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I. Zestawienie wyników pomiarów |
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Roztwór |
Masa kolbki |
Masa pikn. |
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pustej [g] |
z subst. [g] |
z roztw. [g] |
z roztw. [g] |
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1 |
48,18 |
50,69 |
99,71 |
46,7788 |
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2 |
60,15 |
65,11 |
114,65 |
47,0902 |
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3 |
68,37 |
75,87 |
124,91 |
47,3950 |
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4 |
53,16 |
63,16 |
112,41 |
47,6576 |
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5 |
68,04 |
83,07 |
131,89 |
48,2246 |
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Roztwór |
Wsp. Załamania światła |
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pomiar 1 |
pomiar 2 |
pomiar 3 |
średni |
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Woda |
1,3325 |
1,3325 |
1,3325 |
1,3325 |
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1 |
1,3395 |
1,3395 |
1,3395 |
1,3395 |
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2 |
1,3460 |
1,3460 |
1,3460 |
1,3460 |
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3 |
1,3520 |
1,3520 |
1,3520 |
1,3520 |
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4 |
1,3575 |
1,3575 |
1,3575 |
1,3575 |
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5 |
1,3680 |
1,3680 |
1,3680 |
1,3680 |
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II. Obliczanie mas substancji i roztworów. |
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Masa substancji = [masa kolbki z substancja - masa kolbki pustej] |
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Masa roztworu = [masa kolbki z roztworem - masa kolbki pustej] |
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Roztwór |
Masa [g] |
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substancji |
roztworu |
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1 |
2,51 |
51,53 |
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2 |
4,96 |
54,50 |
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3 |
7,50 |
56,54 |
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4 |
10,00 |
59,25 |
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5 |
15,03 |
63,85 |
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III. Obliczanie stężeń roztworów |
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Korzystam z definicji stężenia procentowego (wagowego). |
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Obliczam za pomocą proporcji jakie jest stężenie danego roztworu. |
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Uwaga: Ze względów praktycznych jednostki umieszczam tylko przy wyniku. |
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Roztwór 1 |
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Roztwór 2 |
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51,53 |
2,51 |
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54,5 |
4,96 |
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100 |
x |
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100 |
x |
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x = |
4,87 |
g |
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x = |
9,10 |
g |
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Zatem roztwór ma stężenie: |
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4,87 |
% |
Zatem roztwór ma stężenie: |
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9,10 |
% |
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Roztwór 3 |
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Roztwór 4 |
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56,54 |
7,5 |
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59,25 |
10 |
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100 |
x |
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100 |
x |
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x = |
13,26 |
g |
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x = |
16,88 |
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Zatem roztwór ma stężenie: |
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13,26 |
% |
Zatem roztwór ma stężenie: |
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16,88 |
% |
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Roztwór 5 |
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63,85 |
15,03 |
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100 |
x |
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x = |
23,54 |
g |
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Zatem roztwór ma stężenie: |
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23,54 |
% |
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IV. Zestawienie danych potrzebnych do narysowania wykresu |
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Roztwór |
Stężenie [%] |
Wsp. |
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załamania |
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Woda |
0 |
1,3325 |
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1 |
4,87 |
1,3395 |
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2 |
9,10 |
1,3460 |
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3 |
13,26 |
1,3520 |
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4 |
16,88 |
1,3575 |
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5 |
23,54 |
1,3680 |
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V. Obliczanie gęstości roztworów |
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Piknometr pusty |
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19,8352 |
[g] |
Gęstość wody d294 . |
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Piknometr pełen wody |
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46,4152 |
[g] |
0,9970 |
[g/cm3] |
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Piknometr z roztworem I |
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46,7788 |
[g] |
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Piknometr z roztworem II |
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47,0902 |
[g] |
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Piknometr z roztworem III |
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47,3950 |
[g] |
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Piknometr z roztworem IV |
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47,6576 |
[g] |
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Piknometr z roztworem V |
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48,2246 |
[g] |
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Gęstości roztworów obliczam z poniższego wzoru: |
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gdzie: |
dc |
- gęstość badanej cieczy (roztworu) |
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mz cieczą |
- masa piknometru z badaną cieczą (roztworem) |
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mz wodą |
- masa piknometru z wodą |
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mpustego |
- masa piknometru pustego |
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dwt |
- gęstość wody w temperaturze t |
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Gęstość roztworu I |
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1,0106 |
[g/cm3] |
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Gęstość roztworu II |
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1,0223 |
[g/cm3] |
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Gęstość roztworu III |
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1,0338 |
[g/cm3] |
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Gęstość roztworu IV |
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1,0436 |
[g/cm3] |
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Gęstość roztworu V |
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1,0649 |
[g/cm3] |
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VI. Obliczanie refrakcji |
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Refrakcje poszczególnych roztworów obliczam ze wzoru: |
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R = rx * M |
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gdzie: |
n21 |
- współczynnik załamania roztworu |
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n22 |
- współczynnik załamania wody |
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dr |
- gęstość roztworu |
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p |
- stężenie procentowe roztworu |
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R |
- refrakcja molowa |
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rx |
- refrakcja właściwa |
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M |
- masa molowa substancji |
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Roztwór |
n21-1 |
100% |
100% - p |
n22-1 |
rx |
R |
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n21+2 |
dr * p |
dr * p |
n22+2 |
[cm3*g-1] |
[cm3*mol-1] |
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1 |
0,2093 |
20,3138 |
19,5886 |
0,2054 |
0,2285 |
13,7249 |
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2 |
0,2130 |
10,7480 |
10,0180 |
0,2054 |
0,2310 |
13,8728 |
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3 |
0,2163 |
7,2925 |
6,5583 |
0,2054 |
0,2301 |
13,8171 |
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4 |
0,2193 |
5,6775 |
4,9398 |
0,2054 |
0,2305 |
13,8419 |
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5 |
0,2251 |
3,9894 |
3,2579 |
0,2054 |
0,2287 |
13,7384 |
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Średnia |
0,2298 |
13,80 |
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Masa mol. |
60,06 |
[g/mol] |
mocznik |
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VII. Tabela zbiorcza |
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Roztwór |
n |
p [% wag.] |
d [g*cm3] |
rx [cm3*g-1] |
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1 |
1,3395 |
4,87 |
1,0106 |
0,2285 |
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2 |
1,3460 |
9,10 |
1,0223 |
0,2310 |
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3 |
1,3520 |
13,26 |
1,0338 |
0,2301 |
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4 |
1,3575 |
16,88 |
1,0436 |
0,2305 |
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5 |
1,3680 |
23,54 |
1,0649 |
0,2287 |
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O. Standardowe |
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rx = |
0,2298 |
+ / - |
0,0011 |
[cm3*g-1] |
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R = |
13,80 |
+ / - |
0,06 |
[cm3*mol-1] |
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P. ufności |
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rx = |
0,2298 |
+ / - |
0,0030 |
[cm3*g-1] |
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R = |
13,80 |
+ / - |
0,18 |
[cm3*mol-1] |
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Współczynnik zmienności: |
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0,47 |
% |
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Wsp. Ufności dla n=5 i 95% |
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2,78 |
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