward for writing a book against Luther and Lutheranism.

Field of Cloth of Gold (1520) - International Tournament, competitions between knights, considered as the 8^th wonder of the world. During this tournament Henry VIII met French king and they were competing each other.

Fotheringale Castle - Castle where Mary Queen of Scots was beheaded.

Gascony - centre of trade industry, denied recognizing England as overlord, bone of contention between England and France that led to The Hundred Years War

geld - (12^th century) annual tax, 2 shillings were collected form each hide

General European Treaty - Treaty between the Pope, German Emperor, Spain, France and Switzerland negotiated by Cardinal Wolsey.
It was the first act of this type in history. As a result London became the centre of Europe.

Gentry - Social class in England located between yeomen and nobles. Landlords without any titles or privileges.

Glorious Revolution - Called `glorious' because there were no battles, no blood, it was change of dynasty. James II was deposed and Parliament chose William of Orange to be a new king.

Great Fire of London (1666) - During Charles II. The biggest fire in history of London. It is described in diary of Samuel Pepys. City was destroyed and had to be rebuild.

Great Seal - held by Chancellor, any document had to bear Great Seal on it. It could be used without king's knowledge.

Guerrilla - mode of fighting during rebellion in Wales used by rebels led by Owen Glendower. They hid in mountains and avoided direct contacts with the English. They launched surprise attacks which were quite successful but there was no decisive battles.

Gunpowder plot (5^th Nov. 1605)

Plot to kill James I and nobles by blowing up the Houses of Parliament with barrels of gunpowder placed in the cellars. Reason: prosecution (prześladowanie) of Catholics. Plotters were led by Robert Gatesby. Guy Fawkes, one of the conspirators, was to go down to the cellars, light the fuses and escape. It was unsuccessful because Francis Tresham, one of the conspirators, sent a letter to his brother-in-law
Lord Monteagle to warn him anonymously not to be present during the opening of parliament. The letter was seized by other MPs and the conspiracy was revealed. Results: All plotters were executed. Later, Henry Garnett, Superior of English Jesuits, was also executed. Prosecution of Catholics increased. Nowadays each year the cellars of Houses of Parliament are still searched by the Yeomen of the Guard.

Gwynedd - primary kingdom of Wales, mountainous region not governed by English.

Harduners - Hot-headed royalists who were deprived of their lands and properties after the 1^st Civil War.

High Church Party - Created within the Anglican Church by Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud. It followed catholic fashion (like organ music, decoration in churches, sign of Cross, Holly Communion, baptism). It was liked rather by upper classes and well educated people.

High Court

• Chancellor → responsible for Great Seal and for Chancery clerks

• treasurer and chamberlains → looked after king's money and valuables

• constables and marshals → in charge of military organization

Horse Tauren - A place where students of Oxford and Cambridge Universities met to think over and discuss about Lutheranism.

household in arms - Edward I could organize army at once. It was household army, the men were called familiaries.

Huguenots - French Protestants who organised rebellions because they were persecuted by French king.

Hundred Years War (1337-1456)

The lasted more than 100 years. Conflict between England and France.

Normandy and Anjou were main bone of contention (kość niezgody) but later they were replaced by Gascony. Main battles of the war: battle of Sluys (1340), battle of Crecy (1346), battle of Poitiers (1356).

Husbandry -Walter of Henley's book about managing the farm; practical literacy

Ironsides - Army led by Oliver Cromwell against Charles I during 1^st Civil War. Thanks to them Roundheads started to be successful and defeated Cavaliers at the battle of Marston Moor. Their tactic was charge. Jacobites - They organised risings to restore House of Stuarts in England and put James III on the throne of England

Jacquerie - (14^th century) rebellion of peasants against nobles in France

King's Bench - Highest court of law in England in the Middle Ages and Renaissance.

King's troop - Shakespeare and his troop who were under James I's care, he was a patron of art.

League of Augsburg - Great Alliance European coalition against France that England belonged to.

legate - Title given by Pope Clement VII to Cardinal Wolsey which made him chief ecclesiastical authority in England.

Lochleken Castle - Castle where Mary Queen of Scots was imprisoned after the lost battle of Longside but she escaped.

Lollardy - heretical movement in medieval England inspired by John Wycliffe, a professor form Oxford. It was followed by common people.

Lord Protector - person was appointed during king's absence. e.g Richard of York was a Lord Protector during King Henry VI incapacity.

lord superior of Scotland - Edward II recognized himself as a `lord superior of Scotland' and felt entitled to appoint new Scottish king.

He appointed John Balliol.

Marcher lords - Authorities in Wales in 11^th century. They had their own policy and they didn't respect king's interests. There were 143 Marcher lords, each of them had a castle and ruled population living around the castle. Richard the Clare, Earl of Pembroke (Strongbow) was one of them.

Nine Years War (1688-1697) War of English Succession, War of the League of Augsburg

France opposed William III of Orange's succession to the English throne, Louis XIV supported James II.

