2004 edition
STATISTICS ON
THE MEMBER COUNTRIES
OECD
in Figures
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22-Jul-2004 2:48:20 PM
22-Jul-2004 2:48:20 PM
Demography 6
Health: expenditure and resources
8
Health: status
10
Gross Domestic Product
12
Economic growth and performance
14
Employment 16
Part-time and self-employment
18
Unemployment 20
Sectoral contributions to gross value added
22
Agriculture: production and trade
24
Agriculture: support estimates
26
Business statistics
28
Services: value added
30
Services: employment
32
Transport 34
Government sector
36
Taxation 38
Energy: supply
40
Energy: production
42
Energy consumption and electricity generation
44
Environment: resources
46
Environment: emissions and pollution
48
CO
2
emissions
50
Prices and interest rates
52
Domestic and foreign fi nance
54
Direct investment
56
Institutional investment
58
Trade 60
Trade in services
62
Development aid
64
Education: expenditure
66
Education: performance
68
Research and development
70
Science and technology
74
Euro zone
76
Contents
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22-Jul-2004 2:48:38 PM
OECD in Graphs
77
GDP growth
78
GDP per capita
79
Historical growth
80
Forecasts and leading indicators
81
Infl ation
82
General government fi nancial balances
83
Working hours
84
Migration 85
Health funding
86
Road fatalities
87
Education spending
88
Renewable energy
89
Services trade
90
Development aid
91
General notes
92
Published in English and French
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ARKETING
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IRECTOR
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2004 edition
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a1-5.indd 3
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22-Jul-2004 2:48:38 PM
4
O
RGANISATION
FOR
E
CONOMIC
C
O
-
OPERATION
AND
D
EVELOPMENT
Under Article 1 of the Convention signed in Paris on 14 De-
cember 1960, and which came into force on 30 September
1961, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and De-
velopment (OECD) shall promote policies designed:
• to achieve the highest sustainable economic growth and
employment and a rising standard of living in member
countries, while maintaining fi nancial stability, and thus
to contribute to the development of the world economy;
• to contribute to sound economic expansion in member as
well as non-member countries in the process of economic
development; and
• to contribute to the expansion of world trade on a mul-
tilateral, non-discriminatory basis in accordance with
international obligations.
The 20 original member countries of the OECD are Austria,
Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ice-
land, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway,
Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United
Kingdom and the United States. The following 10 countries
became members subsequently: Japan (1964), Finland (1969),
Australia (1971), New Zealand (1973), Mexico (1994), the
Czech Republic (1995), Hungary (1996), Poland (1996), Ko-
rea (1996) and the Slovak Republic (2000). The Commission
of the European Communities takes part in the work of the
OECD (Article 13 of the OECD Convention).
a1-5.indd 4
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22-Jul-2004 2:48:39 PM
OECD
in Figures
STATISTICS ON THE MEMBER COUNTRIES
Agriculture and Food
Development
Education and Skills
Employment
Energy
Enterprise, Industry and Services
Environment
Finance and Investment
General Economics
Health
Insurance and Pensions
International Migration
National Accounts
Nuclear Energy
Science and Information Technology
Sustainable Development
Taxation
Territorial Economy
Trade
Transport
«
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22-Jul-2004 2:48:39 P
M
DEMOGRAPHY
Australia
7 687
19 881
17 667
3
1.1
20.0
30.2
67.2
61.3
12.8
8.5
27.1
23.0
Australia
Austria
84
8 067
7 993
96
0.2
16.5
22.0
67.9
65.8
15.5
12.2
8.8
7.9
Austria
Belgium
31
10 372
10 084
340
0.4
17.5
a
23.5
65.6
a
64.5
17.0
a
12.0
8.2
9.0
Belgium
Canada
9 976
31 630
28 682
3
0.9
18.3
33.7
68.9
58.7
12.8
7.6
18.2
f
16.1
g
Canada
Czech Republic
79
10 202
10 331
129
0.0
15.4
25.4
70.7
64.9
13.9
9.6
2.3
0.4
Czech Republic
Denmark
43
5 387
5 189
125
0.2
18.8
25.2
66.3
64.2
14.9
10.6
4.9
3.5
Denmark
Finland
338
5 213
5 066
15
0.2
17.7
30.4
66.8
62.3
15.5
7.3
2.0
0.9
Finland
France
549
59 767
57 467
109
0.7
18.7
a
26.4
65.0
a
62.0
16.2
a
11.6
5.6
b
6.3
h
France
Germany
357
82 502
81 179
231
0.1
14.7
21.3
66.7
67.8
18.6
10.8
8.9
8.0
Germany
Greece
132
11 036
10 380
84
0.3
15.0
b
26.1
66.4
b
65.8
16.8
b
8.1
7.0
f
..
Greece
Hungary
93
10 124
10 358
109
- 0.3
16.2
a
25.3
68.5
a
65.6
15.3
a
9.0
1.1
1.3
Hungary
Iceland
103
289
264
3
0.6
22.7
34.8
64.5
57.1
11.7
8.1
..
..
Iceland
Ireland
70
3 953
3 563
56
0.9
21.0
30.5
67.9
58.6
11.1
10.9
5.6
2.7
Ireland
Italy
301
57 478
56 442
191
0.0
14.4
23.4
d
67.5
67.6
e
18.2
9.0
2.6
1.6
Italy
Japan
378
127 619
124 764
338
0.1
14.0
30.2
66.9
64.1
19.0
5.7
1.5
1.0
Japan
Korea
99
47 925
44 195
482
0.6
20.3
42.3
71.4
54.8
8.3
2.9
0.5
0.1
Korea
Foreign
population
1
% of total population
2002 1992
2003 1960
Age structure
% of total population
Under 15
15-64
Growth
rate
2003/2002
%
65 and over
2003 2003
1960
1960
Total
area
thousand
sq. km.
Population
Thousands
2003 1993
Per sq.
km.
2003
6
Luxembourg
3
452
401
174
1.7
18.8
21.4
67.2
67.9
14.0
10.8
38.1
31.0
Luxembourg
Mexico
1 996
102 708
86 613
51
1.3
32.1
..
61.9
..
6.0
..
0.5
c
..
Mexico
Netherlands
41
16 224
15 290
398
0.5
18.6
30.0
67.6
61.0
13.8
9.0
4.3
5.0
Netherlands
New Zealand
269
4 009
3 572
15
1.8
22.1
32.9
66.0
58.5
11.9
8.7
19.5
c
..
New Zealand
Norway
324
4 564
4 312
14
0.6
19.9
25.9
65.3
63.2
14.8
10.9
4.3
3.6
Norway
Poland
313
38 195
38 459
122
- 0.1
17.5
33.5
69.6
60.8
12.9
5.8
0.1
..
Poland
Portugal
92
10 449
9 840
113
0.7
16.0
..
67.6
..
16.3
..
4.0
1.3
Portugal
Slovak Republic
49
5 380
5 325
110
0.0
18.4
a
31.6
70.1
a
61.5
11.5
a
6.9
0.5
0.2
Slovak Republic
Spain
505
41 874
39 167
83
1.6
14.5
27.3
68.6
64.5
16.9
8.2
3.1
1.0
Spain
Sweden
450
8 958
8 719
20
0.4
17.9
22.4
64.9
65.9
17.2
11.8
5.3
5.7
Sweden
Switzerland
41
7 343
6 938
178
0.7
16.2
23.2
67.8
66.1
16.0
10.7
19.9
17.6
Switzerland
Turkey
781
70 712
59 491
91
1.6
29.4
41.2
65.0
55.1
5.6
3.7
1.9
2.0
Turkey
United Kingdom
245
60 483
58 198
247
0.4
18.9
c
23.3
65.5
c
64.9
15.6
c
11.7
4.5
3.5
United Kingdom
United States
9 372
291 049
258 119
31
1.0
20.9
31.0
66.8
59.7
12.3
9.2
11.5
8.7
United States
G7
21 178
710 528
664 851
34
0.6
17.9
27.9
66.7
63.0
15.4
9.0
..
..
G7
EU-15
3 240
382 215
368 978
118
0.5
16.5
23.6
66.5
63.2
17.0
10.1
..
..
EU-15
OECD Total
34 800
1153 846
1068 068
33
0.7
19.9
28.6
66.6
61.6
13.6
8.5
..
..
OECD Total
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/508718765076
..
not available
d.
Under 14
1.
e.
14-64
f.
2001
a.
2002
g.
1991
b.
1999
h.
1990
Sources: Labour Force Statistics: 1983-2003 , OECD, Paris, 2004;
c.
2000
Trends in International Migration: SOPEMI, OECD, Paris, 2004.
Data for Australia, Canada, Mexico, New Zealand and the US relate to the
proportion of foreign-born persons in total population
7
HEALTH: EXPENDITURE AND RESOURCES
9.1
a
8.1
68.2
a
66.4
16.7
a
13.0
2 504
a
1 455
13.8
a
9.9
3.7
a
4.2
16.4
a
15.9
2.5
a
2.4
Australia
7.7
7.5
69.9
73.5
10.5
10.1
2 220
1 551
16.1
..
6.1
6.8
8.1
11.8
3.3
2.4
Austria
9.1
8.0
71.2
..
12.8
..
2 515
1 547
..
16.3
..
4.8
11.5
c
12.3
3.9
3.4
Belgium
9.6
10.0
69.9
74.1
15.8
a
13.6
2 931
1 959
16.6
12.4
3.2
a
3.8
8.7
f
12.6
2.1
2.1
Canada
7.4
5.4
91.4
95.5
13.6
10.1
1 118
564
22.6
21.1
6.5
8.3
11.1
14.4
3.5
2.7
Czech Republic
8.8
8.5
83.1
83.2
13.2
11.9
2 580
1 660
9.2
7.9
3.4
a
3.8
5.7
7.8
3.3
3.0
Denmark
7.3
9.1
75.7
79.6
11.0
11.5
1 943
1 542
15.9
10.8
2.3
4.6
10.4
16.6
3.1
2.6
Finland
9.7
9.0
76.0
76.6
13.9
13.1
2 736
1 769
20.8
17.1
4.0
a
5.0
13.5
a
14.3
3.3
3.1
France
10.9
9.9
78.5
80.9
17.6
16.7
2 817
1 962
14.5
14.7
9.0
a
9.9
..
..
3.3
2.8
Germany
9.5
7.9
52.9
54.6
10.8
8.7
1 814
971
15.3
17.0
4.0
b
3.9
8.4
f
9.2
4.5
a
3.8
Greece
7.8
7.7
70.2
88.0
..
..
1 079
622
27.6
26.5
5.9
6.9
8.5
12.0
3.2
2.9
Hungary
9.9
8.3
84.0
84.8
18.0
15.8
2 807
1 675
14.0
a
13.0
..
4.1
..
16.8
3.6
3.0
Iceland
7.3
7.1
75.2
71.5
16.4
11.1
2 367
1 005
11.0
11.1
3.0
3.3
7.6
8.0
2.4
2.0
Ireland
8.5
8.4
75.6
77.1
13.5
11.4
2 166
1 584
22.4
20.4
4.6
a
5.9
7.6
a
11.2
4.4
..
Italy
7.8
a
6.2
81.7
a
78.1
16.9
a
14.9
2 077
a
1 271
18.8
a
22.0
..
..
37.5
47.9
2.0
1.7
Japan
5.9
a
4.4
54.4
a
35.1
11.6
a
7.0
931
a
394
22.4
a
23.5
5.7
3.0
13.0
13.0
1.5
1.0
Korea
Korea
Japan
Germany
Czech Republic
Denmark
Finland
Iceland
Ireland
Italy
France
Practising
physicians
per 1 000
population
1
Public
expenditure as %
of total public
spending
Canada
Australia
Austria
Belgium
Acute care
beds
per 1 000
population
Average
length of stay
(in-patient care)
days
1992
Total expenditure
per capita USD
2
Greece
Hungary
2002 1992
1992
2002 1992
2002
1992 2002
2002 1992
2002 1992 2002 1992 2002
Total expenditure
as % of GDP
Public
expenditure as %
of total
expenditure on
health
Pharmaceutical
expenditure as %
of total
expenditure on
health
Health expenditure
8
Luxembourg
6.2
6.2
85.4
92.8
12.0
12.4
3 065
1 772
12.0
15.0
d
5.8
6.5
..
16.5
2.6
2.1
Luxembourg
Mexico
6.1
5.6
44.9
43.1
..
..
553
371
19.9
..
1.0
1.1
4.2
4.5
1.5
1.3
Mexico
Netherlands
9.1
8.4
..
72.8
..
11.0
2 643
1 623
10.6
10.5
3.3
a
4.2
33.0
a
33.5
3.1
2.6
d
Netherlands
New Zealand
8.5
7.5
77.9
79.0
..
12.1
1 857
1 091
..
14.2
..
6.9
d
7.5
8.2
2.1
1.9
New Zealand
Norway
8.7
8.2
85.3
84.8
16.1
12.3
3 083
1 643
..
7.5
3.1
3.5
8.4
9.1
g
3.4
2.6
Norway
Poland
6.1
6.2
72.4
76.4
..
..
654
375
..
..
4.6
6.2
7.9
11.8
2.3
2.2
Poland
Portugal
9.3
7.0
70.5
59.6
14.2
9.0
1 702
837
23.4
c
24.7
3.2
a
3.5
8.9
a
10.1
3.2
a
2.9
Portugal
5.7
..
89.1
..
9.1
a
..
698
..
34.0
..
5.5
..
9.5
..
3.6
..
Slovak Republic
7.6
7.2
71.4
77.4
13.7
..
1 646
1 035
21.2
17.8
e
2.8
b
3.2
9.0
b
11.5
2.9
..
Spain
9.2
8.3
85.3
87.2
13.5
..
2 517
1 594
13.3
9.7
2.4
b
3.7
6.2
10.1
3.0
b
2.7
Sweden
11.2
9.3
57.9
53.8
..
..
3 445
2 345
10.6
9.4
3.9
6.3
12.7
..
3.6
3.0
Switzerland
6.6
b
3.8
62.9
b
67.0
..
..
446
b
187
..
20.5
e
2.1
2.0
5.6
6.9
1.3
1.0
Turkey
7.7
6.9
83.4
84.6
15.8
12.8
2 160
1 184
..
14.2
3.9
2.7
8.1
12.5
2.1
1.7
United Kingdom
United States
14.6
13.0
44.9
42.4
18.4
14.4
5 267
3 165
12.4
8.8
2.9
3.6
6.6
8.8
2.4
a
1.9
United States
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/111267076438
..
not available
1.
Head count
2.
Converted using Purchasing Power Parities, see note 1 on page 13
a.
2001
b.
2000
c.
1998
d.
1991
e.
1990
f.
1999
g.
1989
Source: OECD Health Data 2004 , OECD, Paris, 2004.
Turkey
United Kingdom
Slovak Republic
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
9
HEALTH: STATUS
Australia
1.75
a
1.90
5.0
7.0
82.6
80.4
77.4
74.5
20.8
19.2
17.4
15.4
21.4
d
11.9
h
21.9
d
9.8
h
Australia
Austria
1.40
1.51
4.1
7.5
81.7
79.1
75.8
72.5
19.7
18.0
16.3
14.5
9.1
d
9.0
e
9.1
d
8.3
e
Austria
Belgium
1.62
1.65
4.9
9.6
81.1
79.8
75.1
73.1
19.7
18.8
15.8
14.6
12.2
b
..
11.1
b
..
Belgium
Canada
1.50
1.69
5.2
b
6.3
82.2
b
81.2
77.1
b
74.8
20.6
b
20.1
17.1
b
15.9
13.9
b
..
16.0
b
13.3
m
Canada
Czech Republic
1.17
1.72
4.2
9.9
78.7
76.1
72.1
68.4
17.4
15.9
14.0
12.1
16.1
12.0
j
13.4
10.2
j
Czech Republic
Denmark
1.72
1.76
4.4
6.6
79.5
78.0
74.8
72.6
18.3
17.8
15.4
14.2
9.1
a
..
9.8
a
8.2
m
Denmark
Finland
1.72
1.85
3.0
5.2
81.5
79.4
74.9
71.7
19.6
18.1
15.8
13.9
11.7
8.3
12.0
9.0
Finland
France
1.89
1.73
4.2
6.8
82.9
81.4
75.6
73.2
21.3
b
20.3
16.9
b
15.9
9.1
6.8
9.7
6.2
France
Germany
1.31
1.30
4.3
6.2
81.3
b
79.2
75.6
b
72.6
19.6
b
18.1
16.0
b
14.5
11.0
d
..
12.1
d
..
Germany
Greece
1.25
1.38
5.9
8.4
80.7
79.6
75.4
74.7
18.7
d
18.0
16.3
d
15.7
..
..
..
..
Greece
Hungary
1.30
1.78
7.2
14.1
76.7
73.7
68.4
64.6
17.0
15.4
13.1
11.8
18.5
a
..
18.0
a
..
Hungary
Iceland
1.93
2.21
2.2
4.8
82.3
80.7
78.5
76.7
20.3
b
19.1
17.6
b
16.7
12.4
8.5
k
12.4
6.5
h
Iceland
Ireland
1.97
1.99
5.1
6.5
80.3
78.2
75.2
72.7
18.6
17.2
15.3
13.5
9.0
d
..
12.0
d
..
Ireland
Italy
1.26
1.31
4.7
7.9
82.9
80.6
76.8
74.0
20.4
a
19.2
16.5
a
15.4
8.4
a
..
8.8
a
7.2
m
Italy
Japan
1.33
b
1.50
3.0
4.5
85.2
82.2
78.3
76.1
23.0
20.3
18.0
16.3
3.8
3.0
3.4
1.9
Japan
Korea
1.17
1.78
6.2
d
10.0
e
80.0
b
75.9
e
72.8
b
67.7
e
18.4
b
16.4
e
14.6
b
12.6
e
3.5
b
..
2.8
b
..
Korea
1992
1992 2002 1992 2002
1992 2002 1992 2002
Men
At birth
At age 65
2002 1992 2002 1992 2002 1992 2002
Life expectancy
years
Obesity BMI>30
2
Total fertility
rate
1
Infant
mortality
per 1 000 live
births
Women
Men
Women
Men
Women
10
Luxembourg
1.63
1.64
5.1
8.5
81.5
78.5
74.9
71.9
19.9
18.1
15.9
14.0
..
..
..
..
Luxembourg
Mexico
2.40
a
3.14
21.4
30.8
77.1
74.8
72.1
69.3
18.5
18.1
17.0
16.4
28.6
a
..
19.2
a
..
Mexico
Netherlands
1.73
1.59
5.0
6.3
80.7
80.3
76.0
74.3
19.3
19.1
15.6
14.7
11.0
7.9
9.0
4.8
Netherlands
New Zealand
1.90
2.06
6.3
a
7.3
80.9
b
78.9
76.0
b
73.1
19.8
b
18.6
16.5
b
15.0
19.2
f
12.6
h
14.7
f
9.5
h
New Zealand
Norway
1.75
1.88
3.9
b
5.9
81.5
80.3
76.4
74.2
19.7
19.0
16.2
15.0
8.2
..
8.4
..
Norway
Poland
1.24
1.93
7.5
17.3
78.7
75.7
70.4
66.7
17.9
16.1
14.0
12.5
12.4
g
..
10.3
g
..
Poland
Portugal
1.47
1.54
5.0
9.3
80.5
78.1
73.8
70.8
19.0
17.5
15.6
14.3
14.0
d
..
11.4
d
..
Portugal
Slovak Republic
1.19
1.98
7.6
12.6
77.8
76.2
69.9
67.6
17.0
16.7
13.3
13.2
25.4
18.4
j
18.8
19.1
j
Slovak Republic
Spain
1.25
1.32
3.4
7.1
83.1
81.0
75.7
73.8
20.4
a
19.5
16.5
a
15.8
13.5
b
8.9
j
11.8
b
8.7
j
Spain
Sweden
1.65
2.09
2.8
5.3
82.1
80.8
77.7
75.4
20.0
19.2
16.9
15.6
9.8
5.6
h
11.0
5.4
h
Sweden
Switzerland
1.40
1.58
4.5
6.4
83.0
81.3
77.8
74.5
21.0
19.9
17.4
15.7
7.5
4.7
7.9
6.1
Switzerland
Turkey
2.61
c
3.50
39.4
51.9
70.9
69.0
66.2
64.4
14.3
13.9
12.7
12.4
..
..
..
..
Turkey
United Kingdom
1.64
1.79
5.3
6.6
80.4
b
79.0
75.7
b
73.6
18.9
a
18.1
15.7
a
14.3
22.8
16.0
22.1
12.0
United Kingdom
United States
2.03
b
2.05
6.8
b
8.5
79.8
b
79.1
74.4
b
72.3
19.4
b
19.2
16.4
b
15.4
34.0
d
25.9
e
27.7
d
20.6
e
United States
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/625234004034
..
not available
g.
1996
1.
Average number of children per woman aged 15-49
h.
1989
2.
Percentage of females or males with a Body Mass Index over 30 kg/m2
j.
1993
a.
2000
k.
1990
b.
2001
m.
1994
c.
1998
d.
1999
e.
1991
f.
1997
Source: OECD Health Data 2004 , OECD, Paris, 2004.
11
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT, 2003
Australia
569.1
1.9
505.9
28 500
110
25 300
1.37
Australia
Austria
238.1
0.8
253.1
29 500
114
31 300
0.942
Austria
Belgium
294.3
1.0
301.9
28 400
109
29 100
0.909
Belgium
Canada
984.3
3.3
853.8
31 000
119
26 900
1.22
Canada
Czech Republic
170.7
0.6
89.4
16 700
64
8 800
14.8
Czech Republic
Denmark
160.5
0.5
211.9
29 800
115
39 300
8.70
Denmark
Finland
142.7
0.5
161.9
27 400
105
31 100
1.00
Finland
France
1 708.9
5.7
1 757.5
27 800
107
28 600
0.911
France
Germany
2 171.1
7.2
2 403.1
26 300
101
29 100
0.981
Germany
Greece
214.0
0.7
172.2
19 500
75
15 700
0.713
Greece
Hungary
147.7
0.5
82.8
14 600
56
8 200
126
Hungary
Iceland
8.6
0.0
10.5
29 800
115
36 300
93.4
Iceland
Ireland
131.5
0.4
148.9
33 200
128
37 500
1.00
Ireland
Italy
1 514.7
5.1
1 468.3
26 100
100
25 300
0.859
Italy
Japan
3 571.4
11.9
4 300.9
28 000
108
33 700
140
Japan
Korea
974.6
3.3
605.4
20 300
78
12 600
740
Korea
Purchasing
Power Parities
1
USD
Using current PPPs
1
Total
at current market prices
Per capita
at current market prices
Using current PPPs
1
Using current
exchange rates
USD
Billion USD
% of OECD Total
Using current
exchange rates
billion USD
OECD = 100
12
Luxembourg
22.9
0.1
26.5
50 900
196
58 900
1.03
Luxembourg
Mexico
969.5
3.2
625.6
9 400
36
6 100
6.96
Mexico
Netherlands
472.8
1.6
512.2
29 100
112
31 500
0.960
Netherlands
New Zealand
92.1
0.3
78.2
22 800
88
19 400
1.46
New Zealand
Norway
164.6
0.5
220.9
36 100
139
48 400
9.50
Norway
Poland
437.6
1.5
209.5
11 500
44
5 500
1.86
Poland
Portugal
191.9
0.6
147.7
18 400
71
14 100
0.682
Portugal
Slovak Republic
69.8
0.2
32.5
13 000
50
6 000
17.1
Slovak Republic
Spain
946.0
3.2
838.6
23 200
89
20 500
0.785
Spain
Sweden
251.3
0.8
301.6
28 100
108
33 700
9.71
Sweden
Switzerland
226.4
0.8
319.9
30 400
117
43 000
1.90
Switzerland
Turkey
2
482.9
1.6
239.7
6 800
26
3 400
745 064
Turkey
2
United Kingdom
1 720.3
5.7
1 795.0
29 000
112
30 200
0.639
United Kingdom
United States
10 933.5
36.5
10 933.5
37 600
145
37 600
1.00
United States
G7
22 604.1
75.4
23 512.0
31 700
122
33 000
-
G7
Euro area
8 049.0
26.8
8 191.7
26 100
100
26 500
0.902
Euro area
EU-15
10 181.0
34.0
10 500.2
26 600
102
27 500
0.913
EU-15
OECD Total
29 983.7
100.0
29 608.7
26 000
100
25 600
-
OECD Total
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/012464475203
Data are OECD estimates
-
not applicable
1.
2.
According to the 1968 System of National Accounts
Sources: National Accounts of OECD Countries , OECD, Paris, 2004.
Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs) are the rate of currency conversion which eliminates the
differences in price levels between countries. They are used to compare the volume of GDP in
different countries. PPPs are obtained by evaluating the costs of a basket of goods and services
between countries for all components of GDP; PPPs are given in national currency units per US
dollar (in euro per US dollar for euro area countries)
13
ECONOMIC GROWTH AND PERFORMANCE
Australia
3.5
2.4
2.8
4.0
2.5
14.5
16.7
1.5
- 2.5
2.8
Australia
Austria
2.1
0.7
1.4
0.8
0.1
- 2.8
- 0.6
3.3
2.2
8.2
Austria
Belgium
2.2
1.1
0.7
0.4
1.9
- 2.5
..
