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trois groupes taxonomiqucs distincts furent exposćs & six concentrations de glyphosate (10, 50, 100, 300, 500 and 1000 pg I*1) pendant une periode de 48 heurcs. Le taux de croissancc (p) fut mesure, demontrant une diminution de la croissance des algues et cyanobacteries, sauf pour 1’espece Ankistrodesmus falcatus, a des concentrations variant entre 50 et 1000 pg l1. La rćponse photosynthetique, apres exposition au glyphosate, fut variable pour les differentcs especes. II fut possible de determiner un schema global ou la quantitć de photons absorbee (ABS/RC), la quantite d’energie dissipee (DIo/RC) et captee (TRo/RC) par centre reactionnel du photosystćme II augmentent, alors que le rendement maximal du photosystćme II (FV/FM) ct le transport d’electron (ETo/RC) diminuent. Les valeurs de CE|0 furent calculees pour le taux de croissance ct la capacite photosynthetique demontrant que le taux de croissance fut rindicateur le plus sensible, alors que le parametre FV/FM fut le moins sensible. De plus, ecrtaines especes ont vus leur croissance et leur capacite photosynthetique reduite a des concentrations se situant sous la normc canadienne de la protection de la vie aquatique de 65 pg l'1, soulevant des inquietudes en lien avec la pertinence de Tevaluation des risques lies aux herbicides & base de glyphosate.
Mots-cles: herbicide, fluorescence chlorophylienne, cinetiquc rapide de fluorescence, PSII, PEA
2.4 Introduction
Glyphosate-based herbicides are the most widely used herbicides in the world, generally employed with transgenic soy and maize crops (Duke and Powieś, 2008). Aside from their cfficiency, the inereased adoption ratę of these herbicides for agricultural use is partly related to the perception of their Iow environmental impacts. Indeed, until recently, they were reported to have Iow toxicity on non-target organisms, a short half-life and Iow mobility in soils (Borggaard et Gimsing, 2008; Duke and Powieś, 2008; Helander et al% 2012). Vereecken (2005) suggest that, despite strong soil sorption properties, in reference to high soil organie carbon/water partitioning coefficient (K^) values, glyphosate leaching towards aquatic systems occurs following specific mechanisms such as preferential water tlow and episodes of high raili fali intensity. Indeed, monitoring studies from Quebec (Canada) showed the presence of glyphosate in watercourses near intensive cultures of soy and maize, with maximal concentrations varying from 2.7 to 29 pg I'1 (Giroux and Pelletier, 2012). Similar surveys in Ontario (Canada) (Struger et al.y 2008), United States (Scribner et al.y 2007) and France (Dubois et al., 2010), also revealed the presence of glyphosate in watercourses, with maximal concentrations varying from 0.1 to 427 pg I'1. Projections indicate that the frequcncy of detcction of glyphosate in aquatic ecosystems will inerease worldwide in the next few years, due to the inereasing usage of glyphosate resistant (GR) transgenic crops, especially soy and maize (Giroux and Pelletier, 2012).