Subject Index

ABCs of observation, 80-81

Abstinence, 416, 419

Acamprostate, 418

Acedia (sloth), 9

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), 270-272, 345, 346. See also Human immunodeficiency virus

delirium in, 536

as divine punishment, 10

highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 271

and immune system, 269

and intravenous drug use, 405

prevention, 290-292

psychological factors in, 271-272

San Francisco Model of prevention, 291

and stress, 264

Actigraph, 327

Actus rea (physical act), 571

Acute onset, 7

Acute pain, 279

Acute posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 156-157

Acute stress disorder, 157, 192

Addictions. See also Substance-related disorders

causes of, 69

Addington v. Texas, 566, 568

Adolescents

AIDS distribution in, 290

and alcohol use, 113, 397, 412-413

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 223-224

bipolar disorder, 219

body dysmorphic disorder, 187, 188

common developmental disorders, 507

conduct disorder, 224

conversion disorder, 184

depression study, 106

dissociative disorders, 199

eating disorders, 304, 308, 311, 319, 320

juvenile offenders, 452

masturbation by, 347

mood disorders, 222-224, 232, 239, 246

obesity, 321, 324

OCD, 164

panic disorder, 138

pedophilia, 374-376

seasonal affective disorder (SAD), 221

sleep disorders, 328

smoking and anxiety disorder study, 127

smoking by, 114-115

social phobia, 152, 154

substance use in, 412, 413

suicide, 224, 250, 251, 252, 254, 255, 256

Adoption studies, 111

antisocial personality disorder, 448

schizophrenia, 485-486

substance abuse, 410

suicide, 253

Adrenal glands, 48-50

Adrenaline, 48, 49

Adults

AIDS distribution, 290

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 509

combined treatment study for panic disorder, 143-144

comorbidity of anxiety and mood disorders, 129

with Down syndrome, 530

dysthymic disorder, 215

eating disorders, 319

Framingham Heart Study, 278

major depression study, 40-41

mood disorders, 222, 232

obesity in, 300, 321, 324

schizophrenia, 491, 499

sleep disorders, 338

smoking and anxiety disorder study, 127

smoking by, 114-115

survivors of childhood sexual abuse, 160

Western Collaborative Group, 278

Advanced sleep phase type, 334

Affect

definition of, 62, 63

flat or blunted, 477-478

inappropriate, 478

Affiliative behavior, 65

African Americans

and alcohol use, 103, 397

body dysmorphic disorder, 188

caregivers in dementia, 551

and chronic fatigue syndrome, 282

problems, 402

coronary heart disease, 279

dementia, 548

dissociative trance and possession disorder, 195

eating disorders, 307

and fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), 396

hypertension, 275, 276

IQ tests, 76

MMPI-2, 83

mood disorders, 222, 225

obesity, 322

panic disorders, 139140

psychopathy, 450

and schizophrenia, 484485

sleep disorders, 328

suicide, 250

TAT, 83

and violence, 566

vitamin B deficiency, 103

Age and sleep problems, 103

Age of onset, 6, 15

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 578

Aggravated assault, 157

Agitation, 14

Agnosia, 539, 541

Agonists, 51

effects, 488-489

substitution of, 416-417

Agoraphobia, 135. See also Panic disorder

development of, 136-137

AHRQ. See Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

AIDS. See Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

AIDS-related complex (ARC), 271

Akinesia, 496

Alarm reaction, 48-49, 53, 61

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), 396

Alcohol-related injuries, 421

Alcohol use disorders, 394-398

alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), 396

breath analyzer test, 394

clinical descriptions, 394

Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism, 410

DSM-IV-TR alcohol intoxication criteria summary, 394

effects of, 394-396

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), 396

progression of, 397-398

statistics on abuse and dependence, 397

statistics on use, 396-397

withdrawal delirium or delirium tremens (DTs), 390, 395

Alcohol withdrawal delirium, 390, 395

Alcoholics Anonymous, 413, 418-419

Alcoholism, 289, 393

by adolescents, 113

and African Americans, 103

binge drinking, 103

causes of, 69

and dementia, 395

in the elderly, 225

genetic factors in, 39

inherited vulnerability to, 40

in Latin America, 67

and men, 65

and sexual dysfunctions, 364-365

and sleep disorders, 328

and suicide, 254

Allegiance effect, 105

Alleles, 40-41

Alogia in schizophrenia, 477

Alolphine, 417

Alpha-adrenergic receptors, 53

Alpha waves, 88, 231

Alternative community care, 567

Alters, 196, 197

Altruistic suicide, 253

Alzheimer's disease, 114, 225, 538, 540, 541-543. See also Dementia

aphasia/apraxia/agnosia, 541

causes of, 546-548

cognitive deterioration in, 542

and cognitive reserve hypothesis, 543

DSM-IV-TR criteria summary, 541

and formal education, 543

genetic factors in, 547

idea density, 541

PET scan of a brain with, 542

and sleep disorders, 328

sundowner syndrome, 541

testing for dementia in, 542

Amenorrhea, 304

American Association on Mental Retardation (AAMR), 527, 528

American Journal of Psychiatry, 13

American Law Institute test, 570, 571

American Psychiatric Association, 13

American Psychological Association, Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct, 118