France defeated English and Dutch fleets at the battle of Beachy Head.

Treaty of Ryswick between League of Augsburg and France ended the war.

Pilgrimage of grace (1536) - Catholic rebellion led by Robert Aske initiated in the North of England where people disapproved break with Rome, suppressing opponents by Henry VIII and confiscation of lands. Rebellion was inspired and led by Robert Aske. King's response: Henry VIII met rebels at Doncester to negotiate. They were promised to be pardoned in case of giving up but promises were not kept. Robert Aske was arrested, tried and executed. Series of massacre took place in the north of England.

Political Register - Main newspaper read by the working class edited by William Cobbett.

Poll Tax - tax on every adult; Introduced by Edward III to finance the war against France (the Hundred Years War). Later introduced by Richard II which provoked the Peasant's Revolt in 1381.

Popish Plot - Led by Titus Oates to kill Charles II and bring Catholicism back to England.

Presbyterians - Harsh branch of Protestants who emerged from Calvinist faith: no paintings, no churches (meetings took place in large halls), no elected leaders like bishops. Reading and personal interpretation of Bible was very important. Presbyterianism was formed during Scottish Reformation led by John Knox.

Pretender - Old Pretender - James III Francis Steward, Young Pretender - Charles Francis Steward

Titles given by Jacobites to distinguish them.

Privy Council - Royal Council. Legislative body that advised a monarch (from Henry VII). The highest court in the country.

It's task was discussing: foreign affairs, internal security and military defence.

Privy Seal - held by King, king could oppose document against him or his will with document signed with Privy Seal.

Puritans - Group of protestants who were on exile in Geneva during Mary I and returned to England during Elizabeth I. They started spreading Calvin ideas. They were English Protestants who wanted reforms of Anglican Church - they disliked cathilic fashion (like organs, sign of Cross, Communion). They promoted preaching and lecturing instead of rituals. They were persecuted by Archbishop William Laud. Some of them emigrated to Holland and then to North America to Cape Cod (Plymouth). They founded the first colonies not initiated by king James I.

Regnans in Excelsis - Bull issued by pope Pius V declaring Elizabeth excommunicated and deposed. Catholics were supposed to remove her.

Relief - Money that had to be paid for all the titles and inheritances after father's death

Roundheads (Parliamentarians) - During 1^st Civil War they were against king Charles I. People from middle classes, connected with trade. People from south-eastern part of England. They were called Roundheads because they cut their hair very short.

Rump Parliament - Remnant of the Long Parliament. They didn't pass any significance piece of legislation. They tried to solve financial problems by selling Crown lands and Church property but unsuccessfully. It was quickly dissolved.

Schiltron - groups of Scottish spearmen, mainly peasants fighting against English heavy cavalry.

They made fences of spears against horses

Scutage - (12^th century) tax assessed on knight's fees, paid in return for military service

Spinster - a person employed in spinning wool in rolls

squires - Social class in England. Lowest gentry but poorer than yeomen.

Star Chamber - It evolved from meetings of the Privy Council (Royal Council) at Westminster during the reign of Henry VII.

Tallage - (12^th century) tax assessed on a valuation of movable property - the aid of boroughs and cities

theory of dominion - John Wycliffe's theory that Pope's power didn't come from Peter but from Roman Caesar

Tithes -Money paid by people instead of taking part in Anglican services to support clergy and maintain churches.

Tories - Led by Earl of Danby. Continuation of the ideas of Cavaliers (Royalists) from Civil War. They supported king Charles II. People form upper classes, supporting feudal system. In favour of centralization, influenced parliament, Anglican Church, standing army and the Dutch.

turnpike system Improvement in transport in 18^th century. It was for better maintenance of main roads. Passengers had to pay for traveling (in Tool Gates on the crossroads).

War of Spanish Succession

(1702 -1713)

Conflict about who should inherit Spanish throne. Claimants (related with the Bourbons):

1. Louis XIV of France

2. Joseph Ferdinand, Elector of Bavaria

3. Holy Roman Emperor Leopold (title of German Emperors)

England (under Queen Anne) was against France.

English and Dutch army led by Duke of Marlborough, Churchill defeated French and Bavarian army

at the battle of Blenheim. Anti-French army (English, Dutch and German) led by Duke of Marlborough, Churchill defeated French army at battle of Ramillies and at battle of Oudenarde This battle ends the war.

Treaty of Utrecht negotiated by Henry St John of Bolingbroke made new division of power in Europe.

Whigs - Led by Earl of Shaftesbury. Continuation of the ideas of Roundheads (Parliamentarians) from Civil War. They were against king Charles II. People from middle classes, connected with trade. In favour of decentralization, free and uninfluenced Parliament, religious toleration. Against standing army and the Dutch.

Whitehall - Place where Charles I was beheaded.

Yeomen - Social class in England located between peasants and gentry. Peasants that came to wealth after Black Death.

Yeomen of the Guard -Since the Gunpowder Plot each year the cellars of Houses of Parliament are searched by them.

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