 
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
 
 
 
In most cases, the family of functions will depend in 
some way on a constant C, and the graphs of these 
functions will form a family of curves that fill up the (t, 
y) plane, but do not touch each other, as in the 
following figure. 
Example:
The general solution of
is
 
Graph of solution
 
 
 
has more than one solution
. One is simply y(x) = 0, the second one is obtained by
separating the variables. This leads to
The two solutions y = 0 and y = (x/5)
5
both satisfy the initial condition y(0) = 0
 
4
1
5
/
4
5
4
)'
(
y
y
y
f
The derivative of the previous example is not continuous
 
SEPARABLE EQUATIONS
 
1.
 
)
(
)
(
'
,
)
(
)
(
y
h
y
K
where
C
t
G
y
K
We find the antiderivatives of both sides
If it is possible, solve for y as a function of x y(x).
The general solution is the family of all solutions found above. 
It will usually depend on C.
If an initial value y
0
(x) = y
0
is given, use it to find the constant C and
the particular solution of the problem.
1.cd
2.
3.
 
Example 1
 
Example 2
 
 
 
FIRST ORDER LINEAR
DIFFERENTIAL EQAUTIONS
 
(*)
(*)
(*)
 
The above equation has separable variables, because it 
can be written
0
)
(
)
(
'
y
x
p
dx
dy
y
x
p
y
y
x
p
dx
dy
)
(
 
 
 
VARIATION OF CONSTANTS
 
 
c
t
t
C
t
t
C
t
t
t
C
RHS
LHS
t
RHS
t
t
C
t
t
C
t
t
t
C
t
t
C
y
t
y
LHS
6
)
(
)
(
'
)
(
'
)
(
'
)
(
3
)
3
)(
(
)
(
'
3
'
6
5
2
3
2
3
3
1
4
3
1
The particular solution is x(t) = C t
-3
,
Step 2
Take
3
)
(
)
(
t
t
C
t
y
3
3
3
6
1
6
1
)
6
(
)
(
t
c
t
t
c
t
t
y
General solution is
 
 
 
 