American Society of Plastic Surgeons, 190

Amitriptyline, 240

Amnestic disorder, 552-553

Amniocentesis, 531

Amok, 194-195

Amphetamines

in schizophrenia, 489

use disorders, 400-401

Amygdala, 46, 47

Amyloid plaques, 547

Amyloid protein, 547

Anabolic-androgenic steroids, 212, 408

Anal sex, 345

Analgesics, 405

Analog models, 99

Analog settings, 80

Anandamide, 407

Anatomy of Melancholy (Burton), 12

Anger and the heart, 6364, 264, 279

Angina pectoris, 277

Anhedonia, 210, 222, 226

in schizophrenia, 477

Animal magnetism, 17

Animal phobia, 146, 147

Animal studies

on anxiety disorders, 124

baboon stress physiology, 266-267, 268

classical conditioning, 270

in learned helplessness, 233

on narcolepsy, 332

nongenomic “inheritance” of behavior, 42

pain study in rats, 284-285

on serotonin, 54

substance abuse, 411

Anomic suicide, 253

Anorexia nervosa, 299, 303-305. See also Eating disorders

associated psychological disorders, 305

binge-eating-purging type, 304

clinical description, 304

drug treatment for, 316

DSM-IV-TR criteria summary, 305

medical consequences, 304-305

psychological treatments for, 318-319

restricting type, 304

strategies to attain weight gain, 319

ANS. See Autonomic nervous system

Antabuse, 418

Antagonist treatments, 417

Antagonistic effects, 488-489

Antagonists, 51

Antibodies, 269

Anticonvulsants, 243

Antidepressants, 55

for generalized anxiety disorder, 134

for mood disorders, 240-243

for panic disorder, 141-142

for social phobia, 154

Antigens, 269

Antimotivational syndrome, 406

Antipsychotic drugs, 54

commonly used, 496

for schizophrenia, 489-490, 495-497

Antisocial personality disorder, 431, 434, 435, 444-452

the brain and psychopathy, 449

Cleckley/Hare criteria for psychopathy, 446

and conduct disorder, 445, 447

cortical immaturity hypothesis, 449

developmental influences, 450

dyssocial psychopathy, 446

fearlessness hypothesis, 449

lifetime course of criminal behavior, 451

prevention, 452

psychological and social dimensions, 449-450

psychopathy and criminality, 446-447

and somatization disorder, 179

and substance abuse, 393, 414

treatment, 451-452

underarousal hypothesis, 448-449

Anxiety/depression/excitement continuum, 267-268

Anxiety disorders, 123-171

animal research on, 124

biological contributions, 126-127

and bulimia nervosa, 303

causes of, 126-129, 170

comorbidity, 129

and depression, 229

and eating disorders, 314, 315

fear, 125

and hyperthyroidism, 79

an integrated model, 128-129

panic, 64, 125

psychological contributions, 127-128

social contributions, 128

treatment, 170

types of, 171

Anxiety sensitivity index, 141

Anxiolytic drugs, 398

Aphasia, 541, 544

Aphonia, 180

Apraxia, 541

Arbitrary inference, 235

ARC. See AIDS-related complex

Arrhythmias of the heart, 279

Arterial insufficiency, 364

Asian Americans, 328

alcohol use in, 397

body dysmorphic disorder, 188

dementia in, 548

eating disorders in, 307

and panic disorders, 139

and phobias, 148, 152

sleep disorders in adolescence, 328

vulnerability to coronary heart disease in, 278

Asperger's disorder, 522-523

Assertiveness training, 288, 551

Assessing psychological disorders, 74-89. See also Diagnosing psychological disorders; psychological testing

ABCs of observation, 80-81

behavioral assessment, 79-81

clinical assessment, 74, 75

clinical interview, 76-79

key concepts, 75-76

mental status exam, 77-79

neuroimaging, 86-87

neuropsychological testing, 85-86

physical examination, 79

psychophysiological assessment, 88-89

semistructured clinical interviews, 79

Association studies, 112, 113

Associative splitting, 472, 473, 478

Astrology, 11

Asylums, 16

Ataques de nervios, 138

Atomoxetine, 511-512

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 400, 507, 508-512. See also Developmental disorders