3.4
3.6
9.2
Belgium
Canada
3.6
1.8
3.3
3.3
3.0
1.3
3.6
1.7
4.4
8.7
Canada
Czech Republic
2.2
2.9
2.0
4.0
5.7
0.6
- 0.8
..
- 2.3
4.0
b
Czech Republic
Denmark
2.5
0.4
1.0
0.6
2.1
4.5
1.6
4.4
5.7
6.8
Denmark
Finland
3.6
1.9
2.3
1.5
3.8
- 3.1
- 2.4
3.3
8.4
10.3
Finland
France
2.1
0.5
1.2
1.5
4.6
- 1.6
- 3.2
2.3
1.9
6.7
France
Germany
1.4
- 0.1
0.2
- 1.0
1.7
- 6.7
- 5.8
2.6
4.3
6.0
Germany
Greece
3.3
4.3
3.9
2.8
5.8
5.7
3.6
..
- 6.8
10.0
Greece
Hungary
3.5
2.9
3.5
10.2
5.0
8.0
..
..
- 2.3
..
Hungary
Iceland
3.5
4.0
- 0.5
- 1.0
3.9
- 15.1
- 11.8
2.1
2.0
4.0
Iceland
Ireland
7.8
1.8
6.9
2.0
10.7
1.5
5.1
1.9
18.7
10.2
Ireland
Italy
1.7
0.3
0.4
0.5
1.9
1.2
3.3
3.2
1.0
6.3
Italy
Japan
1.3
2.7
- 0.4
0.9
2.4
- 6.1
- 3.3
2.7
1.3
6.0
Japan
Net
National
Saving
% of GDP
at current
prices
2002
1993-2003
2001-2002
Business
Sector
Capital-
Output
ratio
2003
Trade
balance
(goods and
services)
% of GDP
at current
prices
2002
Private final
consumption
expenditure
Government
final
consumption
expenditure
Housing and
other
construction
GDP growth
Average annual volume change
%
GDP growth by component
Volume change 2001-2002
%
Gross fixed capital formation
Total
2002-2003
14
Korea
5.2
2.7
6.3
6.8
2.9
4.8
3.3
..
1.4
17.8
Korea
Luxembourg
4.5
2.1
1.7
2.7
3.2
- 1.4
0.7
..
17.9
..
Luxembourg
Mexico
2.5
1.5
0.7
1.2
- 1.3
- 1.0
2.4
..
- 1.9
8.7
Mexico
Netherlands
2.9
- 0.5
0.2
0.8
3.8
- 4.5
- 3.7
2.5
5.1
7.0
Netherlands
New Zealand
3.1
2.7
4.3
3.8
5.1
8.5
3.7
a
1.8
1.6
4.8
c
New Zealand
Norway
3.2
0.3
1.4
3.6
3.1
- 3.4
- 2.2
1.5
13.8
17.9
Norway
Poland
4.4
3.7
1.4
3.4
0.6
- 5.8
- 2.1
..
- 3.3
..
Poland
Portugal
3.0
- 0.8
0.4
0.6
2.4
- 5.6
- 3.4
..
- 7.3
0.7
Portugal
Slovak Republic
4.3
4.2
4.4
5.3
4.7
- 0.9
- 8.2
..
- 7.1
- 0.2
c
Slovak Republic
Spain
3.2
2.4
2.0
2.6
4.4
1.0
4.3
2.4
- 1.5
8.7
Spain
Sweden
2.9
1.6
2.1
1.4
3.2
- 3.0
1.9
2.9
6.5
8.8
Sweden
Switzerland
1.8
- 0.5
0.2
0.7
0.8
- 4.8
- 3.4
a
3.5
7.3
13.5
c
Switzerland
Turkey
1
2.7
5.8
7.9
2.1
5.4
- 1.1
- 6.4
..
- 1.5
10.7
Turkey
1
United Kingdom
2.9
2.2
1.6
3.4
2.5
1.8
6.7
2.3
- 3.0
3.7
United Kingdom
United States
3.2
2.9
2.4
3.1
4.8
- 2.1
- 2.8
1.2
- 4.1
1.8
United States
G7
2.4
2.2
1.4
2.1
3.5
- 3.1
- 2.3
..
- 1.2
3.9
G7
EU-15
2.1
0.5
0.9
0.6
3.0
- 2.5
..
..
2.5
..
EU-15
Euro Area
2.3
0.9
1.1
1.2
2.9
- 1.7
..
..
1.7
..
Euro Area
OECD Total
2.6
2.1
1.6
2.2
3.4
- 2.4
..
..
- 0.7
..
OECD Total
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/310741544327
..
not available
c. 2001
1.
According to the 1968 System of National Accounts
a.
2000-2001
Sources:
National Accounts of OECD Countries , OECD, Paris, 2004;
b.
2000
OECD Economic Outlook , no 75, OECD, Paris, April 2004.
15
EMPLOYMENT
Australia
10 016
16.5
66.9
61.7
9 396
23.3
4.0
5.4
21.2
23.6
74.8
71.1
24.6
25.7
b
Australia
Austria
3 967
6.2
64.7
58.7
3 763
5.3
5.6
7.0
29.6
35.1
64.8
57.9
10.9
9.1
Austria
Belgium
4 531
5.9
59.1
55.2
3 981
7.7
2.2
2.5
24.0
27.3
73.8
70.2
8.3
7.8
Belgium
Canada
17 102
17.3
73.0
67.7
15 746
22.5
2.8
4.3
22.5
21.6
74.7
74.0
19.9
a
18.5
b
Canada
Czech Republic
5 132
0.8
63.1
64.8
4 698
- 2.2
4.5
7.8
39.7
43.5
55.8
48.7
1.9
1.0
Czech Republic
Denmark
2 850
- 1.5
75.1
78.3
2 665
4.4
3.1
5.2
24.1
26.3
72.9
68.5
3.6
2.6
Denmark
Finland
2 620
4.6
72.5
70.0
2 356
14.3
5.1
8.9
26.3
26.6
68.5
64.5
1.8
..
Finland
France
27 215
7.7
63.9
60.0
24 271
11.0
3.6
5.0
23.4
27.2
73.0
67.8
6.2
6.0
France
Germany
39 507
- 0.1
65.0
61.4
35 615
- 1.0
2.5
3.5
31.9
38.9
65.6
57.6
9.2
..
Germany
Greece
4 507
9.6
52.0
43.8
4 104
10.5
16.5
21.3
22.3
24.2
61.1
54.5
9.5
..
Greece
Hungary
4 166
- 4.1
53.8
55.0
3 877
2.8
5.5
9.3
33.7
34.3
60.8
56.5
1.0
0.3
Hungary
Iceland
162
12.5
81.1
80.1
157
14.4
7.3
9.2
23.1
25.0
69.6
65.8
..
..
Iceland
Ireland
1 860
32.6
58.2
46.3
1 771
50.9
6.4
12.8
27.8
27.4
65.8
59.9
5.4
3.0
Ireland
Italy
24 229
5.3
48.8
42.5
21 822
7.5
4.9
7.3
32.2
34.5
62.9
58.2
3.8
1.4
Italy
Japan
66 660
0.8
64.2
61.8
63 160
- 2.1
4.6
5.9
28.8
34.3
66.6
59.8
0.3
0.1
Japan
Korea
22 916
15.7
55.9
51.8
22 139
15.1
8.8
13.5
27.6
34.0
63.6
52.5
0.6
0.1
c
Korea
2 002.0
1 992.0
Foreign labour
force
1
% of total labour force
2002 1992
Total labour force
Civilian employment
Thousands
2003
Change
2003/93
%
Female participation
rate
2
%
2003
1993
Services
%
2003
1993
2003
1993
Industry
%
Agriculture, forestry
and fishing
%
2003
1993
thousands
2003
Change
2003/93
%
16
Luxembourg
302
45.8
82.9
54.4
294
44.9
1.3
3.0
21.5
29.1
77.2
67.9
62.1
49.2
Luxembourg
Mexico
40 745
25.8
41.9
38.8
39 712
26.7
16.3
25.7
25.0
22.5
58.7
51.9
..
..
Mexico
Netherlands
8 287
17.0
67.0
56.0
7 990
21.6
3.0
3.9
20.3
24.0
76.6
72.2
3.7
..
Netherlands
New Zealand
2 024
20.3
68.8
62.2
1 921
27.0
8.2
10.5
22.3
23.4
69.5
66.0
19.9
a
..
New Zealand
Norway
2 375
11.5
76.1
70.8
2 250
14.2
3.7
5.6
21.6
23.1
74.7
71.3
6.1
2.3
Norway
Poland
17 009
- 1.8
58.1
62.8
13 617
- 8.6
18.4
24.8
28.6
31.5
53.0
43.7
..
..
Poland
Portugal
5 419
15.1
69.4
60.6
5 030
13.8
12.7
11.6
32.6
33.0
54.7
55.4
5.3
1.3
Portugal
Slovak Republic
2 634
..
63.2
..
2 165
..
5.8
..
38.3
..
55.9
..
0.1
0.2
c
Slovak Republic
Spain
18 822
17.3
53.4
43.9
16 607
36.1
5.7
9.8
30.8
31.1
63.6
59.1
4.5
0.9
Spain
Sweden
4 497
2.7
75.4
76.7
4 234
6.8
2.1
3.5
22.7
25.6
75.2
71.0
4.9
5.3
Sweden
Switzerland
4 349
5.1
78.0
74.6
4 177
4.9
4.1
4.5
23.9
28.0
72.0
67.5
18.1
a
18.3
Switzerland
Turkey
24 141
16.0
28.9
28.9
21 147
14.3
33.9
42.5
22.8
22.6
43.4
34.9
..
..
Turkey
United Kingdom
30 178
6.1
68.7
66.3
28 623
12.8
1.2
2.0
23.5
29.4
75.2
68.5
4.6
3.6
United Kingdom
United States
147 701
14.0
70.4
69.0
137 736
14.5
1.7
2.7
20.0
24.0
78.3
73.2
14.1
9.8
c
United States
G7
352 592
8.0
66.4
63.3
326 973
8.6
2.7
4.0
24.5
29.3
72.8
66.7
..
..
G7
EU-15
178 791
6.7
61.7
56.6
163 125
10.5
3.9
5.5
27.6
31.8
68.5
62.7
..
..
EU-15
OECD Total
545 923
..
60.7
..
505 021
..
6.2
..
25.1
..
68.6
..
..
..
OECD Total
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/822200855778
..
not available
b.
1991
1.
c.
1994
2.
Defined as female labour force of all ages divided by female population aged 15-64
a.
2001
Sources: Labour Force Statistics: 1983-2003 , OECD, Paris, 2004;
Trends in International Migration: SOPEMI , OECD, Paris, 2004.
Data for Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States relate to
the foreign-born population
17
PART-TIME AND SELF-EMPLOYMENT
Australia
27.9
a
24.3
a
16.5
a
12.7
a
42.2
a
40.1
a
67.2
a
69.9
a
13.0
15.9
Australia
Austria
13.6
..
3.2
..
26.1
..
87.3
..
10.6
10.0
Austria
Belgium
17.7
14.7
5.9
4.3
33.4
30.2
81.0
82.4
14.5
e
14.6
Belgium
Canada
18.8
19.3
11.0
11.3
27.9
29.1
68.9
68.2
9.5
10.0
Canada
Czech Republic
3.2
3.6
1.6
2.0
5.3
5.8
71.9
68.8
16.4
9.0
Czech Republic
Denmark
15.8
19.0
10.5
10.6
21.9
28.5
64.2
70.2
8.1
8.9
Denmark
Finland
11.3
8.9
8.0
6.5
15.0
11.5
63.5
62.6
12.3
14.4
Finland
France
12.9
13.2
4.7
4.9
22.8
23.7
80.0
79.0
8.7
b
11.4
France
Germany
19.6
12.8
5.9
2.5
36.3
27.2
83.3
88.5
10.3
8.9
Germany
Greece
5.6
7.1
2.9
4.4
9.9
12.3
67.9
60.3
32.0
b
34.7
Greece
Hungary
3.5
..
2.1
..
5.1
..
69.0
..
12.8
16.7
Hungary
Iceland
20.1
b
22.4
10.2
b
8.5
31.2
b
38.6
73.1
b
79.7
16.3
b
15.2
Iceland
Ireland
18.1
13.1
8.1
6.0
34.7
25.5
72.1
71.0
16.4
21.6
Ireland
Italy
12.0
10.0
4.9
4.5
23.6
20.5
74.7
71.0
23.1
23.6
Italy
Japan
26.0
a,c
21.1
a,c
14.7
a,c
11.4
a,c
42.2
a,c
35.2
a,c
66.7
a,c
67.7
a,c
10.4
12.6
Japan
Korea
7.7
a
4.5
a
5.3
a
2.9
a
11.2
a
6.9
a
59.4
a
61.5
a
27.3
27.3
Korea
Female part-time
employment
% of total part-time
employment
Self-employment
% of total employment
Part-time employment
1
as % of total employment
Both sexes
Men
Women
2003 1993 2003 1993
2003 1993
2003 1993 2003 1993
18
Luxembourg
12.6
b
9.8
2.3
b
1.9
28.1
b
23.8
89.1
b
87.4
6.8
8.0
Luxembourg
Mexico
13.4
..
7.0
..
25.7
..
65.7
..
29.7
32.0
Mexico
Netherlands
34.5
27.9
14.8
10.9
59.6
53.3
76.0
76.5
10.7
b
10.2
Netherlands
New Zealand
22.3
20.6
10.9
9.3
35.8
35.1
73.3
74.8
18.6
20.0
New Zealand
Norway
21.0
22.0
9.9
7.8
33.4
38.7
75.2
80.8
7.0
8.8
Norway
Poland
11.5
..
7.1
..
16.8
..
66.2
..
21.7
24.4
Poland
Portugal
10.0
8.8
5.9
4.3
14.9
14.4
68.3
72.6
24.8
24.3
Portugal
Slovak Republic
2.3
..
1.3
..
3.6
..
69.1
..
9.6
..
Slovak Republic
Spain
7.8
6.0
2.5
2.1
16.5
13.9
80.7
76.9
16.8
21.0
Spain
Sweden
14.1
15.4
7.9
6.6
20.6
24.6
70.8
78.0
9.4
10.3
Sweden
Switzerland
25.1
23.2
8.1
6.9
45.8
45.0
82.2
83.0
9.7
9.5
Switzerland
Turkey
6.0
8.9
3.6
5.4
12.3
18.9
56.9
55.1
29.1
29.8
Turkey
United Kingdom
23.3
22.1
9.6
6.7
40.1
41.0
77.3
83.5
12.0
12.5
United Kingdom
United States
13.2
d
14.7
d
8.0
d
9.4
d
18.8
d
20.5
d
68.8
d
67.2
d
7.1
b
8.4
United States
G7
16.0
11.6
7.7
5.3
26.1
19.6
73.5
74.3
9.8
10.9
G7
EU-15
16.6
14.1
6.3
4.7
30.1
27.7
78.5
80.6
13.8
13.7
EU-15
OECD Total
14.8
11.6
7.2
5.3
24.8
20.1
72.3
73.5
14.1
..
OECD Total
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/756051863114
..
not available
e. 1999
1.
Less than 30 usual hours worked per week in the main job
a.
Actual hours worked
b.
2002
Sources: OECD Database on Full-time / Part-time Employment;
c.
Based on 35 hours worked or less per week
Annual Labour Force Statistics: 1983-2003 , OECD, Paris, 2004;
d.
Dependent employment
OECD Employment Outlook , OECD, Paris, July 2004.
19
UNEMPLOYMENT
Australia
5.7
10.7
5.8
9.8
5.6
11.4
22.5
36.5
11.6
18.6
11.1
16.8
12.0
20.2
Australia
Austria
4.3
4.3
4.2
4.5
4.4
4.1
24.5
..
7.5
..
6.8
..
8.1
..
Austria
Belgium
10.1
a
12.1
12.7
a
16.1
7.9
a
9.1
46.3
53.0
19.0
18.4
17.5
19.6
20.1
17.4
Belgium
Canada
7.6
11.4
7.2
10.6
8.0
12.0
10.1
16.4
13.8
17.1
11.9
14.3
15.6
19.6
Canada
Czech Republic
7.8
4.4
9.9
5.4
6.2
3.5
49.9
18.5
17.6
8.4
18.8
10.5
16.6
7.0
Czech Republic
Denmark
5.6
10.8
6.2
11.2
5.1
10.5
19.9
25.2
9.8
14.6
9.0
14.7
10.6
14.4
Denmark
Finland
9.1
16.4
8.9
14.4
9.2
18.2
24.7
30.6
21.6
33.7
21.5
30.4
21.7
36.7
Finland
France
9.0
b
11.7
10.0
b
13.4
8.1
b
10.2
33.8
b
34.2
20.2
b
24.6
22.8
b
28.4
18.2
b
21.4
France
Germany
9.3
8.0
8.8
9.6
9.7
6.7
50.0
40.3
10.6
7.6
8.6
7.8
12.4
7.4
Germany
Greece
9.6
b
9.7
14.6
b
15.2
6.2
b
6.4
56.5
50.9
25.1
28.8
34.1
38.8
17.8
20.1
Greece
Hungary
5.9
12.1
5.6
10.4
6.2
13.5
42.2
33.5
13.4
22.9
12.9
18.2
13.8
26.8
Hungary
Iceland
3.3
b
5.3
2.9
b
5.6
3.6
b
5.0
11.1
b
12.2
7.2
b
10.0
4.4
b
9.7
9.7
b
10.2
Iceland
Ireland
4.4
15.8
3.9
15.8
4.8
15.8
35.4
59.1
7.6
25.3
6.5
23.2
8.6
27.1
Ireland
Italy
8.8
10.2
11.6
14.6
6.9
7.6
58.2
57.7
26.3
28.8
30.9
35.3
23.0
24.1
Italy
Japan
5.3
2.5
4.9
2.6
5.5
2.4
33.5
15.6
10.1
5.1
8.6
5.3
11.6
4.9
Japan
6.254
2.569
2003 1993
2003 1993
2003 1993 2003 1993
2003 1993
Both sexes
% of civilian
labour force
Women
% of civilian
female labour force
Men
% of civilian
male labour force
Unemployment rates
1
Long-term
unemployment
(12 months or more)
%
of total
unemployment
Youth unemployment rates
(under 25)
% of youth labour force
Both sexes
Women
Men
1993
2003 1993 2003
20
Korea
3.4
2.9
3.1
2.3
3.6
3.3
0.6
2.6
9.6
8.9
8.5
7.1
11.3
11.9
Korea
Luxembourg
2.5
1.7
2.8
2.1
2.3
1.5
27.4
b
31.6
7.0
b
4.4
5.3
b
3.8
9.0
b
5.0
Luxembourg
Mexico
2.5
3.2
2.6
4.0
2.5
2.9
1.0
..
5.3
5.4
6.2
6.4
4.9
4.9
Mexico
Netherlands
3.2
b
6.2
3.6
b
7.6
2.8
b
5.3
29.2
52.4
5.9
b
9.7
5.5
b
9.7
6.3
b
9.7
Netherlands
New Zealand
4.7
9.5
5.0
8.9
4.4
10.0
13.3
33.2
10.2
17.2
10.4
15.9
10.1
18.4
New Zealand
Norway
4.5
6.1
4.0
5.2
5.0
6.8
6.4
27.2
11.7
13.9
10.7
13.2
12.7
14.5
Norway
Poland
19.6
14.0
20.4
15.6
19.0
12.7
49.7
39.1
43.0
30.0
44.3
32.5
42.0
28.0
Poland
Portugal
6.4
5.5
7.3
6.5
5.6
4.7
32.0
43.5
14.6
12.1
16.9
14.7
12.6
10.0
Portugal
Slovak Republic
17.5
..
17.7
..
17.3
..
61.1
..
33.1
..
31.6
..
34.3
..
Slovak Republic
Spain
11.3
22.8
15.9
29.4
8.2
18.9
39.8
50.1
22.7
41.0
27.2
47.3
19.4
36.3
Spain
Sweden
5.8
9.5
5.3
7.7
6.4
11.2
17.8
15.8
13.8
22.7
12.7
19.1
14.8
26.1
Sweden
Switzerland
4.0
3.8
3.3
b
4.6
2.9
b
3.2
27.0
20.3
8.6
6.4
8.8
5.9
8.5
6.9
Switzerland
Turkey
10.5
8.9
10.1
9.3
10.7
8.8
24.4
46.6
20.5
17.8
18.9
15.9
21.5
18.7
Turkey
United Kingdom
4.9
10.4
4.1
7.6
5.5
12.5
23.0
42.5
11.5
17.4
9.5
13.2
13.2
20.8
United Kingdom
United States
6.0
6.9
5.7
6.6
6.3
7.2
11.8
11.5
12.4
13.4
11.4
12.3
13.4
14.3
United States
G7
6.6
7.2
6.5
7.5
6.7
7.0
28.4
27.0
13.0
13.5
12.0
13.0
13.9
13.9
G7
EU-15
8.0
10.8
8.9
12.2
7.3
9.8
41.9
44.1
15.3
20.5
15.5
21.6
15.2
19.6
EU-15
OECD Total
6.9
..
7.1
..
6.7
..
30.3
31.9
13.5
14.4
13.0
14.4
13.9
14.4
OECD Total
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/674083110630
..
not available
1.
National definitions
a.
2000
Sources: OECD Databases on Labour Force Statistics and Unemployment by Duration;
b.
2002
Annual Labour Force Statistics: 1983-2003 , OECD, Paris, 2004;
OECD Employment Outlook , OECD, Paris, July 2004.
21
SECTORAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO GROSS VALUE ADDED
1
Australia
2.9
3.7
25.9
28.1
11.7
13.7
71.2
68.3
Australia
Austria
2.4
3.1
32.0
33.0
21.6
21.7
65.6
63.9
Austria
Belgium
1.3
2.1
27.0
30.1
19.3
21.0
g
71.7
67.8
Belgium
Canada
2.3
a
2.8
33.9
a
29.1
19.7
a
15.7
63.8
a
68.1
Canada
Czech Republic
3.8
4.9
39.6
49.3
27.5
31.0
56.7
45.8
Czech Republic
Denmark
2.5
3.8
26.4
26.4
16.2
17.9
71.2
69.8
Denmark
Finland
3.6
5.2
31.8
30.2
24.0
21.2
64.6
64.6
Finland
France
2.6
3.4
25.3
29.2
18.2
19.9
72.1
67.5
France
Germany
1.2
1.4
29.7
36.7
22.9
26.8
69.2
62.0
Germany
Greece
7.3
10.5
23.2
25.5
12.2
13.4
g
69.5
64.0
Greece
Hungary
3.8
7.2
31.0
33.8
22.2
23.6
g
65.3
58.9
Hungary
Iceland
9.8
b
12.0
28.5
b
28.8
15.0
b
16.3
h
61.8
b
59.3
Iceland
Ireland
3.3
9.0
42.0
36.1
32.2
27.6
54.7
55.0
Ireland
Italy
2.7
3.6
28.3
32.4
20.4
23.1
69.0
64.1
Italy
Japan
3
1.3
2.2
30.7
37.9
20.8
25.7
68.0
59.9
Japan
3
Korea
4
4.1
7.7
42.5
44.8
30.4
29.6
53.4
47.6
Korea
4
Luxembourg
0.7
1.3
20.3
28.1
11.4
18.2
79.0
70.6
Luxembourg
Services
2
%
2002 1992 2002
Agriculture
%
Industry
%
Total
Manufacturing
2002 1992
1992 2002
1992
22
Mexico
3.9
6.7
26.5
28.1
18.5
20.3
69.6
65.2
Mexico
Netherlands
2.6
4.1
25.8
29.4
15.2
18.3
71.6
66.5
Netherlands
New Zealand
7.0
c
7.8
25.3
c
27.1
16.8
c
18.7
67.8
c
65.1
New Zealand
Norway
1.7
3.2
37.9
34.2
11.1
12.8
60.4
62.7
Norway
Poland
3.1
6.6
30.0
41.2
17.4
22.2
g
66.9
52.2
Poland
Portugal
3.8
6.5
28.8
30.3
18.2
b
20.3
67.4
63.3
Portugal
Slovak Republic
4.5
6.3
d
31.7
36.4
d
22.3
20.4
d
63.8
57.3
d
Slovak Republic
Spain
3.4
4.7
29.7
32.9
17.5
19.5
g
67.0
62.4
Spain
Sweden
1.9
2.8
28.2
28.8
21.1
b
19.7
d
70.0
68.4
Sweden
Switzerland
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Switzerland
Turkey
4,5,6
12.0
15.6
30.5
33.7
..
..
57.5
50.8
Turkey
4,5,6
United Kingdom
1.0
1.8
27.0
31.9
17.4
b
21.2
72.1
66.3
United Kingdom
United States
7
1.6
b
2.0
22.8
b,e
26.0
e
14.2
b,f
17.3
f
75.6
b,e,j
72.0
e,j
United States
7
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/021773332657
..
not available
a.
2000
h.
1997
1.
b.
