Manners of articulation of consonants.
I. CLOSURE
1. Complete (plosives: p,b,t,d,k,g) - two articulators block the mouth, no air can escape from the mouth. Stages: closing, compression abrupt release.
Manners of articulations for COMPLETE CLOSURE. (the mouth I'd blocked.for the while the air can't escape from the mouth).
PLOSIVES
AFFRICATES (CZ DZ) There is closing stage, compression stage and slow (delayed) release- the articulators spread gradually. The tongue get close to the palate, blocks the mouth.
NOSALS -m,n,long n (przyciągnięta druga nóżka z n) The obstacle is formed in the mouth, the air can't escape from the mouth at all.
In all the cases but nosals, the air couldn't escape through the nose because there is an obstacle. If you nose is consisted you can produce nosals. There must be an obstacle to the air in the mouth ro produce nosals.
2. Partial
LATERAL - /l/ - The air can escape of the both sides of the tongue. The tongue touches the alveolar ridge but the sides ale not involved. They are in the neutral position. The obstacle is only in the one part ( the tip of the tongue - active and the sides of the tongue - passive)
3. Intermittent - No one cares about it. Formed, removed.
II. NARROWING - two articulators get close to each other but they don't touch each other.
FRICATIVES - f, v, th, th, sz, ż, h, s, z
They get very close to each other but there is always space between them for the air to escape through the mouth, they don't touch each other.
Friction is what you hear with h, f, v. The squeezing of the air.
APPROXIMANTS - w, j, r. The space for the air to escape is larger. W and J are sometimes called semi-vowels. (while prolonging J->I W->U)
Voicing, place, manner
S - voiceless, alveolar, fricative.
Exercises page 34.
Vowels, sonorants
Approximates,
Laterals,
Nosals,
Fricatives,
Affricatives,
Plosives. obstruent
Sonorant- produced with the less effort. The obstacle is smaller.
Obstruent - the obstacle is visible, for a while it is impossible for the air to escape.