1.JOSEPH ADDISON AND RICHARD STEEL 1st English journalists
1710- first English journalists , they offered an outline/pattern for literary magazine
Richard Steele
-well-educated
-charming
-not rich
-published many magazines but they went bankrupt
-first serious literary magazine “TATLER”
-Steele promoted a new model for readers to follow-GENTLEMAN, the model appeared in his book”CHRISTIAN HERO”
GENTLEMAN- model -features
-Christian hero-obeys commandments
-he avoids armed confrontation
-he respects women (courteous)
Joseph Addison
-Steele's friend from Oxford
-was good at financial matters
-He decided together with Steele to publish one magazine SPECTATOR(Icon of literary press)
THE CLUB
-Appeared weekly than daily
-first periodical essay about a club in London and people who visited the club
-the people discussed current issues such as elections, Christmas
-the aim was to teach tolerance and acceptance of different points of view
-Among the characters that appear in each episode of the story are SIR ROGER and SIR ANDREW
-marks the beginning of novel
SIR ROGER
-English aristocrate
-not clever
-charming
-big-hearted
SIR ANDREW
-a merchant
-he has brains and money
-well-educated
-no high origins, he comes from middle-class
2.DANIEL DEFOE AND HIS PROTO-NOVELS
-Defoe was put into prison because of some conservative protestant bishops who dislike his pamphlets laughing at British nationalism and propagating liberalism and tolerance
-he was put into New Gate prsion
-he met some new friends who told him their stories
-These were:
*Moll Flanders
*Roxana
*Colonel Jack
-Captain Singleton
4.EPISTOLARY NOVEL- A story that is told through a series of letters
the most famous epistolary novels were those of Samuel Richardson. Both his novels Pamela and Clarissa were novels of letters
5.PICARESQUE NOVEL-a novel with a loose structure and motif of a journey or escape
The example of picaresque novel is The history of Tom Jones, a foundling by Henry Fielding
6.NOVEL OF IDEAS- novel in which author's views and opinions are more important than the plot, setting and characters.
The example of novel of ideas is Amelia by Henry Fielding
7. VERISIMILITUDE- a likeness or semblance to the truth in imitating life
Model of sentimental novel is “SENTIMENTAL JOURNEY” by Lawrence Sterne
10.NARRATIVE REACTION TO VERYSIMILITUDE
a)Sentimental novel- is a novel about feelings (they are not so dramatic and powerful). Sentiment is seen as a pleasant melancholy
-mostly epistolary novels- letters. They are often from journeys
-stereotype of Englishmen was established in the novels
*loves gardens,gardening, plants
*loves animals
*feels a kind of superiority towards foreigners
-presented emotions
b)Gothic novel- presented supernatural
12. CLASSIC AND FAÇADE GOTHIC NOVEL
a)Classic
-supernatural isn't rationalized (there are ghosts and they aren't explained-Wuthering Heights -ghost of Kate
-“MONK” by Matthew Gregory Lewis- classic gothic novel
b)Façade
-seemingly supernatural items can be rationalized (Jane Eyre-hears noises but they are rationally explained )
-Ann Radcliffe “Mysteries of Udolpho”- her first novel from 1760
13. MODEL OF GOTHIC NOVEL by Ann Radcliffe
Villain- evil character
Damsel in distress- victim of villain
Supernatural
Secrets from the past
Setting
14.BILDUNGSROMAN
-or coming- of- age story
-a literary genre that focuses on the psychological and moral growth of the protagonist from youth to adulthood
-it tells about growing up or coming of age of a sensitive person who is looking for answers and experience
-the goal is maturity and the protagonist achieves it gradually and with difficulty.