2001
j.
Includes government enterprises
c.
1998
d.
1993
2.
Excluding financial intermediation services indirectly measured (FISIM)
e.
3.
Value added is estimated approximately at market prices
4.
Value added is estimated at producer’s prices
f.
Contribution to GDP instead of value added
5.
According to 1968 SNA
g.
1995
6.
According to ISIC Rev.2
7.
Value added is estimated at factor cost
Source: National Accounts of OECD Countries , OECD, Paris, 2004.
According to the 1993 System of National Accounts (SNA) and the
International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), Revision 3 (1990).
Value added is estimated at basic prices and excludes FISIM (see note 2)
Sanitary and similar services are included under
industry
23
AGRICULTURE
Australia
3.6
a
52.5
a
47.5
a
39.8
a
28.4
a
19.5
35.6
4.4
4.8
Australia
Austria
1.2
50.0
50.0
54.1
52.0
5.7
3.9
6.8
7.0
Austria
Belgium
1.1
47.5
52.5
61.1
26.9
a
8.7
10.6
e
8.5
11.7
e
Belgium
Canada
1.1
48.3
51.7
71.3
29.5
6.6
7.8
5.9
6.0
Canada
Czech Republic
1.3
50.7
49.3
71.7
36.5
3.6
8.1
f
5.5
9.3
f
Czech Republic
Denmark
1.8
39.3
60.7
60.6
39.7
18.7
27.9
10.7
11.1
Denmark
Finland
1.2
43.9
56.1
61.9
60.3
2.6
3.9
6.2
6.9
Finland
France
2.1
60.2
39.8
51.2
28.2
11.5
16.8
8.4
11.5
France
Germany
0.8
51.5
48.5
60.6
36.1
4.7
5.4
g
8.2
13.3
g
Germany
Greece
6.5
75.5
24.5
24.1
12.0
a
24.3
29.8
12.5
18.5
Greece
Hungary
3.1
51.6
48.4
65.4
43.7
7.8
22.9
f
3.6
7.0
f
Hungary
Iceland
1.4
a
11.9
88.1
52.1
a
..
1.7
2.1
9.1
9.2
Iceland
Ireland
2.0
22.4
77.6
54.4
20.8
a,c
7.0
26.7
7.3
13.1
Ireland
Italy
2.3
66.2
33.8
33.3
33.3
7.0
6.9
9.2
16.2
Italy
Japan
1.0
a
72.8
a
27.2
a
46.9
a
74.4
a
0.4
0.5
10.2
14.7
Japan
Korea
3.4
69.8
30.2
35.8
21.4
a,c
1.0
1.4
f
5.9
7.6
f
Korea
Luxembourg
0.6
36.5
63.5
50.4
44.1
a
7.0
10.6
10.7
11.7
Luxembourg
Mexico
3.6
a
45.2
54.8
35.2
a
3.7
d,c
4.9
6.7
f
6.7
9.2
f
Mexico
Netherlands
2.0
56.1
43.9
54.8
37.7
19.9
23.6
12.0
15.8
Netherlands
Production
1
2002
Trade
2
Gross value
added
% of GDP
Total output
Crop
% of agricultural
goods output
Animal
% of agricultural
goods output
Intermediate
consumption
% of total output
Gross fixed
capital formation
% of gross value
added
Exports
, % of total
Imports
, % of total
1986-88
annual average
1986-88
annual average
2002 2002
24
New Zealand
8.0
b
17.2
b
82.8
b
40.2
b
12.1
d
48.9
60.4
8.8
7.1
New Zealand
Norway
0.5
40.9
59.1
68.0
66.7
1.2
2.4
7.3
6.4
Norway
Poland
2.4
50.4
49.6
62.9
10.9
7.5
12.2
f
6.3
11.9
f
Poland
Portugal
2.5
59.3
40.7
47.8
22.6
6.6
7.0
10.9
13.7
Portugal
Slovak Republic
2.1
44.9
55.1
68.6
15.4
3.7
..
6.0
..
Slovak Republic
Spain
3.4
63.9
36.1
36.4
12.9
14.1
16.6
8.5
11.6
Spain
Sweden
0.6
46.8
53.2
68.7
53.3
2.8
2.2
7.0
7.0
Sweden
Switzerland
1.1
47.6
52.4
59.1
36.7
2.6
3.4
6.2
7.8
Switzerland
Turkey
11.5
67.5
32.5
35.4
..
10.8
27.6
6.2
7.8
Turkey
United Kingdom
0.7
40.1
59.9
54.7
22.6
5.1
7.6
8.4
11.9
United Kingdom
United States
0.9
55.2
44.8
53.1
25.5
8.1
13.1
3.9
5.9
United States
G7
1.2
a
55.6
a
44.4
a
50.9
a
33.5
a
5.9
7.9
6.8
10.4
G7
EU-15
1.6
56.8
43.2
48.2
..
8.0
10.6
8.2
12.4
EU-15
OECD Total
1.8
b
57.3
b
42.7
b
47.1
b
..
6.8
9.8
h
6.7
10.3
h
OECD Total
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/786024861384
..
not available
f.
Annual average 1992-94
1.
g. Former West Germany only
h.
2.
Food and agricultural raw materials as percentage of total merchandise trade
a.
2001
b.
2000
c.
Data for Gross fixed capital formation is National Account data
d.
1999
Sources: Economic Accounts for Agriculture , OECD database;
e.
Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union (BLEU)
Data for Mexico are values form the National Accounts; values for G7 and OECD
total are calculated on the basis of 2000 data and 2001 data respectively shown in
this table
Excluding Mexico, Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic and
Korea
Agricultural Policies in OECD countries: At a glance 2004 , OECD, Paris, 2004.
25
AGRICULTURE: SUPPORT ESTIMATES, 2003
Australia
4
1.0
0.8
- 2
- 0.1
- 0.1
0.3
Australia
Canada
21
5.6
4.5
- 15
- 2.7
- 2.4
0.9
Canada
Czech Republic
27
1.1
0.9
- 18
- 0.7
- 0.6
1.5
Czech Republic
Hungary
27
1.6
1.9
- 16
- 0.7
- 0.9
2.4
Hungary
Iceland
70
0.2
0.2
- 55
- 0.1
- 0.1
1.9
Iceland
Japan
58
44.7
42.8
- 53
- 57.6
- 53.5
1.3
Japan
Korea
60
17.0
18.4
- 59
- 20.1
- 22.1
3.9
Korea
Mexico
19
6.0
8.8
- 15
- 4.3
- 7.4
1.1
Mexico
New Zealand
2
0.2
0.1
- 9
- 0.2
- 0.1
0.4
New Zealand
Norway
72
3.0
2.7
- 56
- 1.4
- 1.2
1.5
Norway
Poland
9
1.2
2.0
- 6
- 0.7
- 1.1
0.7
Poland
Producer support estimate
1
Total in billion USD
2003
Total in billion USD
2003 2002
Consumer support estimate
2
% of value of
production
2002
% of value of
consumption
Total support
estimate
3
% of GDP
26
Slovak Republic
21
0.4
0.4
- 13
- 0.2
- 0.2
1.5
Slovak Republic
Switzerland
74
5.5
5.0
- 61
- 3.8
- 3.4
2.0
Switzerland
Turkey
26
9.5
5.6
- 26
- 7.8
- 3.9
4.4
Turkey
United States
18
38.9
40.8
5
8.7
6.4
0.9
United States
EU-15
37
121.4
94.8
- 30
-62.2
- 49.3
1.3
EU-15
OECD Total
32
257.3
229.7
- 24
- 153.8
- 139.9
1.2
OECD Total
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/136321710456
1.
2.
3.
Source: Agricultural Policies in OECD Countries , OECD, Paris, 2004.
The value of gross transfers from domestic consumers and taxpayers to
support agricultural producers (when negative the PSE is an implicit tax on
agriculture).
The value of gross transfers to consumers of agricultural commodities
arising from policy measures which support agriculture (when negative the
CSE is an implicit tax on consumption).
The value of all gross transfers from taxpayers and consumers arising from
policy measures which support agriculture.
27
BUSINESS STATISTICS, 2001
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
Australia
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Australia
Austria
92
1.8
608
- 0.2
26
2.1
40
2.1
504
1.3
64
3.1
23
8.1
249
6.5
47
7.7
Austria
Belgium
159
- 1.2
637
0.3
38
1.1
52
3.8
446
3.6
140
..
45
7.1
371
1.4
91
6.9
Belgium
Canada
375
- 7.3
1 976
0.9
54
1.2
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Canada
Czech Republic
54
13.0
1 247
0.9 132
- 8.7
13
5.9
498
0.0
206
- 12.4
10
22.5
268
5.1
201
5.1
Czech Republic
Denmark
68
4.2
468
- 1.7
20
- 3.0
35
- 47.7
408
- 0.8
49
- 3.1
27
10.6
281
7.6
66
2.9
Denmark
Finland
92
a
2.5
425
a
2.7
26
a
- 0.1
19
5.6
224
1.8
48
- 1.8
15
1.2
167
- 2.9
43
2.5
Finland
France
785
0.1
3 981
1.2 250
- 0.4
249
4.9
2 893
2.4
626
0.6
271
4.2
2 676
5.2
468
5.0
France
Germany
1 175
0.0
7 344
- 2.3 219
- 5.4
250
- 2.9
3 905
- 3.7
421
- 6.6
298
14.0
3 140
22.9
506
26.9
Germany
Greece
22
b
- 0.3
216
b
0.0
5
b
- 1.3
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Greece
Hungary
41
11.9
753
0.0
15
2.8
7
22.5
292
3.5
18
6.3
4
32.9
145
5.0
8
11.2
Hungary
Iceland
3
c
- 2.3
22
c
3.0
3
c
1.6
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Iceland
Ireland
88
- 0.2
250
- 1.8
5
0.0
12
9.4
203
10.1
27
5.7
13
31.6
120
11.2
20
20.2
Ireland
Italy
713
- 1.1
4 003
- 0.4 555
- 1.0
254
1.3
1 472
2.7 1 315
- 0.5
147
8.3
1 143
8.1
863
7.2
Italy
Japan
2 358
- 15.4
8 477
- 6.7 316
- 7.4
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Japan
Korea
452
- 9.5
2 561
- 0.5 106
7.9
331
- 0.5
2 481
- 6.8
903
- 8.5
58
h
24.7
1 028
h
15.0
153
h
- 6.4
Korea
Luxembourg
7
- 4.3
34
0.3
1
1.0
3
14.5
34
3.1
7
6.5
3
19.9
40
..
7
12.2
Luxembourg
Manufacturing
D 15-37
1
Wholesale and Retail Trade
G 50-52
1
Business Services & Real Estate
K 70-74
1
Number of
employees
3
Number of
employees
3
Number of
enterprises
4
Number of
enterprises
4
Production
2
Number of
emmployees
3
2001
Number of
enterprises
4
2001
2001
2001
2001
Production
2
Production
2
2001
2001
2001
2001
28
Mexico
175
a
15.5
1 651
a
14.2
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Mexico
Netherlands
187
- 4.3
859
0.1
47
3.5
94
8.7
1 209
1.0
164
- 0.4
..
..
1 185
5.5
133
3.0
Netherlands
New Zealand
26
- 5.2
221
4.7
20
0.0
15
1.3
211
1.6
46
- 0.5
13
4.6
132
7.7
91
6.3
New Zealand
Norway
56
0.1
272
- 3.5
10
- 4.7
29
0.6
318
- 2.4
57
0.6
28
9.4
210
1.7
73
7.3
Norway
Poland
107
6.9
2 464
a
- 5.6 365
a
0.2
65
18.4
1 325
a
0.6 1 107
a
1.0
38
21.4
614
a
5.3
419
a
12.0
Poland
Portugal
59
- 1.1
864
- 2.8
72
- 5.9
24
3.0
576
- 0.1
217
- 6.0
15
8.9
273
10.9
55
7.4
Portugal
Slovak Republic
15
6.6
420
2.3
..
..
4
5.8
157
9.0
..
..
2
14.8
87
8.2
..
..
Slovak Republic
Spain
341
1.4
2 499
2.9 226
..
113
6.6
2 116
1.4
785
- 0.3
90
5.0
1 559
5.8
434
2.4
Spain
Sweden
131
- 10.9
770
0.7
54
2.0
38
- 9.7
479
0.7
117
- 0.4
62
- 4.9
479
8.8
175
6.4
Sweden
Switzerland
125
d
- 1.0
635
d
- 3.1
..
..
47
- 0.8
522
- 1.1
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Switzerland
Turkey
98
a
9.0
1 125
a
1.5
11
a
- 1.3
52
a, g
..
1 157
a,g
3.1
755
a, g
2.1
7
a
..
158
a
6.7
75
a
6.3
Turkey
United Kingdom
612
- 7.9
3 760
- 6.5 165
- 1.5
325
1.5
4 622
5.6
398
- 1.7
381
3.0
3 847
5.3
534
2.9
United Kingdom
United States
4 038
e,f
3.6 17 516
a, f
- 0.8 409
a,f
- 1.4
..
.. 22 026
a
2.4 1 766
a
- 0.2
..
.. 17 525
a
7.7
1 262
a
1.7
United States
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/366410264102
% indicates percent change from the previous year
a.
2000
..
not available
b.
1998; Excluding ISIC 22, 23, 33 and 37
1.
According to the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC Revision 3), UN,1990
c.
1997
2.
At current prices and current exchange rates, in billion USD
d.
Excluding ISIC 16, 19, 23 and 30
3.
e.
1999
f.
Excluding ISIC 37
4.
g.
Excluding data on public enterprises
h.
Excluding ISIC 73
Source:
Structural Statistics for Industry and Services , OECD, Paris, 2004.
Thousands of enterprises. Thousands of establishments for Canada, Greece, Japan,
Korea, Turkey and the United States
Thousands of salaried employees. Thousands of persons engaged for Korea (for ISIC 50-52 and
70-74), Mexico and Switzerland
29
SERVICES: VALUE ADDED
1
Australia
2
13.7
13.5
8.2
8.8
29.2
26.2
4.3
h
4.5
h
15.8
h
15.4
h
..
..
Australia
2
Austria
17.4
18.6
7.6
8.5
24.8
20.2
6.0
7.0
14.8
15.3
-5.1
-5.6
Austria
Belgium
13.7
15.4
7.2
7.2
28.9
25.8
8.4
8.0
17.0
16.0
-3.4
-4.5
Belgium
Canada
13.5
a
13.9
7.1
a
7.5
25.3
a
24.6
5.8
a
7.5
13.7
a
16.4
-1.6
a
-1.8
Canada
Czech Republic
17.3
15.1
9.2
6.6
17.1
18.3
5.4
4.0
10.6
8.4
-3.0
-6.6
Czech Republic
Denmark
14.0
15.2
8.0
8.0
25.2
23.3
6.9
7.3
20.7
19.8
-3.6
-4.0
Denmark
Finland
11.8
11.9
10.9
10.0
22.0
18.6
5.0
6.5
17.1
20.2
-2.3
-2.5
Finland
France
13.1
13.7
6.5
6.7
30.7
28.5
8.7
8.5
16.0
14.3
-2.9
-4.2
France
Germany
12.1
12.2
6.5
6.0
31.3
26.2
6.2
6.9
16.1
14.8
-3.1
-4.1
Germany
Greece
21.1
19.8
8.9
6.8
22.1
21.3
7.5
7.7
14.3
11.3
-4.3
-3.0
Greece
Hungary
13.6
13.6
8.4
9.7
22.0
17.4
9.6
7.5
14.2
14.6
-2.5
-4.0
Hungary
Iceland
13.1
b
14.8
d
8.3
b
9.0
d
22.0
b
18.7
d
6.4
b
5.4
d
18.9
b
18.3
d
-7.0
b
-5.3
d
Iceland
Ireland
2
11.5
12.3
5.6
5.7
21.6
16.4
3.8
6.2
12.1
14.4
..
..
Ireland
2
Italy
17.1
17.9
7.6
7.5
28.2
23.2
5.8
6.2
14.8
14.9
-4.5
-5.6
Italy
Japan
3
13.9
14.5
6.4
6.7
28.9
22.8
5.5
4.3
18.7
15.3
-5.4
-3.7
Japan
3
Korea
4
12.4
13.2
6.8
6.9
22.2
17.0
4.7
4.6
12.6
9.9
-5.5
-4.0
Korea
4
Luxembourg
13.6
16.4
11.3
9.5
55.5
37.4
6.6
7.3
12.5
13.0
-20.5
-12.9
Luxembourg
Contribution to total economy gross value added
%
Wholesale and retail
trade, restaurants and
hotels
I
Transport,
storage and
communication
II
Finance, insurance,
real estate and
business services
III
Public
administration and
defence
IV
Education, health,
social work and
other services
V
Financial
intermediation services
indirectly measured
(FISIM)
2002 2002
1992
2002
1992 1992
2002
1992
1992
2002
2002
1992
30
Mexico
20.0
22.8
10.7
9.5
13.5
14.5
4.5
3.4
22.4
17.3
-1.5
-2.3
Mexico
Netherlands
15.5
15.8
7.5
7.4
27.5
21.5
7.9
9.0
17.2
15.6
-3.9
-2.7
Netherlands
New Zealand
15.9
c
15.7
8.0
c
8.7
29.0
c
26.1
4.9
c
5.9
13.5
c
12.3
-3.5
c
-3.5
New Zealand
Norway
11.4
12.8
9.6
11.3
19.4
19.7
5.2
6.4
17.6
17.2
-2.9
-4.7
Norway
Poland
22.1
13.5
7.8
6.4
16.1
8.7
7.2
7.9
13.6
15.8
..
k
..
k
Poland
Portugal
18.3
b
19.6
6.9
b
6.6
19.9
b
18.4
9.6
b
9.5
17.3
b
14.6
-5.2
b
-5.5
Portugal
Slovak Republic
15.6
20.9
e
11.0
8.6
e
21.0
15.4
e
7.8
6.8
e
10.1
9.6
e
-1.8
-4.0
e
Slovak Republic
Spain
19.9
19.6
9.1
7.9
20.7
19.4
6.3
6.8
14.9
14.8
-4.0
-6.1
Spain
Sweden
12.4
b
12.3
e
8.4
b
8.7
e
25.5
b
25.5
e
5.5
b
7.1
e
20.0
b
19.4
e
-2.2
b
-4.7
e
Sweden
Switzerland
16.1
b
16.0
f
6.1
b
6.4
f
31.8
b
29.8
f
13.7
b
13.8
f
8.4
b
8.5
f
-4.4
b
-4.2
f
Switzerland
Turkey
3,5
21.0
19.8
15.6
12.1
9.2
g
8.1
g
..
j
..
j
14.7
g
14.7
g
-3.0
-3.9
Turkey
3,5
United Kingdom
16.0
14.6
8.2
8.3
28.9
24.0
5.2
7.2
18.2
15.8
-4.4
-3.5
United Kingdom
United States
2,6
18.2
b
17.3
6.6
b
6.5
30.8
b
25.9
7.4
b
8.4
14.1
b
14.0
..
..
United States
2,6
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/183433310627
..
not available
e.
1993
1.
f.
1997
g.
Business services and real estate, except dwellings, included in V
h.
Public order and safety services included in V, and sewage services excluded
2.
FISIM allocated to users of financial intermediation services
j.
included in V
3.
Value added is estimated approximately at market prices
k.
FISIM allocated to III
4.
Value added is estimated at producer’s prices
5.
ISIC rev 2
6.
Refers to GDP, not gross value added at basic prices
a.
2000
b.
2001
c.
1998
d.
1997
According to the 1993 System of National Accounts (SNA) and the International
Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), Revision 3 (1990). Value added is
estimated at basic prices
National Accounts of OECD Countries , OECD; supplemented by STAN Database, OECD; and
national sources.
Sources:
31
SERVICES: EMPLOYMENT
1
Australia
24.9
a
25.1
6.3
a
6.3
15.5
a
12.4
5.4
a
6.7
22.0
a
20.8
Australia
Austria
21.1
20.0
6.0
6.0
11.2
8.2
5.8
5.9
18.7
15.7
Austria
Belgium
17.8
19.5
6.7
6.5
17.4
13.6
10.1
..
k
24.0
31.8
Belgium
Canada
24.6
25.0
6.8
6.7
16.1
13.1
5.1
5.9
22.7
22.9
Canada
Czech Republic
16.7
b,c
13.7
b,c,f
7.8
b,c
8.1
b,c,f
7.7
b,c
6.0
b,c,f
6.2
b,c
5.0
b,c,f
16.8
b,c
15.8
b,c,f
Czech Republic
Denmark
18.7
18.0
6.4
7.0
13.4
10.9
7.0
7.8
28.7
26.8
Denmark
Finland
15.7
15.0
7.2
7.6
11.6
9.2
7.3
7.5
26.1
24.2
Finland
France
17.3
16.9
6.2
5.9
16.5
13.8
10.1
10.3
23.8
21.5
France
Germany
20.1
18.4
5.4
6.3
15.4
10.3
6.9
8.2
21.9
18.0
Germany
Greece
21.7
20.4
g
6.7
6.9
g
8.7
7.0
g
7.0
7.1
g
16.0
14.6
g
Greece
Hungary
17.8
14.8
8.0
8.6
8.0
5.2
7.3
6.0
18.6
18.5
Hungary
Iceland
2
17.2
b,c
18.5
b,c
6.2
b,c
6.2
b,c
12.4
b,c
9.0
b,c
5.0
b,c
5.6
b,c
28.3
b,c
25.3
b,c
Iceland
2
Ireland
20.5
a
19.0
6.3
a
6.1
12.9
a
9.0
4.7
a
..
k
19.7
a
24.7
Ireland
Italy
20.2
19.5
4.6
5.0
13.6
10.2
5.8
6.5
22.0
20.5
Italy
Japan
18.0
d
17.1
d
5.9
5.6
4.4
4.7
3.3
3.3
34.0
d
27.7
d
Japan
Korea
27.1
23.6
6.2
5.4
10.8
6.7
3.2
3.0
16.1
11.5
Korea
Luxembourg
18.8
20.9
8.2
7.3
27.9
17.9
5.1
5.5
16.7
15.9
Luxembourg
1992
1992 2002 1992
2002
2002 1992 2002
1992
Contribution to total employment
%
Wholesale and retail
trade, restaurants and
hotels
I
Transport,
storage and
communication
II
Finance, insurance,
real estate and
business services
III
Public
administration and
defence
IV
Education, health,
social work and
other services
V
2002
32
Mexico
27.8
a
25.1
b,c,f
4.6
a
4.3
b,c,f
3.9
a
3.2
b,c,f
4.3
a
4.1
b,c,f
15.1
a
14.5
b,c,f
Mexico
Netherlands
20.5
19.6
5.7
5.8
19.2
14.7
6.0
7.1
25.8
24.9
Netherlands
New Zealand
26.7
25.9
6.8
6.4
14.4
13.4
3.2
5.0
25.5
23.0
New Zealand
Norway
17.0
a
17.7
8.5
a
9.5
12.2
a
8.7
7.1
a
8.3
30.9
a
28.6
Norway
Poland
15.7
13.4
5.2
6.2
8.6
4.9
3.8
2.2
14.6
14.8
Poland
Portugal
20.2
e
19.4
3.3
e
3.5
8.9
e
7.6
8.0
e
7.8
18.5
e
16.8
Portugal
Slovak Republic
18.5
12.3
h
7.7
7.7
h
8.1
5.1
h
6.7
6.0
h
19.5
18.9
h
Slovak Republic
Spain
21.3
20.8
6.0
5.8
9.9
8.3
8.0
8.5
19.5
18.7
Spain
Sweden
15.2
a
15.1
6.8
a
7.3
13.9
a
10.2
..
k
..
k
38.4
a
39.3
Sweden
Switzerland
22.2
b,c
23.7
b,c
6.1
b,c
6.3
b,c
15.8
b,c
13.7
b,c
3.8
b,c
3.8
b,c
22.8
b,c
19.4
b,c
Switzerland
Turkey
19.0
a,b,c
12.3
b,c,j
4.9
a,b,c
4.5
b,c,j
3.4
a,b,c
2.4
b,c,j
5.7
a,b,c
..
k
10.0
a,b,c
14.5
b,c,j
Turkey
United Kingdom
23.6
a
22.8
6.0
a
6.0
19.3
a
16.2
6.2
a
7.4
23.9
a
22.6
United Kingdom
United States
24.6
a
24.8
5.1
a
4.8
16.7
a
14.2
8.6
a
10.2
23.7
a
22.7
United States
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/786287473083
..
not available
j.
According to ISIC Rev. 2
1.
According to the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), Revision 3 (1990)
k.
Public administration and defence included in V
2.
Full-time equivalents
a.
2001
b.
Source: Labour Force Statistics, 1982-2002, OECD, Paris 2004
c.
Excludes armed forces
d.
Restaurants and hotels, included in V
e.
2000
f.
1993
g.
1995
h.
1994
Sources: National accounts of OECD Countries , OECD, Paris, 2004; supplemented by STAN
Database; Labour Force Statistics , 1982-2002, OECD, Paris, 2004.
33
TRANSPORT, 2002
Freight transport
billion tonne-kilometres
Passenger transport
billion passenger-kilometres
Road accidents
Rail
Roads
Inland
water-
ways
Pipe-
lines
Total
inland
freight
Coastal
shipping
Rail
Buses
and
coaches
Private
cars
Total road
transport
Total
passengers
Accidents
involving
injury
thousands
Killed and
injured
thousands
Killed
per
100 000
of popu-
lation
1
Australia
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
9
Australia
Austria
17.1
17.8
2.8
8.1
a
37.8
-
8.2
e
..
..
..
8.2
e
43.2
57.6
12
Austria
Belgium
7.3
53.2
a
6.5
c
1.6
c
62.3
c
1.6
d
8.0
a
5.1
b
95.7
b
100.8
b
107.9
b
47.4
a
66.8
a
14
a
Belgium
Canada
321.9
177.2
..
..
449.1
..
1.6
..
470.6
..
..
154.3
a
223.9
a
9
a
Canada
Czech Republic
15.8
45.1
0.5
1.7
63.1
-
6.6
9.7
65.2
74.9
81.5
26.6
35.8
14
Czech Republic
Denmark
1.9
a
10.9
a
-
7.2
e
20.2
e
1.4
e
5.7
a
9.0
a
59.3
a
68.4
a
74.1
a
7.1
9.3
9
Denmark
Finland
9.7
28.1
0.4
-
38.2
2.7
3.3
7.7
58.3
66.0
69.3
6.2
8.6
8
Finland
France
50.0
188.6
8.3
20.7
267.5
10.5
e
73.5
40.3
733.5
773.8
847.3
105.5
145.1
13
France
Germany
72.0
285.2
64.2
15.2
436.6
..
70.8
76.5
705.5
a
773.7
a
849.0
a
362.1
483.3
8
Germany
Greece
0.3
13.8
c
-
-
14.2
c
..
1.6
7.9
a
34.1
c
40.0
c
41.9
c
23.0
e
32.8
e
19
e
Greece
Hungary
7.8
10.6
1.7
4.9
24.9
-
10.5
18.4
46.3
64.7
75.2
19.7
27.4
14
Hungary
Iceland
-
..
-
-
..
0.1
-
0.5
4.1
4.6
4.6
0.9
a
1.4
10
Iceland
Ireland
0.4
12.4
a
-
-
12.9
a
2.3
a
1.6
..
..
..
1.6
6.6
9.6
10
Ireland
Italy
23.1
136.1
0.1
10.8
170.0
36.8
45.6
97.5
780.6
878.0
923.6
237.8
344.6
12
Italy
Japan
22.2
313.0
a
228.1
..
568.3
e
244.0
a
385.0
a
56.0
a
753.0
a
839.0
a
1 224.0
a
936.7
1 176.2
8
Japan
Korea
10.4
b
74.5
d
33.5
b
..
..
..
44.1
b
66.9
b
79.5
d
148.2
d
190.0
d
231.0
355.3
15
Korea
34
Luxembourg
0.6
0.5
0.4
-
1.5
-
0.3
..
..
..
0.3
0.8
1.2
14
Luxembourg
Mexico
47.3
c
198.0
c
21.2
c
..
..
..
0.3
c
385.3
c
..
..
..
..
..
..
Mexico
Netherlands
4.0
30.1
40.9
6.0
81.0
..
15.5
15.1
c
144.2
156.4
c
171.4
c
33.5
41.7
6
Netherlands
New Zealand
..
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
10.2
14.3
10
New Zealand
Norway
1.7
13.6
-
3.6
18.9
28.2
3.0
6.1
49.2
55.4
58.4
8.7
12.7
7
Norway
Poland
46.6
74.7
1.1
20.9
143.2
..
17.3
29.3
167.4
196.7
214.0
53.6
73.3
15
Poland
Portugal
2.2
8.8
-
-
11.0
0.9
a
3.9
9.9
81.6
c
93.1
c
97.5
c
42.2
58.1
21
c
Portugal
Slovak Republic
10.4
22.3
0.6
-
33.3
-
2.7
8.2
25.0
33.2
35.9
7.9
10.9
11
Slovak Republic
Spain
12.2
179.5
-
7.8
199.6
40.8
21.1
50.1
337.6
387.6
408.7
98.4
152.3
13
Spain
Sweden
19.5
a
31.8
-
-
49.5
a
7.2
8.8
a
10.9
93.8
104.7
104.7
16.9
25.3
6
Sweden
Switzerland
9.6
21.9
e
0.1
d
0.2
26.5
d
-
14.2
..
84.3
a
..
97.6
a
23.6
30.3
7
Switzerland
Turkey
2
7.2
150.9
-
24.7
182.8
..
5.2
..
..
163.3
168.5
55.2
a
97.5
a
6
a
Turkey
2
United Kingdom
18.7
154.0
0.2
a
11.5
a
183.3
a
57.5
39.7
46.0
624.0
a
67.2
a
711.1
a
228.5
314.5
6
United Kingdom
United States
2 183.3
a
1 534.4
a
504.7
a
841.1
a
5 063.6
a
400.8
a
8.9
a
138.4
a
6 543.7
a
6 582.0
a
6 591.0
a
1 967.0
2 968.8
15
United States
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/317646774444
..
not available
-
not applicable
1.
Within 30 days of an accident
2.
Accident and fatality data refer only to regions where the EGM (Directorate General of Turkish National Police) is responsible
a.
2001
b.
1998
c.
1999
d.
1997
e.
2000
Sources:
Trends in the Transport Sector , ECMT, Paris 2004;
IRTAD: www.irtad.net
35
GOVERNMENT SECTOR, 2002
Australia
36.8
37.9
17.8
8.7
1.8
0.8
Australia
Austria
50.9
51.3
18.4
18.6
1.5
- 0.4
Austria
Belgium
50.5
50.5
22.3
16.1
0.5
0.0
Belgium
Canada
43.4
a
41.7
a
19.2
10.7
1.3
0.8
Canada
Czech Republic
42.8
49.9
20.7
13.2
0.4
- 7.1
Czech Republic
Denmark
57.4
55.8
26.3
17.5
1.0
1.6
Denmark
Finland
54.4
50.1
21.7
16.8
4.6
4.3
Finland
France
50.2
53.5
23.9
18.0
- 1.9
- 3.3
France
Germany
45.0
48.5
19.2
19.4
- 2.3
- 3.5
Germany
Greece
45.3
46.8
15.7
16.4
2.2
- 1.5
Greece
Hungary
43.4
52.7
23.4
13.7
- 5.0
- 9.3
Hungary
Iceland
44.9
46.0
25.5
7.9
2.1
- 1.1
Iceland
Ireland
33.1
33.3
15.1
8.4
2.9
- 0.1
Ireland
Italy
45.6
48.0
19.0
17.0
- 0.7
- 2.4
Italy
Japan
30.3
38.2
17.7
10.9
- 4.8
- 7.9
Japan
Total general
government
revenue
% of GDP
Total general
government
expenditure
% of GDP
General
government final
consumption
expenditure
% of GDP
Social security
transfers
% of GDP
Net saving of
general government
% of GDP
Net lending of
general government
% of GDP
36
Korea
32.3
a
27.5
a
10.4
a
4.5
a
12.0
a
4.9
a
Korea
Luxembourg
46.7
44.0
17.8
15.6
6.2
2.7
Luxembourg
Mexico
..
..
11.8
a
1.7
a
1.9
a
0.0
a
Mexico
Netherlands
45.9
47.5
24.5
11.8
- 0.8
- 1.6
Netherlands
New Zealand
43.4
b
41.8
b
18.5
b
12.6
b
3.0
b
1.6
b
New Zealand
Norway
57.6
47.5
21.8
14.8
11.1
10.1
Norway
Poland
..
..
18.0
17.7
- 2.5
- 3.9
Poland
Portugal
43.2
45.9
21.2
13.0
- 2.2
- 2.7
Portugal
Slovak Republic
45.3
51.0
20.1
11.8
- 4.3
- 5.7
Slovak Republic
Spain
39.9
39.9
17.8
12.3
2.6
- 0.1
Spain
Sweden
58.1
58.3
28.1
17.5
0.5
- 0.3
Sweden
Switzerland
35.6
a
34.8
a
11.7
11.0
a
1.6
a
0.8
a
Switzerland
Turkey
1
..
..
14.0
..
..
..
Turkey
1
United Kingdom
39.4
40.7
20.1
13.5
- 0.5
- 1.3
United Kingdom
United States
32.6
35.7
15.6
12.1
- 2.2
- 3.1
United States
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/386015048426
..
not available
1.
According to the 1968 System of National Accounts (SNA)
a.
2001
b.
1997
Source: National Accounts of OECD Countries , OECD, Paris, 2004.
37
TAXATION, 2001
Australia
30.1
40.8
14.9
0.0
0.0
29.1
15.3
47.0
30.0
76.7
85.8
Australia
Austria
45.4
22.9
6.9
13.4
15.7
27.1
14.0
50.0
34.0
71.7
91.8
Austria
Belgium
45.8
31.6
7.9
9.8
18.9
24.6
7.1
52.1
40.2
58.3
78.4
Belgium
Canada
35.1
37.1
10.0
6.0
8.3
24.7
14.0
43.2
42.1
74.5
85.2
Canada
Czech Republic
38.4
12.5
11.0
10.1
28.9
30.5
7.0
21.9
31.0
76.8
96.9
Czech Republic
Denmark
49.8
52.7
6.3
3.8
0.7
32.2
4.4
54.3
30.0
56.7
69.8
Denmark
Finland
46.1
30.5
10.6
4.8
20.0
29.4
4.6
52.5
29.0
67.6
76.5
Finland
France
45.0
17.7
7.6
9.0
24.9
25.2
15.5
47.3
36.4
73.0
85.6
France
Germany
36.8
27.1
1.7
17.5
19.5
28.8
5.4
51.2
38.9
59.3
81.1
Germany
Greece
36.9
14.7
9.2
12.0
14.4
37.9
11.8
42.5
37.5
82.3
82.1
Greece
Hungary
39.0
19.6
6.1
5.7
23.7
38.7
6.3
40.0
18.0
68.3
90.1
Hungary
Iceland
36.5
39.8
3.2
0.2
7.9
41.5
7.4
43.1
30.0
76.3
97.0
Iceland
Ireland
29.9
29.7
12.1
4.4
9.4
37.3
7.0
42.0
20.0
83.1
97.7
Ireland
Italy
42.0
25.9
8.6
5.5
20.1
25.6
14.2
45.9
36.0
72.2
86.5
Italy
Japan
27.3
20.1
12.7
15.1
18.8
19.0
14.4
45.5
40.9
83.8
88.0
Japan
Korea
27.2
14.1
12.3
10.7
7.5
39.6
15.7
41.8
30.8
90.8
91.5
Korea
Luxembourg
40.7
17.7
18.3
12.0
12.4
26.6
13.1
43.1
37.5
75.2
100.7
Luxembourg
100
Disposable income of
average production
worker
as % of gross pay
2
Single
person
Married with
two children
3
Total tax
receipts
% of GDP
Tax structures
as % of total tax receipts
Personal
income tax
Corporate
income tax
Highest rates of
income taxes
1
Social security
contributions
Employees
Personal
income tax
%
Corporate
income tax
%
Taxes on
goods and
services
Other taxes
Employers
38
Mexico
18.9
28.0
a
..
17.0
b
..
51.5
3.5
40.0
35.0
96.6
96.6
Mexico
Netherlands
39.5
16.3
10.4
17.1
11.5
30.7
13.9
52.0
35.0
67.1
77.9
Netherlands
New Zealand
33.8
42.9
11.3
0.0
0.0
35.5
10.3
39.0
33.0
80.5
83.3
New Zealand
Norway
43.3
24.2
21.7
6.9
12.3
31.3
3.5
47.5
28.0
71.2
82.5
Norway
Poland
33.6
23.6
5.8
0.0
30.2
35.8
4.5
26.2
..
69.0
75.0
Poland
Portugal
33.5
17.9
10.8
10.0
15.4
40.0
5.8
35.6
35.2
83.6
93.9
Portugal
Slovak Republic
32.3
10.8
6.8
8.8
26.3
33.2
14.1
36.6
29.0
80.4
98.6
Slovak Republic
Spain
35.2
19.6
8.1
6.0
24.7
29.3
12.4
48.0
35.0
81.1
90.0
Spain
Sweden
51.4
31.9
5.7
5.6
23.6
25.1
8.1
58.2
28.0
68.3
78.2
Sweden
Switzerland
30.6
32.0
10.2
11.8
11.8
23.2
11.0
39.4
24.7
78.6
91.6
Switzerland
Turkey
36.5
21.3
6.6
6.2
11.6
38.7
15.7
35.6
33.0
69.1
69.1
Turkey
United Kingdom
37.3
30.2
9.5
6.8
9.6
31.3
12.6
40.0
30.0
76.8
89.2
United Kingdom
United States
28.9
42.3
6.5
10.8
12.5
16.1
11.8
46.1
45.5
75.6
88.0
United States
EU average
4
41.0
25.8
8.9
9.2
16.1
30.1
10.0
47.6
33.5
71.8
85.3
EU average
4
OECD average
4
36.9
26.5
9.4
7.9
15.2
31.3
9.7
43.6
32.9
74.8
86.6
OECD average
4
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/554240246578
..
not available
3.
One-earner family. Takes account of family allowances and/or tax reliefs
1.
4.
Unweighted
a.
Includes personal and corporate incomes not available separately
b.
Includes employees and employers social security contributions not available separately
2.
Sources: Revenue Statistics, 1965–2002 , OECD, Paris, 2003;
Taxing Wages, 2002-2003 , OECD, Paris, 2003;
OECD Tax Database ;
Centre for Tax Policy and Administration, DAF.
International comparisons should also take into account differences among
countries in the length of tax brackets, the amount of tax relief and rates of social
security contributions. The highest rate of income tax includes temporary special
surcharges. All rates include rates of state and local income taxes as reported in
the OECD Tax Database
This percentage is influenced both by the overall tax level and the relative weight
of personal income taxes and employees’ social security contributions in national
tax mixes
39
ENERGY: SUPPLY, 2002
Mtoe
3
Change
2002/
1992
%
Energy
intensity
4
Change
2002/
1992
%
Mtoe
3
Mtoe
3
Mtoe
3
Mtoe
3
Change
2002/
1992
%
Mtoe
3
Australia
112.71
28.0
0.23
- 12.1
-
- 48.90
32.6
34.71
8.8
20.62
43.8
8.48
72.8
Australia
Austria
30.44
17.8
0.11
- 3.7
-
- 3.61
8.1
13.24
16.0
6.61
22.8
6.99
22.3
Austria
Belgium
56.89
8.9
0.18
- 10.3
12.34
9.0
6.66
- 30.4
22.90
6.4
13.37
47.8
1.61
106.5
Belgium
Canada
250.03
16.9
0.33
- 17.9
19.68
- 7.6
29.41
12.0
85.90
15.1
75.25
28.9
39.78
19.2
Canada
Czech Republic
41.72
- 3.3
0.72
- 20.1
4.88
53.0
20.51
- 20.6
8.52
7.2
7.76
33.8
0.05
- 86.6
Czech Republic
Denmark
19.75
4.3
0.09
- 18.6
-
- 4.18
- 39.0
8.53
3.8
4.63
113.9
2.42
41.6
Denmark
Finland
35.62
28.0
0.21
- 7.4
5.81
15.8
6.58
34.6
10.50
11.5
3.68
54.1
9.05
48.1
Finland
France
265.88
12.5
0.15
- 7.2
113.82
29.1
13.33
- 29.5
91.27
5.2
37.47
31.7
9.98
- 28.4
France
Germany
346.35
1.0
0.13
- 11.2
42.96
3.8
85.34
- 18.3
128.83
- 4.1
75.55
32.9
13.68
125.5
Germany
Greece
29.02
27.1
0.19
- 3.0
-
- 8.97
9.7
16.57
24.8
1.80
+ 1.68
33.7
Greece
Hungary
25.45
1.4
0.44
- 25.4
3.65
0.3
3.62
- 29.5
6.49
- 15.1
10.80
39.1
0.88
- 3.8
Hungary
Iceland
3.40
61.4
0.38
17.5
-
- 0.10
108.7
0.85
25.5
0.00
- 2.46
77.2
Iceland
Ireland
15.30
47.2
0.13
- 32.0
-
- 2.57
- 25.6
8.73
78.5
3.68
93.8
0.33
103.8
Ireland
Italy
172.72
10.4
0.14
- 5.9
-
- 13.72
12.6
87.38
- 5.1
57.69
40.4
13.93
25.5
Italy
Japan
516.93
12.1
0.09
0.8
76.90
32.2
99.98
29.4
255.55
- 2.6
66.35
39.9
18.14
14.2
Japan
Korea
203.50
81.9
0.30
5.2
31.04
110.7
46.04
104.7
102.00
46.1
21.20
422.6
3.22
323.9
Korea
Luxembourg
4.04
5.5
0.15
- 33.4
-
- 0.09
- 90.8
2.54
29.3
1.05
126.1
0.35
- 9.7
Luxembourg
Change
2002/
1992
%
Change
2002/
1992
%
Change
2002/
1992
%
Primary energy supply
1
Natural gas
Other
2
Total
Nuclear
Coal
Oil
Change
2002/
1992
%
40
Mexico
157.31
19.0
0.42
- 9.2
2.54
148.7
7.59
113.3
93.71
5.7
38.49
58.5
14.98
2.0
Mexico
Netherlands
77.92
12.0
0.15
- 13.9
1.02
3.0
8.38
5.9
29.80
15.5
35.83
7.4
2.89
89.4
Netherlands
New Zealand
18.01
21.6
0.24
- 15.1
-
- 1.24
1.3
6.29
47.6
5.06
12.9
5.42
11.9
New Zealand
Norway
26.52
17.6
0.15
- 15.2
-
- 0.81
5.9
7.82
- 5.8
6.14
89.7
11.74
14.6
Norway
Poland
89.19
- 8.4
0.51
- 40.4
-
- 54.92
- 25.7
20.12
46.8
10.11
30.2
4.03
109.4
Poland
Portugal
26.39
37.4
0.20
7.7
-
- 3.48
17.7
16.38
23.3
2.73
- 3.81
28.3
Portugal
Slovak Republic
18.55
2.5
0.74
- 31.1
4.72
64.1
4.24
- 30.2
3.28
- 8.4
5.87
17.9
0.44
- 24.7
Slovak Republic
Spain
131.56
36.2
0.18
3.2
16.42
13.0
21.58
5.6
67.27
33.0
18.75
220.3
7.53
44.8
Spain
Sweden
51.03
10.9
0.17
- 13.5
17.61
6.4
2.84
7.3
14.89
8.9
0.78
24.6
14.91
19.2
Sweden
Switzerland
27.14
6.1
0.08
- 4.6
7.12
16.1
0.14
- 35.8
12.96
- 5.3
2.49
29.1
4.44
22.4
Switzerland
Turkey
75.42
39.7
0.37
5.5
-
- 19.79
14.5
30.53
33.4
14.73
286.2
10.36
3.7
Turkey
United Kingdom
226.51
3.7
0.16
- 22.2
22.94
14.6
35.67
- 40.1
78.64
- 7.8
85.68
69.0
3.57
24.4
United Kingdom
United States
2 285.14
15.3
0.25
- 16.2
209.66
22.7
536.80
17.0
900.10
16.9
537.16
14.6
101.42
- 10.4
United States
G7
4 063.56
12.5
0.18
- 9.6
485.97
21.5
814.26
7.5
1 627.67
8.1
935.16
24.4
200.50
2.1
G7
EU-15
1 489.43
10.5
0.15
- 10.0
232.93
17.6
217.00
- 18.5
597.47
4.4
349.30
46.5
92.73
28.2
EU-15
OECD Total
5 340.45
15.1
0.19
- 9.1
593.14
23.6
1 091.09
6.8
2 166.30
10.9
1 171.34
30.8
318.59
10.3
OECD Total
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/117521317188
-
nil
+
growth more than 500%
4. Total primary energy supply (in Mtoe) divided by GDP (in constant prices; 1995 USD)
1.
2.
3.
Million tonnes of oil equivalent
Sources: Energy Balances of OECD Countries, 2001-2002 , IEA/OECD, Paris, 2004;
Main Economic Indicators , OECD, Paris, 2004.
These figures are based on an assumption of 100% efficiency for hydro-
electric, 33% for nuclear and approximately 10% for geothermal plants
Includes hydro, geothermal, solar, wind, combustible renewables, waste and
international trade in electricity
41
ENERGY: PRODUCTION
1
, 2002
Mtoe
3
Mtoe
3
Mtoe
3
Mtoe
3
Mtoe
3
Mtoe
3
Australia
255.2
49.7
-
- 184.0
56.7
33.2
15.6
29.5
52.1
8.5
72.8
Australia
Austria
9.9
16.5
-
-
0.3
- 28.3
1.1
- 14.8
1.6
30.6
6.9
24.1
Austria
Belgium
13.3
4.8
12.3
9.0
0.1
- 83.4
-
-
-
-
0.8
6.9
Belgium
Canada
385.4
31.1
19.7
- 7.6
34.8
- 1.6
135.9
37.2
153.5
49.5
41.5
16.9
Canada
Czech Republic
30.7
- 14.1
4.9
53.0
24.2
- 23.2
0.4
115.5
0.1
- 18.2
1.1
61.9
Czech Republic
Denmark
28.8
123.5
-
-
-
- 18.6
137.2
7.6
109.7
2.5
82.0
Denmark
Finland
16.1
32.7
5.8
15.8
2.2
23.1
0.1
-
-
-
8.0
50.7
Finland
France
134.7
11.9
113.8
29.1
1.3
- 82.8
1.5
- 56.1
1.5
- 47.9
16.6
- 10.6
France
Germany
134.8
- 17.5
43.0
3.8
58.8
- 39.8
4.2
7.0
16.0
16.5
12.8
96.5
Germany
Greece
10.2
14.2
-
-
8.6
22.7
0.2
- 72.3
-
- 66.4
1.4
18.8
Greece
Hungary
10.8
- 20.4
3.7
0.3
2.7
- 25.7
1.6
- 23.4
2.4
- 34.8
0.5
- 16.6
Hungary
Iceland
2.5
77.2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
2.5
77.2
Iceland
Ireland
1.5
- 51.4
-
-
0.5
- 47.7
-
-
0.7
- 64.3
0.3
77.2
Ireland
Italy
26.6
- 3.3
-
-
0.1
- 55.8
5.5
19.7
12.0
- 18.7
9.0
13.4
Italy
Japan
98.1
20.8
76.9
32.2
-
-
0.7
- 28.6
2.4
24.8
18.1
14.2
Japan
Korea
36.2
79.3
31.0
110.7
1.4
- 69.8
0.5
-
-
-
3.2
323.9
Korea
Luxembourg
0.1
18.1
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.1
18.1
Luxembourg
Other
2
Change
2002/1992
%
Change
2002/1992
%
Change
2002/1992
%
Change
2002/1992
%
Change
2002/1992
%
Change
2002/1992
%
Total
Natural gas
Nuclear
Coal
Oil
42
Mexico
229.9
14.0
2.5
148.7
5.3
84.3
174.7
8.6
32.4
46.4
15.0
1.2
Mexico
Netherlands
59.9
- 10.8
1.0
3.0
-
-
3.2
- 7.2
54.3
- 12.5
1.5
90.0
Netherlands
New Zealand
14.9
15.2
-
-
2.7
67.7
1.7
- 14.9
5.1
12.9
5.4
11.9
New Zealand
Norway
232.2
56.6
-
-
1.4
493.9
159.1
43.0
59.2
129.7
12.6
14.2
Norway
Poland
80.2
- 15.0
-
- 71.2
- 20.2
0.8
267.8
3.6
39.4
4.6
103.8
Poland
Portugal
3.6
23.8
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3.6
27.7
Portugal
Slovak Republic
6.7
4.7
0.9
0.1
0.2
0.8
-
-
-
-
-
-
Slovak Republic
Spain
31.7
- 5.9
16.4
13.0
7.5
- 35.2
0.3
- 77.5
0.5
- 57.1
7.1
37.5
Spain
Sweden
32.4
9.6
17.6
6.4
0.3
12.9
-
-
-
- 14.5
13.8
Sweden
Switzerland
11.9
18.1
7.1
16.1
-
-
-
-
-
-
4.8
21.1
Switzerland
Turkey
24.4
- 7.3
-
-
11.6
- 3.9
2.4
- 41.3
0.3
90.9
10.1
0.9
Turkey
United Kingdom
257.8
19.9
22.9
14.6
17.8
- 63.4
121.0
22.8
93.2
101.3
2.9
98.4
United Kingdom
United States
1 666.6
1.3
209.7
22.7
555.1
7.1
358.8
- 15.8
443.6
5.8
99.5
- 10.1
United States
G7
2 704.0
6.2
486.0
21.5
667.8
- 6.2
627.6
- 1.4
722.2
20.1
200.4
2.0
G7
EU-15
761.3
6.1
232.9
17.6
97.5
- 44.8
155.7
24.4
187.3
27.0
88.0
25.0
EU-15
OECD Total
3 847.1
10.6
593.1
23.6
992.8
- 0.6
1 025.5
6.8
919.4
22.6
316.2
9.8
OECD Total
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/172081430232
-
1.