-examples:
Jane Eyre -Charlotte Bronte
David Copperfield - Charles Dickens
Great Expectations - Charles Dickens
Atonement- Ian McEwan
NATIVITY PLAYS (Mystery Plays)
-11/12 cent
-were played in churches
-weren't a part of a ritual
-were played during Christmas
-presented the birth of Jesus
-Actors were the people of the village
-In 13 th cent these plays were to disappear from churches (Pope forbade them because it was believed that people acting weren't pure
MIRACLE PLAYS
-13/14 cent
-were dramatized scenes from the Bible and the gospel
-presented the live of the saints and Christ from the creation of the world to the resurrection
-there were no stages
-were performed by the local community by craft gilds
-competition between the gilds (each gild wanted to give the best performance)
-Scenes were presented on moveable platforms
-Scenes were prepared in secret
-they were staged during Corpus Christi
-People stood along the street and watched one scene at a time
-there weren't many dialogues
-visual aspects were important
-there were circles-sets of scenes- York cycle ,Chester Cycle, Coventry cycle
-Wakefield cycle- was believed to be the best one
MORALITY PLAYS
-allegorical presentations of some religious, physiological truths
-Stage appeared for the first time
-Stage was round to be easily accessible for the audience
-Names were allegorical
-1495 Every man
TRAGIC FLAW- feature of the protagonist that eventually brings about his fall
-Lear and his pride
-Othello and his jealousy
-Hamlet and his inability to act - to avenge his father's death.
CHARACTERISTIC OF MEDIEVAL KNIGHT
-Christian -he believed in God and that fate doesn't have influence on events
-3 loyalties- to God/King/Lady of his heart
-do or die- he is brave
-no respect for the enemy as they were infidels
CHARACTERISTIC OF ANGLO-SAXON WARRIOR
-He was pagan and believed in wyrd (fate) and that people have no influence on life
-liege- loyalty between the lord and his warriors. It's a mutual loyalty. In return for loyalty, lord had to pay them
-do or die- fight till the end
-wergeld-he respected the enemy (he believed that each person's life is valuable- if you killed someone, you pay this family in gold)
GRAIL ROMANCE- general characteristics
Knight on errand (who has a mission)He has to be extraordinary, pure and brave
Dangerous journey- during this ,knight's features are tested
Cure -commonly grail, treated as a solution
TWO VERSIONS OF FISHER KING
French- “Percival”
-King is ill, France is also dying with him
-there is some hope
-man with a pure heart needs to go for a journey.
-Percival is brave and fights with monsters
-He manages to find a medicine-Holy Grail
-He doesn't know the question and king dies
German
-He doesn't know the question so he goes for another trip to find a question
-the question is :How are you feeling?
-King survives
-The moral is that people in authority should be asked even disturbing questions
11.TWO KINDS OF TRAVELLERS ACCORDING TO STERNE
a)travels in chronological kind of events
b)a seemingly unimportant in chronological time because an occasion for a chain of associations which leads him into the past , reevaluation of the past experience and journey inside oneself.
ROMAN DE LA ROSE- is a medieval French poem styled as an allegorical dream vision
-it's a kind of dream vision in which
-a dreamer falls asleep
-the dreamer is in a rose garden
-he meets famous lovers (from mythology, history), they tell him about their love stories
-he has a dream which is a lesson, he learns about the nature of love
-he has to share his vision with others
-the dreamer has a sense of mission, he overcomes a change of heart
-the example: “Christmas Carol” by Dickens
Chaucer plays with the convention and introduces some changes to it.
-The dreamer falls asleep
-the dreamer is not in the garden but in his bedroom
-there are roses on the wallpaper instead of garden rose
-he is woken up by noises of dogs, horses preparing for hunting and he wants to join them
-then he finds himself in the quiet, dark forest
-He sees a strange figure- a man in black and hooded coat
-he starts talking about a woman who is exceptional and all the best, he loves her
-the woman is dead and this is the end of the poem
-Chaucer shows that he understands the grief of his friend.
PARLIAMENT OF FOWLS- Satire
THE BOOK OF DUTCHESS-Psychological drama
HOUSE OF FAME-allegory
CANTERBURY TALES- estate satire
TROILUS AND CRYSSEYDA-Chivalric romance
5