2.
Includes hydro, geothermal, solar, wind, combustible renewables and waste
3.
Million tonnes of oil equivalent
Source: Energy Balances of OECD Countries, 2001-2002 , IEA/OECD, Paris, 2004.
These figures are based on an assumption of 100% efficiency for hydro-
electric, 33% nuclear and approximately 10% for geothermal plants
nil
43
ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND ELECTRICITY GENERATION, 2002
Australia
70.77
21.4
25.49
13.2
28.24
23.3
17.04
32.6
222.0
39.4
Australia
Austria
25.28
18.9
7.91
12.9
7.25
37.0
10.12
12.9
60.4
21.0
Austria
Belgium
40.98
14.5
17.46
25.3
9.87
15.4
13.65
2.6
80.9
13.3
Belgium
Canada
190.53
17.8
71.33
16.6
53.68
19.6
65.52
17.7
601.4
15.6
Canada
Czech Republic
24.87
-13.2
10.47
-31.0
5.44
63.2
8.96
-11.7
76.0
28.5
Czech Republic
Denmark
15.15
4.9
3.18
2.5
4.86
12.7
7.11
1.2
39.3
27.7
Denmark
Finland
26.15
16.1
12.55
22.4
4.67
11.7
8.93
10.3
74.9
29.8
Finland
France
169.65
6.9
50.23
2.8
53.34
17.4
66.07
2.5
554.8
20.6
France
Germany
241.04
1.0
77.48
-3.0
65.91
5.7
97.65
1.2
566.9
6.2
Germany
Greece
20.49
30.5
5.16
19.8
7.68
20.6
7.66
52.1
54.0
44.9
Greece
Hungary
17.89
3.8
4.85
-12.5
3.71
39.1
9.33
3.3
36.2
14.1
Hungary
Iceland
2.37
36.7
0.93
101.9
0.33
15.3
1.11
12.6
8.4
85.1
Iceland
Ireland
11.83
52.0
2.81
23.7
4.51
103.7
4.51
36.9
24.8
57.4
Ireland
Italy
133.55
11.2
45.61
7.7
43.71
14.7
44.22
11.5
277.5
24.6
Italy
Japan
358.67
17.6
145.17
14.5
94.62
13.3
118.87
25.4
1 087.7
22.5
Japan
Korea
137.97
70.1
63.91
76.4
33.55
79.4
40.52
54.6
326.9
162.8
Korea
Final energy consumption by sector
1
Total electricity
generation
Total
Industry
Transport
Other
TWh
2
Change
2002/1992
%
Mtoe
3
Change
2002/1992
%
Mtoe
3
Change
2002/1992
%
Mtoe
3
Change
2002/1992
%
Mtoe
3
Change
2002/1992
%
44
Luxembourg
3.81
17.9
0.89
-27.8
2.18
66.5
0.73
7.4
2.8
323.3
Luxembourg
Mexico
93.14
-0.9
30.81
-18.4
38.64
12.3
23.69
8.7
215.2
65.2
Mexico
Netherlands
60.00
11.0
22.57
7.1
15.02
30.7
22.41
4.2
96.0
24.5
Netherlands
New Zealand
14.66
41.2
6.25
40.5
5.49
49.6
2.92
28.7
40.3
24.0
New Zealand
Norway
20.61
17.1
8.64
20.0
4.71
14.7
7.26
15.4
130.1
11.1
Norway
Poland
56.98
-6.1
18.81
-16.1
9.48
19.8
28.70
-5.4
142.5
9.0
Poland
Portugal
20.78
41.4
8.28
26.3
6.95
55.0
5.54
51.8
45.7
53.9
Portugal
Slovak Republic
11.71
-13.8
4.37
-41.0
2.29
125.3
5.06
-2.2
32.2
46.7
Slovak Republic
Spain
94.72
43.0
36.12
45.2
36.00
40.5
22.59
43.5
242.7
54.9
Spain
Sweden
35.11
5.3
14.28
13.3
8.41
9.7
12.42
-5.0
146.0
0.1
Sweden
Switzerland
21.04
2.0
4.71
19.5
6.73
1.6
9.60
-4.7
64.9
12.4
Switzerland
Turkey
56.52
32.2
21.63
46.3
13.18
37.7
21.71
17.9
129.4
92.2
Turkey
United Kingdom
158.31
6.1
42.71
1.4
52.46
11.3
63.14
5.3
384.5
20.4
United Kingdom
United States
1 553.04
18.0
460.57
17.7
626.89
23.4
465.58
11.9
3 992.7
22.1
United States
G7
2 804.78
14.5
893.11
12.7
990.62
19.4
921.05
11.3
7 465.5
20.1
G7
EU-15
1 056.83
10.6
347.25
8.4
322.83
17.6
386.76
7.2
2 651.1
20.0
EU-15
OECD Total
3 687.60
15.8
1 225.18
13.7
1 249.80
21.8
1 212.62
12.2
9 757.1
24.7
OECD Total
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/364851402766
1.
Including non-energy use
2.
Terawatt hours, excluding output from pumped storage plants
3.
Million tonnes of oil equivalent
Source:
Energy Balances of OECD Countries, 2001-2002 , IEA/OECD, Paris, 2004.
45
ENVIRONMENT: RESOURCES
1
Australia
7 713
9.9
b
0.5
0.01
21
0.6
27
13
6
0.2
..
Australia
Austria
84
36.4
6.7
0.09
42
0.7
22
26
4
-
86
Austria
Belgium
31
3.4
19.0
d
0.69
22
0.9
26
13
45
-
38
Belgium
Canada
9 971
9.9
3.9
0.06
45
0.4
34
14
2
1.1
72
Canada
Czech Republic
79
15.9
9.2
0.11
34
0.7
33
56
12
-
70
Czech Republic
Denmark
43
a
37.2
a
12.0
0.11
13
0.7
22
15
4
1.6
89
Denmark
Finland
338
9.1
11.0
0.06
76
0.7
12
13
2
0.2
81
Finland
France
549
13.3
13.7
0.27
32
0.6
20
14
16
0.7
77
France
Germany
357
35.7
15.3
0.17
30
0.5
42
29
20
0.2
93
Germany
Greece
132
5.2
4.9
0.14
23
0.6
36
13
12
0.1
56
Greece
Hungary
93
8.9
5.5
0.14
19
0.5
71
19
5
-
32
Hungary
Iceland
103
9.5
1.1
-
1
-
-
43
-
2.1
33
Iceland
Ireland
70
2.4
13.0
0.05
9
0.7
6
22
..
0.4
73
Ireland
Italy
301
12.1
12.9
0.58
23
0.5
41
18
32
0.3
63
Italy
Japan
378
17.2
25.8
1.24
69
0.4
24
13
20
5.1
64
Japan
Korea
99
7.1
36.9
1.43
64
0.1
27
17
36
2.2
70
Korea
Luxembourg
3
17.1
19.0
d
0.33
34
0.5
52
50
4
-
95
Luxembourg
Water
Major
protected
areas
2
% of total
area
Nitrogenous
fertilisers
use
tonnes
per sq. km.
of agricultural
land
Pesticides
use
tonnes
per sq. km.
of agricultural
land
Land
Wooded
area
% of land
area
Public
waste
water
plants
% of
population
connected
Total fish
catches
% of world
catches
Water
withdrawal
% of gross
annual
availability
Threatened species
Birds
%
of known
species
Mammals
%
of known
species
Use
of forest
resources
harvest/
annual
growth
Total area
thousand
sq. km.
Forest
46
Mexico
1 958
9.2
1.7
0.04
34
0.2
33
17
15
1.5
25
Mexico
Netherlands
42
25.3
21.1
0.41
10
0.6
16
26
10
0.6
98
Netherlands
New Zealand
270
29.6
6.2
0.02
35
..
15
25
..
0.6
80
New Zealand
Norway
324
6.5
c
18.2
0.08
39
0.5
3
8
1
2.9
73
Norway
Poland
313
23.6
8.4
0.06
30
0.6
16
14
19
0.2
55
Poland
Portugal
92
7.3
5.9
0.40
37
0.8
18
14
15
0.2
42
Portugal
Slovak Republic
49
22.4
4.9
0.16
42
0.5
22
14
1
-
53
Slovak Republic
Spain
506
9.6
7.4
0.14
33
0.5
26
26
35
1.2
55
Spain
Sweden
450
8.0
9.1
0.05
74
0.7
22
19
2
0.3
86
Sweden
Switzerland
41
28.7
6.0
0.10
31
0.8
34
43
5
-
96
Switzerland
Turkey
779
4.1
4.3
0.06
27
0.5
22
7
17
0.6
17
Turkey
United Kingdom
245
10.9
11.4
0.21
e
12
0.6
22
e
14
e
21
g
0.8
95
g
United Kingdom
United States
9 629
24.9
4.8
0.08
33
0.6
16
8
19
5.4
71
United States
G7
21 430
17.3
6.1
0.12
39
0.5
..
..
12
13.6
74
G7
OECD Europe
5 024
12.6
9.4
0.17
35
0.6
..
..
14
12.5
67
OECD Europe
EU-15
3 242
14.0
11.3
0.23
38
0.6
..
..
19
6.6
78
EU-15
OECD Total
35 042
14.6
3.9
0.07
34
0.6
f
..
..
11
28.6
64
f
OECD Total
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/132424705624
..
not available
c.
Svalbard, Jan Mayen and Bouvet islands excluded
-
nil or negligible
d.
Belgium and Luxembourg
1.
e.
Great Britain
f.
Partial totals
2.
g.
England and Wales
a.
Greenland excluded
b.
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park excluded
Sources: OECD Environmental Data , Compendium 2004
See internet edition on www.oecd.org/env under "statistics" (forthcoming).
Figures for the latest available year; they include provisional figures and Secretariat
estimates; varying definitions can limit the comparability across countries
IUCN management categories I-VI and protected areas without IUCN category assignment
47
ENVIRONMENT: EMISSIONS AND POLLUTION
1
Air
2
Waste
Expenditure
3
Budget
4
Sulphur oxides
Nitrogen oxides
Waste generated
kg per
capita
kg per
capita
Australia
97
18
85
18
..
690
-
0.8
1.6
c
Australia
Austria
5
- 53
24
- 2
80
510
-
2.4
1.7
c
Austria
Belgium
16
- 54
31
- 5
60
480
2.3
1.5
2.3
Belgium
Canada
80
- 22
90
- 6
..
350
b
5.0
1.1
4.5
c
Canada
Czech Republic
24
- 87
32
- 55
60
280
0.9
1.7
4.0
Czech Republic
Denmark
5
- 86
38
- 26
20
660
-
..
1.9
Denmark
Finland
17
- 63
41
- 32
140
480
2.1
0.8
2.0
Finland
France
10
- 54
24
- 26
70
a
530
4.3
1.6
2.9
France
Germany
8
- 88
19
- 42
20
590
1.2
1.6
3.1
Germany
Greece
46
1
31
6
50
440
-
1.0
3.7
Greece
Hungary
39
- 60
18
- 22
20
460
1.5
1.5
..
Hungary
Iceland
35
22
81
- 12
2
730
-
..
0.3
Iceland
Ireland
33
- 31
35
15
60
700
-
0.6
1.7
Ireland
Italy
12
- 57
23
- 32
30
510
-
0.9
2.3
Italy
Japan
7
- 11
16
- 1
40
410
1.9
1.4
0.9
c
Japan
Korea
20
- 41
24
22
60
380
3.2
1.5
4.0
Korea
Luxembourg
7
- 79
38
- 27
130
650
-
..
..
Luxembourg
Change
2001/1990
%
Change
2001/1990
%
Pollution abatement
and control
expenditure
% of GDP
Government R&D
budgets:
Environment
as % of total
Industrial waste
5
per unit
of GDP
tonnes
per million USD
Municipal waste
kg
per capita
Nuclear waste
6
per unit
of energy
tonnes
per Mtoe
48
Mexico
12
- 4
12
14
50
320
0.3
0.7
1.0
c
Mexico
Netherlands
6
- 56
26
- 28
50
620
0.2
2.0
3.2
Netherlands
New Zealand
16
3
51
41
10
400
b
-
..
..
New Zealand
Norway
6
- 58
49
9
30
620
-
..
2.4
Norway
Poland
40
- 51
21
- 37
160
270
-
2.0
..
Poland
Portugal
29
- 6
39
26
80
440
-
0.8
3.4
Portugal
Spain
35
- 35
35
11
30
650
1.1
0.8
3.7
Spain
Slovak Republic
24
- 76
20
- 51
40
320
3.1
0.8
1.5
Slovak Republic
Sweden
7
- 43
28
- 25
100
470
4.4
1.1
1.5
Sweden
Switzerland
3
- 50
13
- 41
10
660
2.2
1.6
0.2
c
Switzerland
Turkey
31
33
14
48
30
370
-
1.1
..
Turkey
United Kingdom
19
- 70
28
- 39
30
580
3.5
0.7
1.9
United Kingdom
United States
50
- 32
71
- 12
..
730
0.9
1.6
0.5
c
United States
G7
30
- 44
44
- 17
60
620
1.6
..
..
G7
OECD Europe
20
- 57
24
- 25
50
510
1.7
..
..
OECD Europe
EU-15
16
- 64
26
- 26
40
560
2.0
..
..
EU-15
OECD Total
28
- 40
37
- 14
60
550
1.5
..
..
OECD Total
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/585715076134
..
not available
5.
Waste from manufacturing industries (ISIC 3) per unit of GDP at 1995 prices and PPPs
-
nil or negligible
6.
1.
a.
Including waste from construction and services
2.
For CO
2
emissions, please refer to page 50
b.
Household waste only
3.
Household expenditure excluded
c.
Federal or central government only
4.
Sources: OECD Environmental Data , Compendium 2004
See internet edition on www.oecd.org/env under "statistics" (forthcoming).
Figures for the latest available year; they include provisional figures and OECD
estimates; varying definitions can limit the comparability across countries
Wastes from spent fuel in nuclear power plants, in tonnes of heavy metal per million
tonnes of oil equivalent (primary energy supply)
Government budget appropriations or outlays for R&D for the control and care of
the environment published in Main Science and Technology Indicators 2003
49
CO
2
EMISSIONS, 2002
Australia
342.8
29.5
193.8
103.3
45.1
0.7
194.2
36.7
75.6
7.2
29.1
0.71
17.36
Australia
Austria
66.1
16.0
13.4
36.6
15.0
1.2
11.7
15.3
19.1
10.3
9.8
0.24
8.21
Austria
Belgium
112.6
0.6
23.8
55.9
31.2
1.6
22.3
30.4
25.5
19.0
15.5
0.35
10.90
Belgium
Canada
531.9
22.1
116.9
245.2
169.8
0.0
123.7
89.1
150.5
41.8
126.8
0.71
16.93
Canada
Czech Republic
115.0
- 11.6
74.9
21.3
17.7
1.1
54.9
22.1
14.8
7.6
15.5
1.98
11.27
Czech Republic
Denmark
51.2
- 6.6
16.3
23.4
10.8
0.7
23.3
5.2
12.2
3.9
6.6
0.24
9.52
Denmark
Finland
63.5
16.9
27.1
26.9
8.6
1.0
25.4
12.5
12.7
3.2
9.7
0.38
12.21
Finland
France
377.1
2.3
50.4
240.6
86.1
0.0
36.9
80.0
140.8
75.8
43.4
0.21
6.16
France
Germany
837.5
- 6.4
342.9
319.9
165.3
9.4
302.1
124.2
168.9
121.7
120.6
0.31
10.15
Germany
Greece
90.5
26.0
37.2
49.0
4.2
0.2
43.7
10.3
20.3
8.4
7.8
0.60
8.26
Greece
Hungary
55.4
- 9.3
14.9
16.2
24.3
0.1
20.3
7.6
10.1
9.3
8.2
0.95
5.46
Hungary
Iceland
2.2
16.3
0.4
1.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.8
0.7
0.0
0.7
0.25
7.71
Iceland
Ireland
42.4
38.6
10.3
23.9
8.2
0.0
15.6
4.9
11.1
6.2
4.6
0.35
10.86
Ireland
Italy
433.2
8.8
49.9
248.3
133.8
1.3
141.2
76.8
117.0
52.5
45.8
0.35
7.47
Italy
Japan
1 206.9
14.6
392.6
650.5
163.1
0.7
361.3
249.3
253.1
68.3
274.9
0.21
9.47
Japan
Korea
451.6
64.9
170.2
222.3
48.4
10.6
130.3
86.6
95.8
33.6
105.3
0.66
9.48
Korea
Luxembourg
9.3
- 13.6
0.4
6.5
2.5
0.0
0.8
1.5
5.4
1.4
0.2
0.36
20.80
Luxembourg
Resi-
dential
Other
Other
4
Change
2002/
1992
%
Public
electricity
and heat
Industry
Transport
5
By type of fuel
(million tonnes of CO
2
)
CO
2
emissions from fuel combustion
1
CO
2
/
GDP
2
CO
2
/
capita
3
Coal
Total
(million
tonnes of
CO
2
)
Oil
By sector
(million tonnes of CO
2
)
Gas
50
Mexico
365.2
19.0
29.6
245.7
89.9
0.0
114.8
48.1
104.6
20.7
76.8
0.97
3.64
Mexico
Netherlands
177.9
7.7
31.6
62.9
82.0
1.4
50.3
34.3
33.9
18.5
40.9
0.35
11.02
Netherlands
New Zealand
34.0
37.2
4.9
17.3
10.1
1.7
5.5
10.1
14.2
0.6
3.6
0.46
8.55
New Zealand
Norway
33.1
9.9
3.4
21.5
8.1
0.1
0.4
7.2
12.3
0.9
12.3
0.18
7.28
Norway
Poland
282.9
- 16.7
207.8
51.2
21.6
2.3
148.9
40.8
24.8
27.1
41.2
1.63
7.40
Poland
Portugal
63.0
40.2
13.5
43.2
6.3
0.0
22.3
11.8
18.8
2.2
7.9
0.47
6.07
Portugal
Slovak Republic
37.9
- 22.2
15.4
9.1
13.2
0.2
8.2
9.6
6.2
4.3
9.6
1.50
7.04
Slovak Republic
Spain
303.4
33.4
82.9
177.3
43.2
0.0
94.7
58.1
98.0
17.4
35.2
0.41
7.48
Spain
Sweden
50.1
- 3.9
9.9
38.3
1.8
0.1
7.4
12.6
22.0
2.5
5.7
0.17
5.62
Sweden
Switzerland
42.8
- 2.6
0.5
33.5
5.8
3.0
1.9
7.3
14.9
11.3
7.4
0.13
5.87
Switzerland
Turkey
193.1
40.1
77.1
81.8
34.1
0.1
54.9
50.9
35.8
18.9
32.5
0.94
2.77
Turkey
United Kingdom
529.3
- 4.9
137.0
193.5
197.9
0.9
158.2
67.6
131.4
83.8
88.2
0.38
8.94
United Kingdom
United States
5 652.3
15.6
2 070.7
2 323.3
1 241.1
17.2
2 274.1
621.4
1 761.4
355.5
639.9
0.61
19.66
United States
G7
9 568.2
11.3
3 160.4
4 221.2
2 157.2
29.5
3 397.5
1 308.5
2 723.2
799.3
1 339.7
0.42
13.53
G7
EU-15
3 207.0
3.5
846.7
1 545.8
796.8
17.7
955.9
545.5
836.9
426.9
441.8
0.32
8.41
EU-15
OECD Total
12 554.0
12.7
4 219.6
5 589.9
2 689.2
55.4
4 449.4
1 833.1
3 411.9
1 034.1
1 825.5
0.44
10.96
OECD Total
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/146687432510
1.
4. Includes industrial waste and non-renewable municipal waste
5. Excludes international marine and aviation bunkers
2. Kilogrammes of CO
2
per 1995 USD
Sources:
CO
2
Emissions from Fuel Combustion , IEA/OECD, Paris, 2004;
3. Tonnes of CO
2
per capita
Energy Balances of OECD Countries, 2001–2002, IEA/OECD, Paris, 2004;
Main Economic Indicators , OECD, Paris, 2004.
CO
2
emissions are calculated using the IEA energy balances, the IPCC
Sectoral Approach and the default emission factors from the Revised 1996
IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories . They may differ
from National Communications submitted by the Parties to the UNFCCC
51
PRICES AND INTEREST RATES, December 2003
Australia
122.3
a
2.4
a
114.3
a
- 1.1
a
161
9.7
5.47
5.60
Australia
Austria
113.7
1.2
106.7
2.5
155
29.5
..
d
4.40
Austria
Belgium
115.3
1.7
110.4
- 0.4
164
11.6
..
d
4.35
Belgium
Canada
117.8
2.0
105.7
- 3.5
185
24.3
2.70
4.72
Canada
Czech Republic
148.4
1.0
123.8
1.3
143
37.1
2.08
..
Czech Republic
Denmark
120.1
1.4
110.6
- 0.9
226
30.0
2.03
4.52
Denmark
Finland
113.1
0.6
100.5
- 1.9
313
- 2.7
..
d
4.33
Finland
France
113.2
2.2
97.3
0.1
192
13.2
..
d
4.38
France
Germany
111.9
1.1
105.4
0.2
140
22.1
..
d
4.30
Germany
Greece
142.7
3.1
137.3
3.0
248
21.5
..
d
4.45
Greece
Hungary
247.1
5.7
201.3
5.0
651
17.2
11.78
..
Hungary
Iceland
132.9
2.8
..
..
436
44.4
5.00
7.50
Iceland
Ireland
129.7
1.9
99.8
- 9.1
250
12.2
..
d
4.31
Ireland
Italy
123.1
2.5
113.3
0.8
205
12.5
..
d
4.46
Italy
Japan
99.4
- 0.4
90.9
- 0.7
73
19.2
0.03
13.30
Japan
Korea
136.0
3.4
119.0
2.7
86
14.5
4.30
5.30
Korea
Luxembourg
116.7
2.1
100.1
0.1
..
..
..
d
3.29
Luxembourg
1995 = 100
Change
December 2003/
December 2002
%
1995 = 100
Producer prices
Short-term
%
Consumer prices
Interest rates
Share prices
1995 = 100
Long-term
%
Change
December 2003/
December 2002
%
Change
December 2003/
December 2002
%
52
Mexico
286.1
4.0
270.2
6.8
396
43.6
6.18
..
Mexico
Netherlands
122.0
1.7
115.5
- 0.9
163
0.4
..
d
4.33
Netherlands
New Zealand
114.3
a
1.6
a
110.1
a
- 1.0
a
117
18.2
5.32
6.05
New Zealand
Norway
119.6
0.6
118.1
3.2
181
41.2
2.64
4.78
Norway
Poland
198.4
1.7
149.7
3.5
260
40.3
5.31
..
Poland
Portugal
128.8
2.4
127.4
- 0.4
209
14.0
..
d
4.40
Portugal
Slovak Republic
181.2
9.2
140.3
2.7
101
28.5
..
..
Slovak Republic
Spain
127.0
2.6
112.4
1.1
267
19.7
..
d
3.73
Spain
Sweden
109.3
1.3
100.1
- 1.9
199
29.7
2.70
4.86
Sweden
Switzerland
106.3
0.6
96.5
0.5
188
12.3
0.26
2.78
Switzerland
Turkey
4 701
18.4
3 968
13.9
4 464
79.6
23.50
..
Turkey
United Kingdom
123.1
2.8
107.5
1.8
114
a
8.7
a
3.95
4.89
United Kingdom
United States
120.9
1.9
110.8
2.8
203
23.0
1.10
4.94
United States
Euro area
118.2
b
1.9
107.2
b
0.2
183
12.1
2.15
4. 36
Euro area
G7
116.4
1.6
105.5
1.3
-
-
-
-
G7
EU-15
118.9
2.0
107.6
0.4
-
-
-
-
EU-15
OECD Total
134.7
2.1
120.3
c
1.5
c
-
-
-
-
OECD Total
OECD excl. high infl.
1
117.8
1.7
106.8
c
1.1
c
-
-
-
-
OECD excl. high infl.
1
*
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/503513343381
..
not available
c.
Excluding Iceland
-
not applicable
d.
See short-term rate for the euro area
1.
This total excludes high inflation countries: Hungary, Mexico, Poland and Turkey
a.
Fourth quarter
b.
OECD methodology
Source: Main Economic Indicators , OECD, Paris, June 2004.
53
DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN FINANCE
Australia
Australian dollar
1.353
1.335
21 662
195.4
9.9
9.2
-
1.39
b
0.15
b
1.25
b
Australia
Austria
¼ $76HXUR
..
a
..
a
5 700
..
a
..
a
52.7
7.8
0.80
b
0.25
b
0.55
b
Austria
Belgium
¼ %()HXUR
..
a
..
a
7 395
..
a
..
a
96.1
4.9
0.72
b
0.15
b
0.57
b
Belgium
Canada
Canadian dollar
1.312
1.295
24 376
139.1
4.7
36.3
2.3
1.35
0.49
0.86
Canada
Czech Republic
Czech koruny
25.40
26.03
18 016
195.7
5.7
17.0
0.4
1.30
b
0.24
b
1.05
b
Czech Republic
Denmark
Danish kroner
6.051
5.93
24 970
168.1
15.9
52.1
-
1.51
c
0.39
c
1.12
c
Denmark
Finland
¼ ),0HXUR
..
a
..
a
7 076
..
a
..
a
39.0
3.4
3.57
0.01
3.56
Finland
France
¼ )5)HXUR
..
a
..
a
20 314
..
a
..
a
47.2
3.7
0.96
0.23
0.72
France
Germany
¼ '(0HXUR
..
a
..
a
34 115
..
a
..
a
34.0
2.6
0.60
0.42
0.18
Germany
Greece
¼ *5'HXUR
..
a
..
a
2 935
..
a
..
a
101.5
16.0
1.74
0.35
1.39
Greece
Hungary
forint
215.8
208.3
8 572
356.4
13.0
41.3
13.8
1.04
0.43
1.68
Hungary
Iceland
Icelandic krónur
73.04
71.7
533
287.5
23.5
36.4
0.5
1.58
c
0.90
c
0.67
c
Iceland
Ireland
¼ ,(3HXUR
..
a
..
a
2 745
..
a
..
a
23.4
4.1
1.03
b
0.16
b
0.87
b
Ireland
Italy
¼ ,7/HXUR
..
a
..
a
20 435
..
a
..
a
90.7
9.5
1.65
b
0.66
b
0.99
b
Italy
Japan
yen
107.8
107.1
446 368
126.0
1.5
112.6
22.1
- 0.06
0.61
- 0.67
Japan
Korea
won
1 192
1 195
104 500
254.4
5.0
17.3
3.9
1.97
1.15
0.81
Korea
Luxembourg
¼ /8)HXUR
..
a
..
a
..
..
a
..
a
2.7
0.2
0.63
0.10
0.53
Luxembourg
Mexico
Mexican peso
11.25
11.24
39 675
462.5
12.9
19.9
4.5
2.25
1.15
1.10
Mexico
Marketable
Foreign finance
Total official
reserves
1
million SDR
2
31 December
2003
Currency
Per SDR
2
Exchange rate
currency units
December 2003
Per USD
Non-
marketable
Domestic finance
Net
provisions
Profits
before tax
4
December
2003
1995 = 100
Change
Dec. 2003/
Dec. 2002
%
Net
income
3
Commercial banks
% of average balance-sheet total
2001
Monetary aggregate
(Broad Money)
Central Government
debt in 2002 as % of
GDP
54
Netherlands
¼ 1/*HXUR
..
a
..
a
7 410
..
a
..
a
42.9
0.5
0.82
b
0.21
b
0.61
b
Netherlands
New Zealand
N. Zealand dollar
1.547
1.529
3 421
193.2
5.6
28.6
0.6
1.67
b
0.10
b
1.57
b
New Zealand
Norway
Norwegian kroner
6.706
6.71
15 476
167.8
2.7
11.8
7.4
1.11
0.36
0.74
Norway
Poland
zloty
3.796
3.757
21 925
363.3
5.3
29.2
13.3
2.47
1.23
1.23
Poland
Portugal
¼ 37(HXUR
..
a
..
a
3 954
..
a
..
a
46.7
14.6
1.14
0.37
0.78
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Slovak koruny
33.51
32.83
7 859
240.8
5.2
31.8
3.6
- 0.20
b
- 1.25
b
1.05
b
Slovak Republic
Spain
¼ (63HXUR
..
a
..
a
13 317
..
a
..
a
43.2
2.0
1.60
0.81
0.79
Spain
Sweden
Swedish kronor
7.33
7.24
13 245
154.1
3.2
47.1
2.4
0.95
- 0.13
1.07
Sweden
Switzerland
Swiss franc
1.264
1.242
32 068
134.0
8.3
19.4
9.2
1.14
b
0.51
b
0.63
b
Switzerland
Turkey
Turkish lira
1 434 571
1 423 455
22 875
8960
16.3
54.3
-
2.70
4.76
- 2.07
Turkey
United Kingdom
Pound sterling
0.544
0.563
28 164
178.3
5.4
31.9
8.5
1.34
0.25
1.09
United Kingdom
United States
US dollar
1
1.486
50 401
195.6
3.3
29.6
4.1
2.45
0.69
1.77
United States
Euro area
euro
0.813
0.797
149 879
160.7
6.6
..
..
..
..
..
Euro area
G7
-
-
-
-
-
-
..
..
..
..
..
G7
EU-15
-
-
-
-
163.8
6.5
..
..
..
..
..
EU-15
OECD Total
-
-
-
-
203.9
6.4
..
..
..
..
..
OECD Total
excl. high infl.
5
-
-
-
-
161.5
4.0
..
..
..
..
..
excl. high. Infl.
5
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/635024563267
..
not available
a. Series no longer available following the introduction of EMU. See Euro area line
-
not applicable
b. All banks
1.
Excludes gold
c. Commercial and savings banks
2.
Special Drawing Right
3.
Gross income less operating expenses
Sources: Main Economic Indicators , OECD, May 2004;
4.
Net income less net provisions
Bank Profitability - Financial Statements of Banks , OECD, Paris, 2002;
5.
Excluding Greece, Hungary, Mexico, Poland and Turkey
International Financial Statistics , IMF, April 2002;
Central Government Debt , OECD, Paris, 2004.
55
DIRECT INVESTMENT
Australia
1.53
1.41
7.8
4.3
2.78
0.64
14.3
1.9
131.6
82.9
91.4
40.5
Australia
Austria
2.71
0.61
6.9
1.1
2.8
0.64
7.1
1.2
41.9
12.1
39.7
8.0
Austria
Belgium.-Lux.
1
..
4.56
104.5
a
10.5
..
1.68
120.8
b
3.9
..
..
..
..
Belgium.-Lux.
1
Canada
0.69
0.85
5.9
4.7
2.51
1.03
21.4
5.7
221.2
106.9
273.4
92.5
Canada
Czech Republic
3.03
1.87
2.6
0.7
0.27
0.26
0.2
0.1
38.7
3.4
1.5
0.2
Czech Republic
Denmark
1.24
1.20
2.6
1.7
0.55
0.91
1.2
1.3
73.6
14.6
75.9
15.8
Denmark
Finland
1.71
1.00
2.8
0.9
..
1.63
-7.4
1.4
34.0
4.2
63.9
9.2
Finland
France
2.60
1.29
45.3
16.4
3.17
1.55
55.2
19.7
401.3
135.1
652.1
158.8
France
Germany
0.54
0.02
12.9
0.4
0.11
0.88
2.6
17.2
510.2
71.1
654.9
162.4
Germany
Greece
0.38
1.33
0.7
1.2
0.03
..
..
..
15.6
..
9.0
..
Greece
Hungary
2.98
6.28
2.5
2.4
1.91
0.03
1.6
..
35.9
5.6
2.2
0.2
Hungary
Iceland
0.81
0.01
0.1
..
1.59
0.24
0.2
..
0.8
0.1
1.1
0.1
Iceland
Ireland
16.85
2.12
25.5
1.1
1.26
0.43
1.9
0.2
184.7
..
34.8
..
Ireland
Italy
1.16
0.38
17.0
3.8
0.62
0.73
9.1
7.2
126.5
54.0
194.5
81.1
Italy
Japan
0.15
..
6.3
0.2
0.67
0.32
28.8
13.9
78.1
16.9
304.2
259.8
Japan
Korea
0.62
0.17
3.2
0.6
0.66
0.39
3.4
1.3
62.7
..
22.6
..
Korea
% of GDP
2002 1993
2003 1993
1993 2003
% of GDP
1993
Direct investment flows
Billion USD
Billion USD
Direct investment positions
Inflows
Outflows
Inward
Billion USD
Billion USD
Outward
1993 2003
1993
2002
2003
56
Mexico
1.76
1.09
10.7
4.4
..
..
..
..
154.3
40.6
13.2
..
Mexico
Netherlands
3.84
1.99
19.7
6.4
7.04
3.10
36.1
10.1
344.1
72.2
374.2
114.7
Netherlands
New Zealand
1.10
5.02
0.8
2.2
..
..
-0.1
-1.4
27.5
15.5
7.8
4.4
New Zealand
Norway
0.99
1.25
2.2
1.5
1.16
0.80
2.6
0.9
42.6
13.6
..
12.7
Norway
Poland
2.02
1.86
4.2
1.7
0.18
0.02
0.4
..
47.9
2.3
1.5
0.2
Poland
Portugal
0.65
1.76
1.0
1.5
0.06
0.12
0.1
0.1
43.2
..
31.9
..
Portugal
Slovak Republic
1.83
1.34
0.6
0.2
0.04
0.10
..
..
8.5
..
0.5
..
Slovak Republic
Spain
3.06
1.92
25.6
9.6
2.79
0.64
23.4
3.2
236.3
80.3
225.2
24.0
Spain
Sweden
1.14
1.94
3.4
3.8
3.51
0.68
10.6
1.4
118.0
13.1
144.4
45.5
Sweden
Switzerland
3.85
..
12.2
-0.1
3.46
3.61
10.9
8.8
125.1
38.7
295.4
91.6
Switzerland
Turkey
0.24
0.35
0.6
0.6
0.21
0.01
0.5
..
17.6
..
5.0
..
Turkey
United Kingdom
0.81
1.54
14.6
14.8
3.08
2.71
55.3
26.1
568.3
179.2
921.4
245.6
United Kingdom
United States
0.76
0.78
82.0
51.4
1.43
1.28
154.8
84.0
1 504.4
593.3
1751.9
723.5
United States
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/551724743553
..
not available
1.
Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union (BLEU)
a.
Of which $31.3 bn. for Belgium and $73.2 bn. for Luxembourg
b.
Of which $39 bn. for Belgium and $81.8 bn. for Luxembourg
Source:
International Direct Investment Statistics Yearbook 2003 , OECD, Paris, on CD-
ROM and on line at www.SourceOECD.org
57
INSTITUTIONAL INVESTMENT
Australia
40.5
34.7
67.5
36.6
18.0
7.9
3.8
2.8
129.7
82.0
Australia
Austria
25.3
17.6
3.8
0.6
46.6
10.3
..
..
75.7
28.5
Austria
Belgium
45.5
28.1
5.6
3.0
55.0
24.6
2.9
1.7
109.0
57.3
Belgium
Canada
29.1
27.4
48.3
37.0
38.5
15.0
..
..
115.8
79.4
Canada
Czech Republic
8.4
5.6
2.5
-
2.6
3.0
1.6
14.6
15.1
23.2
Czech Republic
Denmark
58.1
44.0
23.8
18.7
21.4
3.5
..
..
103.2
66.2
Denmark
Finland
24.4
8.7
3.4
..
8.8
0.8
45.3
34.4
81.9
43.8
e
Finland
France
69.0
32.5
..
..
62.8
41.5
..
..
131.8
e
73.9
e
France
Germany
41.3
24.2
3.3
2.5
36.4
12.2
..
..
81.0
38.9
Germany
Greece
5.0
2.0
a
..
..
22.4
4.6
..
..
27.5
e
6.7
a,d,e
Greece
Hungary
5.5
2.8
3.9
-
4.8
0.6
0.1
..
14.3
3.4
Hungary
Iceland
9.9
8.6
87.3
51.5
16.4
3.5
..
..
113.6
63.6
Iceland
Ireland
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Ireland
Italy
22.3
8.3
4.4
3.7
33.5
7.0
33.8
9.1
94.0
28.2
Italy
Japan
60.3
50.2
18.5
13.6
9.5
9.5
6.4
9.8
94.7
83.0
Japan
Korea
38.9
21.1
3.2
3.3
35.1
30.8
..
..
77.2
55.1
Korea
Financial assets of institutional investors
% of GDP
Insurance companies
1
Pension funds
2
Investment companies
3
Other types of institutional
investors
1993 2001 1993
Total
2001 1993 2001 1993 2001 1993 2001
58
Luxembourg
117.2
..
..
..
4 220.0
c
2 120.7
c
..
..
4 337.2
c,e
2 120.7
c,e,f
Luxembourg
Mexico
2.3
1.3
4.3
..
5.1
6.0
..
..
11.7
7.3
g
Mexico
Netherlands
61.8
a
47.8
105.1
83.6
22.7
15.7
1.5
2.4
190.9
a
149.5
Netherlands
New Zealand
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
New Zealand
Norway
31.9
31.6
5.6
5.8
9.1
4.6
..
..
46.5
42.0
Norway
Poland
5.2
..
2.6
..
1.8
0.6
d
..
..
9.7
0.6
d,e,f
Poland
Portugal
22.4
4.9
11.4
5.4
17.3
12.8
0.8
4.5
51.9
27.6
Portugal
Slovak Republic
6.0
..
..
..
1.2
c
..
..
..
7.2
c,e
..
Slovak Republic
Spain
22.8
..
8.2
b
..
30.8
..
..
..
61.9
b
..
Spain
Sweden
76.1
45.2
3.7
2.0
45.8
19.1
27.9
36.2
153.6
102.4
Sweden
Switzerland
87.1
55.7
113.5
b
..
32.0
14.3
..
..
232.7
b
70.0
e
Switzerland
Turkey
1.5
0.4
..
..
2.9
0.8
..
..
4.4
e
1.2
e
Turkey
United Kingdom
97.1
70.3
66.4
71.8
27.5
20.1
..
..
190.9
162.2
United Kingdom
United States
40.5
36.1
63.0
50.5
65.4
30.9
22.0
18.8
191.0
136.3
United States
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/321520022541
..
not available
e. Excluding pension funds
1.
Life and non-life
f.
Excluding insurance companies
2.
Autonomous and non-autonomous
g. Excluding investment companies
3.
Open-end and closed-end
a.
Excluding non-life insurance companies
b.
Total assets for autonomous pension funds
c.
Total assets for investment companies
d.
Excluding closed-end investment companies
Sources:
Institutional Investors Statistical Yearbook , OECD, Paris, 2003;
OECD from national statistics.
59
TRADE, 2002
Australia
90.8
13.4
80.6
- 0.6
69.5
14.1
84.6
1.1
65.0
2.6
48.2
- 0.3
93.5
Australia
Austria
103.9
1.2
108.4
3.7
71.4
3.4
83.9
- 1.1
71.3
10.2
89.0
- 0.7
99.9
Austria
Belgium
196.3
1.2
205.2
1.0
198.1
10.8
80.2
1.6
215.8
13.4
83.1
1.6
109.0
Belgium
Canada
269.6
0.7
301.2
- 0.1
222.2
0.3
86.1
0.5
252.4
- 3.3
72.3
2.1
113.6
Canada
Czech Republic
46.9
4.3
45.3
2.8
40.7
11.7
84.7
1.6
38.5
15.3
90.9
0.7
94.5
Czech Republic
Denmark
66.7
7.3
76.4
4.8
49.3
11.3
80.9
1.0
55.7
11.2
71.0
1.3
112.9
Denmark
Finland
39.9
1.9
50.9
5.1
33.6
4.6
76.5
0.1
44.7
4.3
87.9
- 0.7
132.8
Finland
France
361.4
2.9
388.3
1.9
303.8
- 0.1
79.6
- 0.1
304.9
1.7
84.3
- 0.6
100.4
France
Germany
627.7
- 1.7
713.0
3.4
490.1
0.8
78.7
0.8
615.6
7.6
91.5
0.5
125.6
Germany
Greece
36.8
- 4.7
27.8
- 7.7
31.2
10.8
73.7
4.3
10.3
0.3
62.8
4.7
33.1
Greece
Hungary
43.0
6.2
41.5
3.7
37.6
11.7
87.5
0.7
34.3
12.5
89.6
1.2
91.2
Hungary
Iceland
3.2
- 2.6
3.4
3.6
2.3
0.2
73.1
- 1.6
2.2
10.4
32.9
- 1.3
98.1
Iceland
Ireland
91.3
2.3
114.0
6.2
52.3
2.5
84.5
0.8
88.3
14.0
90.6
1.3
168.7
Ireland
Italy
308.6
- 0.2
320.1
- 3.4
242.7
2.8
75.1
4.1
251.0
2.8
89.8
- 1.1
103.4
Italy
Japan
394.1
2.0
445.3
8.0
337.6
- 3.2
61.3
0.9
416.7
3.5
98.1
0.2
123.4
Japan
Change
2002/
2001
%
%
of total
trade
Change
2002/
2001
%
5
%
of total
trade
Manufacturing
Total
Billion
USD
At current
prices and
exchange
rates
billion USD
Volume
change
2002/
2001
%
Billion
USD
Total
Change
2002/
2001
%
Change
2002/
2001
%
5
Goods and services
1
Trade by commodities
2
Coverage
ratio
Imports
Exports
Imports (c.i.f.)
3
Exports (f.o.b.)
4
At current
prices and
exchange
rates
billion USD
Volume
change
2002/
2001
%
Manufacturing
60
Korea
183.9
16.4
190.7
14.9
152.1
7.8
65.8
4.6
162.5
8.0
92.9
1.7
106.8
Korea
Luxembourg
27.1
- 1.8
30.9
- 0.2
11.5
2.9
75.7
- 1.6
8.6
3.9
90.4
- 1.5
74.5
Luxembourg
Mexico
185.9
1.4
173.7
1.5
165.7
0.4
89.1
- 1.6
160.0
1.6
85.1
- 1.5
96.5
Mexico
Netherlands
240.7
- 0.2
262.0
0.1
163.4
b
- 3.8
73.4
b
- 2.1
175.3
b
- 0.1
70.8
b
- 1.1
107.3
Netherlands
New Zealand
18.5
9.8
19.4
7.1
15.0
13.1
79.5
0.8
13.8
4.2
35.1
0.5
91.9
New Zealand
Norway
52.2
2.3
78.5
0.1
34.9
5.9
82.8
1.0
59.6
1.0
31.4
1.7
170.7
Norway
Poland
63.1
2.6
56.7
4.8
55.1
9.6
82.0
1.8
41.0
13.6
85.0
1.2
74.4
Poland
Portugal
45.9
- 0.6
36.9
2.4
40.0
1.5
74.8
- 0.3
26.5
8.3
87.1
- 0.4
66.2
Portugal
Slovak Republic
19.1
5.2
17.4
5.5
16.6
12.8
77.6
2.9
14.5
14.8
87.5
0.8
87.1
Slovak Republic
Spain
195.6
1.8
186.0
0.0
165.9
7.1
75.3
0.4
125.9
8.4
80.2
- 0.1
75.9
Spain
Sweden
90.4
- 1.9
106.0
1.2
66.2
4.2
76.8
- 0.9
81.0
6.1
86.2
- 0.1
122.3
Sweden
Switzerland
101.2
- 3.1
121.2
- 0.5
83.7
- 0.6
87.7
- 0.3
87.9
7.1
96.1
0.2
105.0
Switzerland
Turkey
56.5
a
15.8
a
53.8
a
11.1
a
51.3
23.8
72.9
- 1.1
35.8
14.1
85.5
2.3
69.8
Turkey
United Kingdom
456.7
4.0
409.6
- 0.4
351.7
1.5
84.9
- 0.2
288.6
0.4
85.3
- 0.6
82.1
United Kingdom
United States
4
1 438.5
3.9
1 015.2
- 1.6
1 161.2
1.8
83.7
0.7
693.1
- 4.9
87.0
- 0.2
59.7
United States
4
G7
3 856.7
2.1
3 592.7
1.1
3 109.4
0.8
79.7
0.9
2 822.4
0.9
88.1
0.2
90.8
G7
EU-15 Extra
..
..
..
..
934.0
c
1.4
73.3
c
- 0.3
942.6
c
6.8
88.7
c
- 0.3
100.9
EU-15 Extra
OECD Total
5 855.5
2.6
5 679.5
1.8
4 716.9
2.5
79.5
0.7
4 440.6
3.2
85.4
0.3
94.1
OECD Total
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/568532110800
1.
National accounts basis according to 1993 System of National Accounts (SNA)
a.
National accounts basis according to 1968 SNA
2.
Customs basis
b.
Confidential data excluded
3.
c.i.f.: cost, insurance, freight
c.
Intra-EU trade excluded, source Eurostat
4.
f.o.b.: free on board
5. Change in manufacturing share of total trade
Sources: National Accounts of OECD Countries , OECD, Paris, 2004;
International Trade by Commodity Statistics , OECD, Paris, 2004.
61
TRADE IN SERVICES
1
, 2002
Australia
18.1
6.6
33.1
33.7
4.4
5.6
23.2
17.9
7.3
23.3
48.1
5.0
1.7
21.9
Australia
Austria
34.2
a
8.8
10.4
27.3
6.5
3.1
15.6
35.1
a
5.4
16.4
31.9
6.3
0.3
21.7
Austria
Belgium
35.9
..
21.1
28.9
7.7
2.2
40.1
37.3
..
22.3
18.2
7.1
1.7
50.7
Belgium
Canada
42.5
- 2.2
21.3
27.9
11.1
8.6
31.1
37.2
- 2.3
18.6
28.7
8.2
4.5
40.0
Canada
Czech Republic
6.3
15.5
14.2
25.0
12.2
1.9
46.7
7.0
- 0.1
24.8
42.2
2.8
0.6
29.7
Czech Republic
Denmark
25.1
11.5
47.4
27.6
..
..
..
27.1
6.7
54.6
21.5
..
..
..
Denmark
Finland
8.2
1.3
30.0
23.9
1.2
b
7.4
37.6
b
6.5
10.9
23.8
24.2
0.1
b
8.7
43.1
b
Finland
France
68.2
9.5
25.8
28.4
4.4
2.9
38.5
85.9
7.1
21.8
37.5
2.5
3.8
34.5
France
Germany
150.1
3.0
20.8
34.8
3.4
3.4
37.6
105.6
15.7
24.5
18.1
10.9
3.5
43.0
Germany
Greece
9.8
- 15.6
48.5
24.6
4.4
2.9
19.6
19.9
2.3
40.3
48.7
1.1
0.1
9.8
Greece
Hungary
7.2
19.1
14.4
24.0
4.3
5.6
51.8
7.8
4.0
8.8
41.9
2.1
4.5
42.8
Hungary
Iceland
1.1
4.5
38.4
32.5
2.1
0.1
26.9
1.1
4.5
49.5
21.8
0.6
0.0
28.1
Iceland
Ireland
40.3
13.9
4.5
9.2
11.2
25.7
49.4
28.2
19.9
5.7
10.9
22.1
0.9
60.4
Ireland
Italy
63.1
9.5
21.5
26.6
3.8
2.0
46.1
59.6
3.4
15.1
44.5
3.3
0.9
36.2
Italy
Japan
107.7
- 0.5
29.2
24.6
4.5
10.2
31.5
65.7
1.9
36.5
5.3
4.2
15.9
38.1
Japan
Korea
35.6
8.3
30.0
25.5
1.7
8.4
34.4
28.1
- 3.1
46.5
18.8
3.2
2.9
28.6
Korea
Luxembourg
13.6
..
7.4
13.9
58.1
0.8
19.9
20.4
..
7.8
10.7
63.9
0.6
17.0
Luxembourg
Imports
Exports
Total
% of total
% of total
Total
Billion USD
Change
2002/
2001
%
Transport
Other
services
2
Transport
Travel
Finance
and
insurance
Royalties
and
license
fees
Billion
USD
Change
2002/
2001
%
Travel
Finance
and
insurance
Royalties
and
license
fees
Other
services
2
62
Mexico
17.7
2.7
11.3
34.3
38.1
4.1
12.3
12.7
0.3
9.0
69.5
9.5
d
0.4
11.6
d
Mexico
Netherlands
56.9
5.9
22.5
22.7
4.1
4.6
46.1
55.7
8.8
31.6
13.8
2.0
3.5
49.1
Netherlands
New Zealand
4.7
10.9
34.7
31.2
3.9
7.3
22.8
5.1
16.8
23.5
57.1
0.8
1.7
16.9
New Zealand
Norway
16.4
8.6
34.1
30.3
4.4
2.0
29.3
19.2
7.2
56.3
11.3
4.7
0.9
26.8
Norway
Poland
9.2
2.6
19.8
34.9
6.1
6.1
33.2
10.0
2.9
32.6
43.0
3.5
0.3
20.6
Poland
Portugal
6.7
5.8
32.3
33.7
4.9
4.4
24.7
9.8
10.3
18.5
60.4
2.3
0.3
18.5
Portugal
Slovak Republic
2.3
16.0
25.6
19.0
7.7
2.7
45.0
2.8
11.9
41.6
26.0
3.0
1.4
28.0
Slovak Republic
Spain
37.7
10.8
24.4
17.5
6.8
4.8
46.5
62.3
6.9
14.9
53.7
4.2
0.6
26.6
Spain
Sweden
23.8
0.9
14.7
30.3
3.6
3.8
47.6
23.7
3.0
21.7
18.9
4.3
6.4
48.8
Sweden
Switzerland
15.2
4.3
17.2
43.4
4.5
..
c
34.9
c
29.4
6.1
11.0
26.7
32.9
..
c
29.4
c
Switzerland
Turkey
6.2
1.0
31.3
30.6
16.1
1.7
20.3
14.0
- 7.8
19.9
60.4
1.8
..
c
17.9
c
Turkey
United Kingdom
106.9
8.1
23.5
39.1
5.4
6.2
25.9
129.6
10.2
13.9
16.2
23.7
6.7
39.5
United Kingdom
United States
227.4
3.6
25.7
26.8
10.8
8.5
28.2
288.7
1.0
16.0
29.5
7.9
15.3
31.3
United States
G7
765.8
4.1
24.4
29.9
6.6
6.4
32.7
772.3
5.1
19.3
25.7
9.7
9.4
36.0
G7
EU-15 Extra
3,4
293.6
3.4
23.4
26.4
4.8
7.6
37.9
316.5
8.0
23.5
20.9
11.8
4.4
39.4
EU-15 Extra
3,4
EU-15
3
690.8
7.7
21.5
28.1
5.9
5.0
39.5
706.9
9.2
20.8
26.9
10.8
3.2
38.4
EU-15
3
OECD Total
1 208.3
5.7
23.5
27.9
7.3
..
c
41.3
c
1 253.6
5.6
21.6
27.5
9.5
..
c
41.3
c
OECD Total
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/583110616064
..
not available
a.
Including services not allocated by type of service
1.
b.
Financial services included in other services
c.
Royalties and license fees included in other services
2.
d.
Includes insurance services (premiums minus claims) only
3.
Including estimates of data which may not be separately available for individual countries
4.
Excluding intra-European Union trade
Source: OECD Statistics on International Trade in Services, Volume 1, 1993-2002,
OECD/Eurostat, Paris, 2004.
According to the IMF Balance of Payments Manual - Fifth Edition and the System of
National Accounts
Including other commercial (communications, construction, computer and information,
other business and personal, cultural and recreational) and government services
63
DEVELOPMENT AID, 2003
Australia
1 237
0.25
1.8
2.2
100.0
21.8
0.06
0.05
Australia
Austria
503
0.20
0.7
1.9
96.1
30.0
0.03
0.08
Austria
Belgium
1 887
0.61
2.8
11.9
100.0
33.6
0.03
0.14
Belgium
Canada
2 209
0.26
3.2
1.2
99.9
25.1
0.04
0.05
Canada
Denmark
1 747
0.84
2.6
0.1
100.0
36.8
..
0.32
Denmark
Finland
556
0.34
0.8
5.6
100.0
45.6
0.01
0.12
Finland
France
7 337
0.41
10.7
1.5
99.6
34.1
..
0.11
France
Germany
6 694
0.28
9.8
1.7
99.4
37.5
0.04
0.07
Germany
Greece
356
0.21
0.5
11.6
..
61.3
0.00
0.03
Greece
Ireland
510
0.41
0.7
16.0
100.0
32.8
0.09
0.21
Ireland
Italy
2 393
0.16
3.5
5.4
100.0
56.8
..
0.09
Italy
Japan
8 911
0.20
13.0
- 1.2
87.7
27.9
0.00
0.04
Japan
Luxembourg
189
0.80
0.3
9.5
100.0
21.2
0.01
0.30
Luxembourg
Netherlands
4 059
0.81
5.9
2.6
100.0
26.6
0.06
0.29
Netherlands
New Zealand
169
0.23
0.2
1.4
100.0
24.7
0.04
0.06
New Zealand
Norway
2 043
0.92
3.0
3.1
100.0
32.5
0.24
0.33
Norway
ODA
1
million USD
2003
ODA
1
% of GNI
2003
Share
in total DAC
2
ODA
1
2003 %
ODA to LDCs
4
% of GNI
2002
ODA
1
Annual average
% change in
volume
1997/98–2002/03
Grant element %
of ODA
1
commitments
2002
Multilateral
Aid
% of ODA
1
2002
Grants by
NGOs
3
2002
% of GNI
64
Portugal
298
0.21
0.4
2.2
100.0
42.3
..
0.10
Portugal
Spain
2 030
0.25
3.0
5.5
100.0
41.7
..
0.04
Spain
Sweden
2 100
0.70
3.1
5.7
100.0
37.2
0.01
0.26
Sweden
Switzerland
1 297
0.38
1.9
3.4
100.0
18.6
0.07
0.08
Switzerland
United Kingdom
6 166
0.34
9.0
7.2
100.0
28.8
0.02
0.07
United Kingdom
United States
15 791
0.14
23.1
11.3
100.0
20.5
0.05
0.03
United States
G7
49 501
0.21
72.3
4.4
97.1
29.1
0.03
0.05
G7
EU-15
36 825
0.35
53.8
3.9
99.7
35.9
0.02
0.10
EU-15
DAC
2
Total
68 483
0.25
100.0
4.3
97.8
30.1
0.04
0.06
DAC
2
Total
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/203542814207
..
not available
2003 data are preliminary
1.
Official Development Assistance
2.
OECD Development Assistance Committee
3.
Non-governmental organisations
4.
Source:
The DAC Journal: Development Co-operation Report 2003, OECD, Paris, 2003
Least Developed Countries: group of 49 countries established by the United Nations. To
be classified as an LDC, countries must fall below thresholds established for income,
economic diversification and social development. ODA to LDCs include donor shares of
multilateral aid to LDCs
65
EDUCATION: EXPENDITURE
1
Australia
6.02
4.57
125
1.45
4 967
6 894
12 854
138
112
39 668
48
Australia
Austria
5.71
5.38
106
0.33
6 560
8 578
10 851
106
103
33 187
53
Austria
Belgium
5.47
5.10
..
0.37
4 310
6 889
10 771
..
..
..
..
Belgium
Canada
6.41
5.17
107
1.25
..
a
5 947
14 983
100
121
..
..
Canada
Czech Republic
4.61
4.15
96
0.46
1 827
3 239
5 431
86
100
13 941
23
Czech Republic
Denmark
6.72
6.45
120
0.27
7 074
7 726
11 981
118
108
35 297
55
Denmark
Finland
5.60
5.51
111
0.09
4 317
6 094
8 244
111
113
30 945
56
Finland
France
6.10
5.72
111
0.38
4 486
7 636
8 373
111
111
31 507
49
France
Germany
5.25
4.26
104
0.99
4 198
6 826
10 898
106
104
49 053
67
Germany
Greece
3.98
3.74
155
0.25
3 318
3 859
3 402
156
152
24 716
39
Greece
Hungary
5.01
4.42
110
0.59
2 245
2 446
7 024
100
135
8 957
16
Hungary
Iceland
6.31
5.75
..
0.56
5 854
6 518
7 994
..
..
18 717
30
Iceland
Ireland
4.55
4.12
139
0.43
3 385
4 638
11 083
124
180
37 234
51
Ireland
Italy
4.90
4.52
101
0.38
5 973
7 218
8 065
100
126
31 072
51
Italy
Japan
4.65
3.50
108
1.15
5 507
6 266
10 914
104
118
43 043
77
Japan
Teachers’ salaries in
public lower -
secondary education
after 15 years of
experience
2
Annual expenditure per student
USD
Index of change in
annual expenditure
per student
(1995 = 100)
Expenditure on educational institutions
Public and
private
% of GDP
Public
Private
% of GDP
% of GDP
1995 = 100
Salary per
statutory
teaching
hour
USD
3
Primary
education
3
Secondary
education
3
Tertiary
education
3
Primary and
secondary
education
Tertiary
education
Annual
statutory
salary
USD
3
66
Korea
7.06
4.30
..
2.75
3 155
4 069
6 118
..
..
42 713
77
Korea
Luxembourg
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Luxembourg
Mexico
5.53
4.74
134
0.78
1 291
1 615
4 688
124
129
19 588
17
Mexico
Netherlands
4.68
4.29
117
0.39
4 325
5 912
11 934
121
107
35 055
40
Netherlands
New Zealand
5.80
5.80
136
..
..
..
..
..
..
33 941
35
New Zealand
Norway
5.90
5.83
99
0.08
6 550
8 476
13 353
104
89
32 621
52
Norway
Poland
5.23
5.23
122
..
2 105
..
3 222
..
..
..
..
Poland
Portugal
5.69
5.61
129
0.08
3 672
5 349
4 766
131
136
28 974
45
Portugal
Slovak Republic
4.19
4.04
105
0.15
1 308
1 927
4 949
100
114
6 604
10
Slovak Republic
Spain
4.93
4.34
115
0.59
3 941
5 185
6 666
110
139
35 215
62
Spain
Sweden
6.49
6.29
120
0.20
6 336
6 339
15 097
123
123
25 722
..
Sweden
Switzerland
5.73
5.32
107
0.41
6 631
9 780
18 450
103
124
54 852
..
Switzerland
Turkey
3.40
3.36
175
..
..
..
4 121
..
182
..
..
Turkey
United Kingdom
5.26
4.52
112
0.73
3 877
5 991
9 657
114
101
..
..
United Kingdom
United States
6.97
4.76
..
2.22
6 995
8 855
20 358
..
..
41 595
37
United States
Country mean
5.47
4.84
116
0.63
4 381
5 957
9 571
..
..
31 968
45
Country mean
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/706582826465
..
not available or negligible.
1.
Financial and human resources invested in education; 2000 data, unless otherwise stated
2.
2001
3.
Converted using Purchasing Power Parities for GDP, see note 1 page 13
a.
Included in secondary education
Sources: Education at a Glance - OECD Indicators 2003 , OECD, Paris, 2003
www.oecd.org/edu/eag2003
67
EDUCATION: PERFORMANCE
1
Australia
528.3
533.3
527.5
58.9
..
19.2
42.0
a
158.2
153.1
0.5
0.6
Australia
Austria
507.1
515.0
518.6
77.0
..
6.8
16.6
b
..
..
0.5
0.5
Austria
Belgium
507.1
519.6
495.7
59.5
79.4
12.7
..
151.7
141.0
0.5
0.6
Belgium
Canada
534.3
533.0
529.4
81.9
..
20.4
..
169.9
160.0
0.7
0.7
Canada
Czech Republic
491.6
497.6
511.4
86.2
85.0
11.1
14.1
b
172.0
178.2
0.3
0.4
Czech Republic
Denmark
496.9
514.5
481.0
80.2
95.6
21.5
38.8
124.9
137.4
0.8
1.3
Denmark
Finland
546.5
536.2
537.7
73.8
91.0
14.8
40.7
176.3
199.9
0.4
0.4
Finland
France
504.7
517.2
500.5
63.9
84.6
11.9
25.0
b
158.2
178.7
0.6
0.8
France
Germany
484.0
489.8
487.1
82.6
91.6
13.5
19.0
b
158.6
164.3
0.5
0.4
Germany
Greece
473.8
446.9
460.6
51.4
..
12.4
..
..
..
0.6
0.7
Greece
Hungary
480.0
488.0
496.1
70.2
83.1
14.1
..
179.5
252.0
0.3
0.2
Hungary
Iceland
506.9
514.4
495.9
56.9
69.6
18.8
39.5
a
..
..
0.1
0.8
Iceland
Ireland
526.7
502.9
513.4
57.6
75.6
14.0
29.3
a
169.6
136.3
0.4
0.5
Ireland
Italy
487.5
457.4
477.6
43.3
79.3
10.0
20.0
b
115.1
138.3
0.8
0.8
Italy
Japan
522.2
556.6
550.4
83.1
93.1
19.2
32.8
a
..
..
0.7
0.6
Japan
Tertiary-type
A attainment
(25-64 year-
olds)
First-time
tertiary-type A
(ISCED 5A)
graduation
rate
Unemployment rates
Tertiary-type A
education
3
(25-64 year-olds)
%
Men
Women
Women
Index of earnings
differentials, tertiary-
type A
3
to upper
secondary
4
(25-64 year-olds)
Men
Educational attainment of adult population
and current graduation rates
%
Mean score
on the
combined
reading
literacy scale
Mean score
on the
mathermatical
literacy scale
Upper
secondary or
higher
(25-64 year-
olds)
Current upper
secondary
graduation
rate
Mean score
on the
scientific
literacy scale
Student
2
performance on the
combined reading, scientific and
mathematical literacy scales (2000)
68
Korea
524.8
546.8
552.1
68.0
..
17.5
..
159.9
142.5
0.7
0.8
Korea
Luxembourg
441.3
445.7
443.1
52.7
..
11.4
..
..
..
1.7
1.4
Luxembourg
Mexico
422.0
387.3
421.5
21.6
..
13.3
..
..
..
1.3
1.2
Mexico
Netherlands
..
..
..
65.1
..
20.9
..
147.8
141.3
0.9
0.7
Netherlands
New Zealand
528.8
536.9
527.7
75.7
..
13.9
40.2
..
..
0.9
0.9
New Zealand
Norway
505.3
499.4
500.3
85.8
..
27.6
..
136.4
135.7
0.7
0.6
Norway
Poland
479.1
470.1
483.1
45.9
91.6
11.9
38.6
..
..
0.3
0.3
Poland
Portugal
470.2
453.7
459.0
19.9
..
6.6
..
187.8
190.2
1.0
0.6
Portugal
Slovak Republic
..
..
..
85.1
73.2
10.3
..
..
..
0.2
0.3
Slovak Republic
Spain
492.6
476.3
490.9
40.0
67.0
16.9
32.1
..
..
0.7
0.9
Spain
Sweden
516.3
509.8
512.1
80.6
71.4
16.9
29.6
a
..
..
0.5
0.5
Sweden
Switzerland
494.4
529.3
495.7
87.4
88.4
15.8
18.7
b
162.7
150.3
..
..
Switzerland
Turkey
..
..
..
24.3
..
8.9
..
..
..
0.5
0.7
Turkey
United Kingdom
523.4
529.2
532.0
63.0
..
18.0
37.4
205.6
157.2
0.5
0.5
United Kingdom
United States
504.4
493.2
499.5
87.7
72.0
28.3
..
183.5
201.6
0.6
0.5
United States
Country mean
500.0
500.0
500.0
64.3
81.9
15.3
30.3
162.1
164.3
0.6
0.7
Country mean
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/301508017121
..
not available
1.
Individual and labour market outcomes of education, 2001 unless otherwise stated
2.
At age 15 and therefore approaching the end of compulsory schooling
3.
4.
Sources: Education at a Glance - OECD Indicators 2003 , OECD, Paris, 2003;
www.oecd.org/edu/eag2003;
a.
Mostly medium first university programmes (3 to less than 5 years)
Knowledge and Skills for Life-First results from PISA 2000, OECD, Paris, 2001;
b.
Mostly long first university programmes (5 to 6 years)
www.pisa.oecd.org
Tertiary-type A includes ISCED level 5A leading to a BA, Masters or equivalent
degree, and advanced research programmes (ISCED 6)
Upper secondary education includes ISCED levels 3 and post-secondary non-
tertiary education (ISCED 4)
69
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
1
, 2002 (Table I)
Australia
1.54
a
45.7
a
46.3
a
405
a
47.5
a
1.06
b
5.1
b
88.7
b
0.57
j
5.9
j
Australia
Austria
1.93
40.9
40.3
559
63.6
h
1.62
h
5.5
h
64.4
h
0.67
j
0.0
j
Austria
Belgium
2.17
b
21.4
b
64.3
b
589
b
73.7
b
2.47
5.9
83.8
0.62
0.3
Belgium
Canada
1.91
33.3
45.3
578
55.2
1.41
3.2
75.9
0.59
b,j
4.3
b,j
Canada
Czech Republic
1.30
42.1
53.7
196
61.1
1.05
12.1
84.0
0.54
3.3
Czech Republic
Denmark
2.52
28.0
b
61.5
b
737
69.3
2.82
3.1
b
87.4
b
0.74
0.5
Denmark
Finland
3.46
26.1
69.5
915
69.9
3.57
3.2
95.7
0.99
1.6
Finland
France
2.20
36.9
b
54.2
b
598
62.2
2.01
8.4
b
82.9
b
1.03
24.2
France
Germany
2.52
31.5
65.6
654
69.3
2.50
6.2
91.2
0.79
5.5
Germany
Greece
0.65
b
46.9
b
29.7
b
111
b
32.7
b
0.31
b
2.3
b
80.2
b
0.28
0.9
Greece
Hungary
1.02
58.5
29.7
142
35.5
0.55
7.2
69.3
..
..
Hungary
Iceland
3.09
34.0
b
46.2
b
879
57.2
2.77
1.4
b
73.1
b
1.17
0.0
Iceland
Ireland
1.15
b
22.6
a
66.0
a
342
b
69.7
b
1.06
b
2.7
b
92.8
b
0.30
0.0
Ireland
Italy
1.11
b
50.8
f
43.0
f
282
b
49.1
b
0.76
15.0
78.0
0.69
b
4.0
b
Italy
Japan
3.12
18.2
73.9
838
74.4
3.10
1.0
97.9
0.71
j
4.1
j
Japan
Korea
2.91
c
25.4
c
72.2
c
494
c
74.9
2.73
6.4
93.0
0.86
15.3
Korea
Luxembourg
1.71
a
7.7
a
91.0
a
829
a
92.6
a
2.15
a
1.6
a
97.8
a
0.20
..
Luxembourg
Government budget
appropriations for R&D
% of GDP
of which
Defence R&D
%
% financed by
Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D (GERD)
Business Enterprise Expenditure on R&D
(BERD)
% of GDP
% financed by
Government
Government
Per capita
at current
USD
2
Industry
Industry
% of GERD
% of value
added in
industry
70
Mexico
0.39
b
59.1
b
29.8
b
36
b
30.3
b
0.18
b
9.6
b
89.8
b
0.23
b
0.0
b
Mexico
Netherlands
1.89
b
36.2
b
51.8
b
541
b
58.2
b
1.55
5.2
b
80.3
b
0.79
b
1.9
b
Netherlands
New Zealand
1.18
b
46.4
b
37.1
b
250
b
36.5
b
0.56
b
8.6
b
78.8
b
0.52
k
0.7
k
New Zealand
Norway
1.67
39.8
b
51.6
b
594
57.4
1.41
10.3
b
81.4
b
0.76
7.1
Norway
Poland
0.59
61.1
31.0
64
21.4
0.18
11.8
86.5
0.40
b
..
Poland
Portugal
0.93
61.0
b
31.5
b
171
34.4
0.52
2.1
b
94.4
b
0.70
1.9
Portugal
Slovak Republic
0.58
d
44.1
53.6
g
71
d
64.3
0.50
21.1
77.5
0.32
9.2
g
Slovak Republic
Spain
1.03
39.1
48.9
232
54.6
0.79
9.5
84.0
0.69
b
37.3
b
Spain
Sweden
4.27
b,d
21.0
b
71.9
b
1 149
b,d
77.6
b
5.18
b
5.8
b
91.1
b
0.87
18.2
Sweden
Switzerland
2.57
a
23.2
a
69.1
a
764
a
73.9
a
3.11
a
2.3
a
91.4
a
0.65
a
0.7
a
Switzerland
Turkey
0.64
a
50.6
a
42.9
a
43
a
33.4
a
0.26
a
4.3
a
92.4
a
..
..
Turkey
United Kingdom
1.88
26.9
46.7
524
67.0
1.85
6.7
66.0
0.77
34.1
United Kingdom
United States
2.67
e
30.2
e
64.4
e
964
e
70.2
e
2.57
e
9.9
e
90.1
e
0.99
j
52.1
j
United States
G7
2.49
29.2
63.2
764
69.0
2.38
7.3
89.4
0.83
b
32.2
b
G7
EU-15
1.93
34.1
b
56.0
b
502
64.4
1.80
7.7
b
82.8
b
0.76
b
15.4
b
EU-15
OECD Total
2.26
29.9
62.3
567
68.0
2.14
7.1
89.2
0.75
b
28.8
b
OECD Total
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/166758546657
..
not available
e. Excluding most or all capital expenditures
Figures in italics are provisional
f.
1996
1.
Including some national or OECD estimates
g. Overestimated
2.
Converted using Purchasing Power Parities; see note 1 on page 13
h. 1998
a.
2000
j.
Federal government only
b.
2001
k. 1999
c.
Excluding R&D in the social sciences and humanities
d.
Underestimated
Source: Main Science and Technology Indicators, OECD, Paris, 2004.
71
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT
1
, 2002 (Table II)
Australia
21.4
a
15.4
a
13.7
a
39.9
a
66 099
a
7.2
a
26.8
a
0.41
a
Australia
Austria
..
..
..
..
18 715
c
4.7
c
29.7
c
0.53
c
Austria
Belgium
41.7
25.5
15.7
13.7
32 237
d
7.8
d
19.2
d
0.42
d
Belgium
Canada
53.5
9.1
7.2
26.4
107 300
a
7.1
a
32.8
0.63
Canada
Czech Republic
9.8
49.2
9.2
29.8
14 974
2.9
15.6
0.20
Czech Republic
Denmark
34.0
b
16.9
b
9.5
b
38.9
b
19 453
d
7.0
d
23.1
0.58
Denmark
Finland
56.4
15.8
12.4
12.4
38 632
16.4
19.2
0.66
Finland
France
44.6
a
28.6
a
11.8
a
10.6
a
177 372
d
7.2
d
19.5
0.43
France
Germany
27.9
55.3
7.7
8.4
264 685
6.8
16.9
0.43
Germany
Greece
..
..
..
..
14 748
b
3.8
b
44.9
d
0.29
d
Greece
Hungary
..
..
..
..
14 965
3.9
25.2
0.26
Hungary
Iceland
..
..
..
..
1 859
d
..
16.1
0.50
Iceland
Ireland
51.5
b
11.8
b
11.7
b
24.6
b
8 516
a
5.0
a
22.4
d
0.26
d
Ireland
Italy
41.6
30.5
7.3
19.9
66 702
d
2.8
d
32.6
d
0.36
d
Italy
Japan
40.5
38.0
12.0
7.2
646 547
9.9
13.9
0.43
Japan
Korea
51.4
22.6
8.8
12.6
141 917
e
6.4
e
10.4
e
0.30
e
Korea
Luxembourg
..
..
..
..
1 625
a
6.2
a
0.2
a
0.00
a
Luxembourg
Mexico
..
..
..
..
21 879
b
0.6
b
30.4
d
0.12
d
Mexico
Netherlands
39.5
a
24.9
a
11.5
a
19.7
a
45 328
d
5.5
d
27.0
d
0.51
d
Netherlands
’High-tech’
industries
3
’Medium high-
tech’ industries
4
’Medium low-
tech’ and ’Low-
tech’ industries
5
Service
industries
% of BERD
2
performed in
Higher Education Expenditure
on R&D (HERD)
% of GERD
6
% of GDP
Full-time
equivalent
Per 1000
total employment
Researchers
(national totals)
72
New Zealand
..
..
..
..
10 064
d
6.9
d
30.3
d
0.36
d
New Zealand
Norway
21.4
c
15.8
c
17.2
c
48.0
c
20 048
d
8.7
d
26.8
0.45
Norway
Poland
17.7
34.5
17.2
18.2
56 725
3.9
33.5
0.20
Poland
Portugal
..
..
..
..
17 724
d
3.5
d
35.6
0.33
Portugal
Slovak Republic
..
..
..
..
9 181
4.6
9.1
0.05
Slovak Republic
Spain
23.4
21.7
14.9
37.6
83 318
5.1
29.8
0.31
Spain
Sweden
55.1
26.7
5.6
11.5
45 995
d
10.6
d
19.4
d
0.83
d
Sweden
Switzerland
..
..
..
..
25 755
a
6.3
a
15.8
a
0.39
a
Switzerland
Turkey
..
..
..
..
23 083
a
1.1
a
20.9
a
0.39
a
Turkey
United Kingdom
46.8
24.9
7.4
18.8
157 662
c
5.5
c
22.6
0.42
United Kingdom
United States
39.4
a
19.4
a
6.1
a
34.4
a
1 261 227
b,f
8.6
b,f
15.9
g
0.42
g
United States
G7
40.1
a
27.7
a
8.1
a
22.6
a
2 662 207
b
7.8
b
17.3
0.43
G7
EU-15
39.6
b
35.4
b
9.4
b
13.1
b
1 002 171
d
5.9
d
21.4
d
0.41
d
EU-15
OECD Total
..
..
..
..
3 378 725
a
6.5
a
18.1
0.41
OECD Total
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/630180454117
..
not available
a.
2000
Figures in italics are provisional
b.
1999
1.
Including some national or OECD estimates
c.
1998
2.
Business enterprise expenditure on R&D, 2001
d.
2001
3.
e.
Excludes R&D in the social sciences and humanities
f.
Underestimated
4.
g.
Excludes most or all capital expenditures
5.
Sources:
6.
Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D
Aerospace; office and computing equipment; drugs and medicines; radio, TV and
communication equipment; professional goods
Motor vehicles; chemicals; electrical machinery; other transport; machinery and
equipment
Rubber and plastics; non-metallic mineral products; shipbuilding; ferrous and non-
ferrous metals; metal products; petroleum; other manufacturing industries
Research and Development Expenditure in Industry - 1987-2001 , OECD, Paris,
2003; Main Science and Technology Indicators, OECD, Paris, 2004.
73
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 2002
Australia
103.0
a
224.9
a
- 121.9
a
321
959
18.3
323
84
25
28
0.83
0.43
Australia
Austria
2 429.7
b
2 425.8
b
3.9
b
274
1 170
24.9
217
44
93
105
1.71
1.08
Austria
Belgium
5 709.1
c
4 640.7
c
1 068.4
c
359
1 245
35.0
274
85
97
118
4.82
3.65
Belgium
Canada
2 033.9
c
1 050.5
c
983.4
c
519
1 546
30.7
594
147
60
90
4.93
2.34
Canada
Czech Republic
451.0
781.3
- 330.3
9
66
38.1
8
1
71
111
0.92
0.53
Czech Republic
Denmark
1 657.3
d
1 055.3
d
602.0
d
254
894
16.5
220
103
117
89
1.19
1.03
Denmark
Finland
1 468.2
1 231.0
237.2
489
1 380
13.6
785
33
153
101
1.08
1.04
Finland
France
3 196.4
c
2 695.3
c
501.1
c
2 127
7 183
15.6
2 178
301
115
118
7.18
6.76
France
Germany
15 756.4
21 295.0
-5 538.6
5 777
21 978
11.8
5 658
771
104
201
14.24
10.71
Germany
Greece
..
..
..
6
51
36.9
12
3
23
17
0.23
0.09
Greece
Hungary
216.1
d
503.7
d
- 287.6
d
33
116
40.7
36
7
100
96
0.82
0.95
Hungary
Iceland
..
..
..
4
39
25.6
13
3
26
12
0.05
0.01
Iceland
Ireland
..
..
..
45
198
27.5
85
11
207
208
2.09
4.72
Ireland
Italy
2 977.7
2 992.8
- 15.1
767
3 961
10.4
696
66
74
116
6.02
2.81
Italy
Japan
10 259.4
c
4 512.3
c
5 747.1
c
11 757
21 002
2.8
9 316
711
149
389
9.88
11.20
Japan
Korea
..
..
..
478
1 236
6.0
599
59
147
138
4.01
5.49
Korea
Technology Balance of Payments
million USD
1
Patenting activity
Total
Balance
Receipts
Payments
Applications to the EPO
3
"Triadic"
patent
families
2
of which
% of foreign
co-inventors
All manu-
facturing
industries
Trade coverage
ratios
(exports as % of imports)
Export market
shares
(as % of total OECD)
ICT
Biotechno-
logy
’High-tech’
industries
4
’Medium high-
tech’
industries
4
’High-tech’
manu-
facturing
industries
4
74
Luxembourg
..
..
..
17
82
56.4
11
1
50
61
..
..
Luxembourg
Mexico
48.3
664.2
- 615.9
15
25
51.4
5
2
108
100
3.53
3.91
Mexico
Netherlands
..
..
..
857
3 359
15.5
1 577
186
105
113
4.00
4.47
Netherlands
New Zealand
7.9
d
3.7
d
4.2
d
36
152
22.2
37
9
14
26
0.29
0.04
New Zealand
Norway
1 379.3
1 189.0
190.3
109
384
23.8
96
21
55
60
0.61
0.33
Norway
Poland
176.8
c
794.8
c
- 618.0
c
10
42
52.5
7
2
33
67
0.96
0.26
Poland
Portugal
385.0
693.2
- 308.3
8
42
24.0
3
2
45
65
0.64
0.25
Portugal
Slovak Republic
30.4
c
64.9
c
- 34.4
c
4
10
73.7
1
1
37
99
0.35
0.07
Slovak Republic
Spain
190.9
a
1 025.4
a
- 834.5
a
113
786
20.4
165
25
50
84
2.83
1.21
Spain
Sweden
..
..
..
811
2 244
16.2
834
85
133
128
1.87
1.60
Sweden
Switzerland
4 334.0
4 249.9
84.0
753
2 666
30.3
666
87
156
123
2.10
3.09
Switzerland
Turkey
..
..
..
6
41
31.4
5
1
31
44
0.83
0.20
Turkey
United Kingdom
17 104.9
c
7 713.2
c
9 391.7
c
1 794
5 748
21.8
2 146
362
98
84
6.39
9.59
United Kingdom
United States
44 142.0
19 258.0
24 884.0
14 985
29 587
11.9
11 501
2 803
86
67
15.60
22.11
United States
Notes:
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/554615074500
..
not available
a.
1998
Figures in italics are provisional
b.
2000
1.
Official exchange rates
c.
2001
2.
d.
1999
3.
Patent applications to the European Patent Office, for priority year 2000
Sources:
Main Science and Technology Indicators , OECD, Paris, 2004;
4.
See notes 3, 4, 5 on page 73
Patent database , OECD, June 2004;
OECD STAN database , June 2004.
Patents applied for at the European Patent Office (EPO), the Japanese Patent Office
(JPO) and granted to the the US Patent & Trademark Office (USPTO), estimations
for priority year 2000. The priority date corresponds to the first international request
for protecting an invention
75
EURO AREA
December 2003
8.8
114.5
160.7
2.15
4.36
184
0.813
0.0074
1.419
December 2003
Austria
Belgium
Finland
France
Germany
Greece
2
Ireland
Italy
Luxembourg
Netherlands
Portugal
Spain
166.386
5.94573
200.482
6.55957
1.95583
1936.27
0.787564
40.3399
2.20371
340.75
Exchange rates
USD
Yen
Pounds
Sterling
13.7603
Fixed euro exchange
rates at 1/1/99:
Share
prices:
Dow Jones
EURO
STOXX
1995 = 100
Yield on
10-year
government
bonds
% per annum
Unem-
ployment
rate
%
seasonally
adjusted
Consumer
prices
harmonised
(MUICP)
1996 = 100
Monetary
aggregate
(M3)
1995 = 100
seasonally
adjusted
Rate on
3-month
interbank
deposits
(EURIBOR)
% per annum
40.3399
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
1
9
9
5
1
9
9
6
1
9
9
7
1
9
9
8
1
9
9
9
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
1
2
0
0
2
2
0
0
3
Japan, JPY
United Kingdom, GBP
Euro area
1
, EUR
Exchange rates trends
USD against national currency, 1995 = 100, daily averages
76
Notes:
1. Prior to 1999, data for the euro area correspond to the ECU
2. Fixed exchange rate at 1/1/2001
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/267554887767
Source: Main Economic Indicators , OECD, Paris, June 2004.
OECD
in Graphs
«
GDP growth
GDP per capita
Historical growth
Forecasts and leading indicators
Infl ation
General government fi nancial
balances
Working hours
Migration
Health funding
Road fatalities
Education spending
Renewable energy
Services trade
Development aid
a77.indd 77
77.indd 77
22-Jul-2004 2:53:16 PM
22-Jul-2004 2:53:16 PM
StatLink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/456107233267
Ireland recorded the fastest average GDP growth in the OECD area in the ten years
to 2003. At 7.8%, it expanded far more quickly than the OECD average real growth
rate of 2.6%. Korea was second fastest, with some 5.2% growth. Canada, the UK
and the US were the only G7 economies to grow faster than the average. Germany,
Italy and Japan were the three slowest performers in the OECD. In 2003, however,
the pattern was different. Japan managed to notch up a growth rate of 2.7% in real
terms, just behind the US, whereas Ireland’s growth slowed to a sluggish 1.8%.
Turkey recorded the fastest expansion in the OECD area in 2003, with 5.8%. The
US remains the largest OECD economy, with nearly 37% of total OECD GDP in
2003, compared with the EU’s 34% and Japan's 12%.
GDP growth
average annual real change
%, 1993-2003
7.8
5.2
4.5
4.4
4.3
3.6
3.6
3.5
3.5
3.5
3.3
3.2
3.2
3.2
3.1
3.0
2.9
2.9
2.7
2.6
2.5
2.5
2.2
2.2
2.1
2.1
1.8
1.7
2.9
1.4
1.3
0
2
4
6
8
10
Ireland
Korea
Luxembourg
Poland
Slovak Republic
Finland
Canada
Iceland
Australia
Hungary
Greece
United States
Norway
Spain
New Zealand
Portugal
Sweden
United Kingdom
Netherlands
Turkey
Mexico
Denmark
Czech Republic
Belgium
France
Austria
Switzerland
Italy
Germany
Japan
OECD Total
78
http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/067530521402
Luxembourg had the highest GDP per head in 2003, at over $50,000, above the
US, Norway and Ireland. The US leads the G-7, followed by Canada. Third is the
UK, which at $29,000 still lies beneath the G-7 average, but well ahead of Germany,
where GDP per capita was just $26,300. GDP per head exceeded $30,000 in six
OECD countries, and in a further 13 countries it surpassed the OECD average of
$26,000 per head. GDP per head was around $10,000 or below in just two
countries: Mexico and Turkey. The usefulness of PPPs when looking at GDP per
head is clear in the case of Japan; in current dollars, its GDP per head lies in the top
ten in the OECD area, but when purchasing power differences with other countries
are taken into account, it slides back to 15th.
GDP per capita
USD, Using current PPPs, 2003
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
50 000
Luxembourg
United States
Norway
Ireland
Canada
Switzerland
Denmark
Iceland
Austria
Netherlands
United Kingdom
Australia
Belgium
Sweden
Japan
France
Finland
Germany
Italy
Spain
New Zealand
Korea
Greece
Portugal
Czech Republic
Hungary
Slovak Republic
Poland
Mexico
Turkey
79
OECD average
StatLink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/465805500515
Historical growth
GDP
*
per capita
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
25 000
30 000
1820
1850
1880
1910
1940
1970
2001
United States
France
Japan
United Kingdom
80
*
Using 1990 international Geary-Khamis dollars
GDP per capita worldwide has risen more than eightfold since 1820, compared with a
fivefold increase in population, though the rate of growth has been most marked in the
last 50 years. According to economic historian Angus Maddison, from 1870 to 1913,
world capita GDP rose 1.3% per year compared with 0.5% in 1820-70. Two world wars,
the collapse of capital flows, migration and trade shattered the old economic order
between 1913 and 1950, though by harnessing technological developments –
electricity, automobiles, aviation and chemistry, etc. – the US productivity and incomes
forged ahead. From 1950 to 2000 real per capita income for the world economy as a
whole rose by 2.1% a year, compared with 0.9% from 1820-1950. The golden age, from
1950 to 1973, brought a degree of convergence as other advanced capitalist countries
(western Europe and Japan) began to catch up with the US. However, recent OECD
studies on growth show that performance has diverged again since the late 1990s, with
US productivity and growth surging ahead.
StatLink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/408343743610
How reliable can economic forecasting be? It depends on several factors, such as
the quality of data or models, skill and judgement, etc. One key challenge is
anticipating turnarounds as timing can affect policymaking. The OECD’s Composite
Leading Indicators (CLIs) can help for short-term forecasts (six to nine months
forward). By aggregating a range of indicators, the OECD CLI is designed to
provide early signals of peaks and troughs in overall economic activity. The total
OECD CLI graph anticipates the turning points and, by using a reference series,
can be compared with actual economic cycles. Could the dips in the regional CLIs
from the first half of 2004 signal a possible weak phase in the recovery in the Euro
area and the USA? For more, consult www.oecd.org/statistics/
81
0.90
0.95
1.00
1.05
1.10
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
Leading Indicator
Reference Series
Forecasts and leading indicators
January 1993 - April 2004
-10.00
-5.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
Euro Area
Japan
USA
Total OECD - ratio to trend
Regional indicators
StatLink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/580118054342
Except in Turkey, where consumer prices rose by over 18%, inflation remained
quite low in the OECD area by the end of 2003. Inflation overall stood at 2.1%,
which was below the year earlier outturn of 2.7%. Only five countries recorded
consumer price rises of over 3% in 2003 – Slovak Republic, Hungary, Mexico,
Korea and Greece. Consumer price rises were flattest in Norway, Finland and
Switzerland, and the index fell slightly in Japan. Moreover, the OECD forecasts a
lower average inflation rate again in 2004 of some 1.7% (less Turkey). There
appears to be little pressure coming from producer prices in most OECD countries.
Although producer prices stood about 2.8% higher in the US by the end of 2003,
they were flat in Germany and the euro area, and fell in Japan. Falls were also
recorded in 10 other OECD countries, including a 3.5% drop in Canada.
- 10
- 5
0
5
10
15
20
Turkey
Slovak Republic
Hungary
Mexico
Korea
Greece
United Kingdom
Iceland
Spain
Italy
Australia
Portugal
France
Luxembourg
Canada
Ireland
United States
Poland
Belgium
Netherlands
New Zealand
Denmark
Sweden
Austria
Germany
Czech Republic
Norway
Finland
Switzerland
Japan
Consumer Price Index
Producer Price Index
82
Inflation
Consumer and Producer Price Indices
December 2003/ December 2002
% change
StatLink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/357582367118
Following the recession and several rounds of tax cuts, government revenue in the
US stands at its lowest level relative to GDP since the mid-1980s, and the fiscal
deficit-to-GDP ratio is approaching the record levels of the early 1990s. But the US
is not alone, since public finances have deteriorated considerably in the largest
OECD countries. Only in Canada, Spain and a number of smaller economies has
fiscal stability been preserved. In cyclically-adjusted terms, the primary fiscal
balance worsened by over 6% of GDP in the United States and by 4.5% of GDP in
the UK from 2000 to 2003. The weakening was less pronounced in France,
Germany and Italy. Tax cuts account for a sizeable portion of the deterioration,
though high spending also contributed substantially. The latest OECD Economic
Outlook warns that the ratio of gross public debt to GDP is rising anew.
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
United States
Canada
Germany
France
83
-10
-8
-6
-4
-2
0
2
Japan
Spain
United Kingdom
1999
2003
OECD total
General government financial balances
Surplus (+) or deficit (-) as % of nominal GDP
StatLink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/174615513635
Koreans worked longer than any other OECD country in terms of hours worked per
head of the workforce. Each worker notched up over 2,400 hours, well ahead of the
next two countries, the Czech and Slovak republics. American workers put in some
1,815 hours, just ahead of the Japanese (1,798). British workers put in less than the
OECD average of 1,762 hours per worker, but were nonetheless well ahead of their
counterparts in France and Germany, where workers clocked in less than 1,500
hours. The Dutch and the Norwegians were least workaholic, putting in around
1,340 hours in each country. Country rankings change between per-capita and per-
worker measures of hours worked. For example, Greece, Mexico and Spain rank
below the OECD average on a per-capita basis, but above it on a per-worker basis,
while the opposite is true for Switzerland. The Koreans still work the longest hours
in per capita terms, but this time it is the French rather than the Dutch that work the
least.
Annual hours worked
per capita and per worker, 2002
0
1 000
2 000
3 000
Netherlands
Norway
Germany
France
Denmark
Switzerland
Belgium
EU15
Sweden
Italy
Ireland
United Kingdom
Finland
Portugal
Hungary
Canada
Japan
Spain
Iceland
United States
New Zealand
Australia
Mexico
Greece
Slovak Republic
Czech Republic
Korea
Hours worked
per capita
Hours worked
per worker
OECD Total
84
StatLink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/635587058111
One of the great dreams of European integration since the Treaty of Rome has
been to create a single labour market, though this has proven hard to achieve in
reality. Even where free movement of persons and labour market access for workers
is possible on paper, obstacles continue to exist, like recognition of qualifications
and access to social welfare benefits. However, claims of a fortress Europe appear
no longer valid, thanks to a renewed interest in labour-related migration in the last
decade, as well as the predominance of family reunification and the great number of
asylum seekers. As our chart shows, the number of immigrants, including from
outside the EU, has risen far more sharply in Europe over the last decade than in
the United States. Moreover, the inflow of foreigners to Japan, whose labour market
has traditionally been restrictive, increased more rapidly than flows to the USA,
Canada or Australia.
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
275
300
325
350
375
1985
1990
1995
2000
European Economic Area
(without Germany) 1
Japan
Australia and Canada
United States
Germany
85
Migration
Inflows of foreigners to OECD countries
1985-2002, 1985 = 100
1
A significative part of the trend registered between 2001 and 2002 is due to Italy and Spain for
which data are still provisional.
Sources: National Statistical Offices.
StatLink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/132836124886
Health systems in all OECD countries are funded by public and private finance. But
the public sector remains the main source everywhere, except in the US and
Mexico, accounting for an average of 72.5% of health spending in 26 OECD
countries. In some, including the Czech Republic, Denmark and the UK, the public
share accounted for more than 80%. The US saw an increase in its public share of
health spending in the 1990s, reflecting policies to meet more of the needs of the
elderly and poor. As well as the significant role private insurance plays in the US -
36% of total health expenditure in 2002 - it also accounted for relatively large
shares of funding in Canada, France, Germany and the Netherlands. Out-of-pocket
payments from households form more than 30% of total health expenditure in
Switzerland, Korea and Mexico. The share of public funding has increased
considerably in several lower-income countries, like Korea and Portugal, but has
fallen in transition countries, like Hungary and Poland.
91%
89%
85%
85%
85%
84%
83%
83%
82%
79%
78%
76%
76%
76%
75%
72%
71%
71%
71%
70%
70%
70%
68%
58%
54%
53%
45%
45%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Czech Republic
Slovak Republic
Luxembourg
Sweden
Norway
Iceland
United Kingdom
Denmark
Japan
Germany
New Zealand
France
Finland
Italy
Ireland
Poland
Spain
Belgium
Portugal
Hungary
Austria
Canada
Australia
Switzerland
Korea
Greece
Mexico
United States
Public health expenditure
% of total health expenditure, 2002*
*
Note: Data refer to 2001 for Australia, Japan, and Korea.
86
StatLink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/850701423836
Every year, road crashes kill more than 100,000 people in the OECD area and are
the principal cause of death for young men under 25. They are costly in terms of lost
productive capacity and human capital, rehabilitation expenses, broken families,
damaged property, and so on. Total economic loss in OECD countries is estimated
at some 2-3% of GDP. Tougher safety measures, better technology and education
have reduced the number of children killed in the OECD, for instance, while in
France, historically one of the worst offenders, the number of road traffic deaths has
been cut by some 20% since 2002. On the other hand, the UK, which has one of the
best records, has reported a 2% rise in fatalities for 2003, mainly reflecting a 14%
increase in motorcycle fatalities. Motorcyclists represent 1% of UK traffic, but 19%
of deaths and serious injuries. Visit ECMT’s website at www.oecd.org/cem. See also
World Health Day at www.who.int/world-health-day/2004/
138
143
209
417
433
58
63
82
83
126
120
150
188
643
93
144
122
59
151
107
78
231
0
250
500
750
United Kingdom
Sweden
Japan
Germany
Australia
United States
France
Turkey
Poland
Romania
Russia
Albania
per million population
per million road motor vehicles
1260
1374
87
Road fatalities
Total number, 2002
StatLink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/117517650282
Denmark spends more per primary school pupil than any other OECD country,
ahead of the US and Switzerland, whereas Mexico and the Slovak Republic spend
the least. The same broad pattern is repeated for secondary spending, with
Switzerland leading the field ahead of the US, and tertiary, where US spending per
student is highest. Does higher spending per student improve educational
performance? Not necessarily, if the OECD PISA results from 2001 are a guide. In
that test, strongest performances among 15-year-olds in reading, mathematical and
scientific competency were about average in Denmark, Switzerland and the US, but
excelled in Finland and Korea, for instance; neither country spends anywhere near
the most per student, with Finland’s spending around the OECD mean in all three
levels and Korea below it.
0
10 000
20 000
30 000
40 000
Greece
Mexico
Portugal
Slovak Republic
Czech Republic
Korea
Spain
Hungary
Iceland
Italy
Finland
France
Country mean
United Kingdom
Belgium
Austria
Germany
Japan
Ireland
Netherlands
Denmark
Australia
Norway
Sweden
Switzerland
United States
Primary education
Secondary education
Tertiary education
88
Education spending
Annual expenditure per student
USD, 2002
StatLink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/414608067302
Are OECD governments still serious about increasing the share of renewable
sources in total energy supply? Total government energy research, development
and demonstration (RD&D) budgets increased sharply after the oil shocks in the
1970s, but then declined to about half their peaks by 1987, and remained stable to
2002. As a share of the total, RD&D funding for renewables was higher in 1974-
1986 than in the period since 1987, which is surprising, given the political lipservice
paid to renewables in light of greenhouse gas emissions and energy price
pressures. Altogether, renewable energy technologies accounted for just 7.7% of
total government energy RD&D funding from 1987 to 2002, mostly in solar, biomass
and wind. Renewable technologies like solar photovoltaics are heavily dependant
on public RD&D budgets. The United States, Japan, and Germany have accounted
for about 70% of government renewable energy RD&D funding since 1974 in the
OECD area.
0
2 000
4 000
6 000
8 000
10 000
12 000
14 000
16 000
18 000
1974
1978
1982
1986
1990
1994
1998
2002
Power, Storage and
Other Tech.
Conservation
Fossil Fuels
Nuclear
Renewable Energy
89
Source: International Energy Agency
Renewable energy
Total energy Research, Development & Demonstration
USD million, 2002
StatLink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/615324825075
Services account for about a fifth of total OECD international trade, which is minor
compared with the marked contribution they make to domestic value-added (about
70% and rising). Still, services trade is increasing too. Total trade in services
(exports and imports) rose by some 5.7% in 2002 over 2001. The fastest growing
OECD service exports in 1997-2002 were computer and information services (over
17% per year), insurance services and personal, cultural and recreational services.
Travel and transport, on the other hand, have been sluggish. Services, which are
now subject to multilateral trade talks for development, seem to be more difficult
than goods to trade internationally, in part because of barriers in a range of areas,
like banking, telecoms or architecture. But many services are local in nature and not
prone to cross-border trade, such as hairdressing or industrial cleaning. For more
on services trade, see www.oecd.org/trade
Services
trade
Average annual change in OECD, 1997-2002
17.4 %
12.8 %
8.7 %
8.1 %
5.7 %
5.1 %
4.8 %
3.3 %
0.9 %
-0.8 %
-8.7 %
12.7 %
-1.8 %
7.1 %
6.3 %
7.3 %
4.1 %
2.6 %
1.5 %
6.6 %
1.6 %
1.1 %
-6.7 %
11.4 %
-15%
-10%
-5%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
Computer and
information services
Insurance services
Personal, cultural
and recreational
services
Financial services
Royalties and
license fees
Other business
services
Communications
services
Total
Travel
Transportation
Government
services, n.i.e.
Construction
services
Imports
Exports
90
StatLink: http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/744217438617
There was a modest 4% volume increase in aid in 2003. The rise was 11% in total
since 2001, so reversing a decade of decline. Total bilateral Official Development
Assistance (ODA) from OECD countries (Development Assistance Committee)
reached $68.5 billion in 2003, the highest ever. The $2.3 billion volume rise reflects
continuing growth in general bilateral grants and the start of aid for Iraqi
reconstruction. The US remains the world’s largest aid donor in volume terms,
followed by Japan and France. The 2003 total represented 0.25% of DAC members’
combined gross national income (GNI), up from 0.23% in 2002. Denmark,
Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden remain the only countries to
meet the UN ODA target of 0.7% of GNI set some three decades ago. Three
members have given a firm date to reach it: Ireland by 2007; Belgium by 2010; and
France by 2012. Still, despite these and other government pledges, more effort will
be needed if the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) set for 2015 (reducing
poverty, cutting mortality and improving education, etc.) are to be met.
Development aid, 2003
169
189
298
356
503
510
556
1 237
1 297
1 747
1 887
2 030
2 043
2 100
2 209
2 393
6 166
6 694
7 337
15 791
36 825
49 501
4 059
8 911
68 483
New Zealand
Luxembourg
Portugal
Greece
Austria
Ireland
Finland
Australia
Switzerland
Denmark
Belgium
Spain
Norway
Sweden
Canada
Italy
Netherlands
United Kingdom
Germany
France
Japan
United States
EU-15
G7
DAC Total
% of GNI
million USD
upper scale (million USD)
lower scale (% of GNI)
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1%
0
5 000
10 000
15 000
20 000
91
DAF
Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs
STD
Statistics Directorate
STI
Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry
IEA
International Energy Agency, OECD
ECMT
European Conference of Ministers of Transport
IRTAD
International Road Traffic and Accident Database, OECD
Eurostat
Statistical Office of the European Communities (SOEC)
IMF
International Monetary Fund
USD:
United States dollars
GDP:
Gross Domestic Product
GNP:
Gross National Product
R&D:
Research and Development
GNI:
Gross National Revenue
sq. km.:
square kilometres
92
GENERAL NOTES
Publications
To obtain the publications mentioned in the sources, see page 95, or order
them at www.oecd.org/bookshop or contact sales@oecd.org.
Sources
The names of OECD Directorates and other sources given in abbreviated
form are as follows:
Notes
Changes are positive unless otherwise indicated; references to Germany after
1990 are for unified Germany unless otherwise indicated.
For graph sources, refer to the corresponding table in the table section of
OECD in Figures or contact Observer@oecd.org.
StatLink
The OECD’s StatLink delivers Excel spreadsheets of the data underlying the
tables in this book. Beside each StatLink logo you will find a link or code to
the corresponding spreadsheet. The OECD’s StatLink uses Digital Object
Identifiers (DOIs). To download a spreadsheet, either simply go to the OECD
in Figures online and click the appropriate link, or type it into your Internet
browser. For instance, for background data on workplace training, use
StatLink : http://dx.doi.org/10.1786/382736548100. For more information visit
www.oecd.org/statistics/statlink.
Bestsellers
www.oecd.org/bookshop
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