and bipolar disorder, 223-224

causes, 510-511

clinical description, 508-509

DSM-IV-TR criteria summary, 509

echolalia, 507

statistics, 509-510

treatment, 511-512

Attribution, 58

Augmentative communication strategies, 533

Autistic disorder, 507, 518-522. See also Developmental disorders

causes, 520-522

clinical description, 519-520

DSM-IV-TR criteria summary, 519

echolalia, 519-520, 521, 523

and failure of parenting, 520-521

and IQ, 520

medical conditions associated with, 522

peer friendships, 524

and self-awareness, 521

statistics, 520

treatment, 523-525

Autohypnotic model, 200

Autoimmune disease, 270, 271

Automatic functions, 46

Autonomic nervous system (ANS), 44, 48-49

Aversion therapy, 420

Aversive treatment, 417-418

Avoidant personality disorder, 459-461

Avolition, 477

Axons, 45

B cells, 269

Barbiturates, 398

Bariatric surgery, 305-306, 322, 324

Basal ganglia, 46, 47

Baseline, 108

Battered wife syndrome, 571

BDD. See Body dysmorphic disorder

BDMPEA (Nexus), 408

Behavior

in assessment, 77

in emotion, 62

Behavior modification procedures, 289

Behavior of Organisms, The (Skinner), 27

Behavior patterns, 264

Behavior rating scales, 81

Behavior therapy

in ADHD, 512

for bulimia nervosa, 317

Behavioral and Cognitive science. See Cognitive science

Behavioral assessment, 79-81

Behavioral compulsions, 162

Behavioral family therapy, 498

Behavioral geneticists, 39

Behavioral inhibition system (BIS), 127, 377, 449

Behavioral medicine, 264, 265

Behavioral model, 24-28

classical conditioning, 24-26

criticism, 28

operant conditioning, 26-28

rise of behaviorism, 26

Behavioral rehearsal, 461

Behaviorism, 17, 26

Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test, 85

Benzodiazepines, 14, 52, 56, 127, 398

for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), 133-134

for panic disorder, 141-142

for sleep disorders, 334-335

Beta-adrenergic receptors, 53

Beta-blockers, 53, 364

for social phobia, 154

Beta-endorphins, 404

Beyond Freedom and Dignity (Skinner), 27

Binge drinking, 103, 421

Binge eating, 322

Binge-eating disorder (BED), 305-306. See also Eating disorders

and obesity, 322

psychological treatments for, 318

Binges, 299

Biochemical imbalances, 50

Biofeedback, 88, 285-286

Biological dimensions

anxiety disorders, 126-127

autism, 522

autistic disorder, 522. 524

in chronic pain, 281-282

in dementia, 546-548

eating disorders, 313-314

in gender identity disorder, 351-352

mental retardation, 529-532

mood disorder causes, 228-231

sexual dysfunctions, 363-365

in sexual orientation development, 348-349

in substance-related disorders, 410-411

Biological tradition, 11-15

consequences of, 14-15

Grey, John P., 13-14

Hippocrates and Galen, 11-13

syphilis, 13

treatments, 14

Biological treatments, 5, 14. See also Drug therapy

for dementia, 549-550

for substance-related disorders, 416

Bipolar disorders, 211, 216-221. See also Mood disorders

bipolar I disorder, 217, 219

bipolar II disorder, 217, 219

cyclothermic disorder, 218, 219

depressive episodes, 216

DSM-IV-TR criteria summaries, 218

longitudinal course specifiers, 219

manic episodes, 216

onset and duration, 218-219

rapid cycling pattern, 219-220

and schizophrenia, 471

seasonal affective disorder (SAD), 220-221

and X chromosome, 112

BIS. See Behavioral inhibition system

Blind sight, 60

Blindness, 12, 180

Blood-injury-injection phobia, 2, 24, 145, 149, 150

case study, 2, 34-37

Blood pressure, 53

Bloodletting, 12

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), 186-191

causes and treatment, 189-190

clinical description, 187-188

DSM-IV-TR criteria summary, 189

and obsessive-compulsive disorder, 190

plastic surgery and other medical treatments, 190-191

statistics, 188-189

Body image perception, 304, 308, 311, 314, 315

Body mass index (BMI), 300, 301

Borderline personality disorder, 22, 434, 452-455

and dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), 455

and early trauma, 454

and PTSD, 454, 455

suicide in, 453, 454

treatment, 455

Bradykinesia, 544

Brain, 44

biochemical functioning of, 39

Broca's area, 476

left and right hemispheres, 48

lobes of, 48

and psychopathy, 449

and schizophrenia, 476-477

Wernicke's area, 476

Brain circuits, 50, 51

Brain damage

and ADHD, 510

and autism, 522

and delirium, 536

and dementia, 538, 544

Brain function

images of, 87-88

in obsessive-compulsive disorder, 54

Brain-imaging techniques

in ADHD, 510

in autism, 522

in learning disorders, 517

in schizophrenia, 490

Brain pathology, 12, 14, 15, 17

Brain seizures, 14

Brain stem, 45, 46, 47

Brain structure, 45-48

images of, 86-87

influences on, 29

interactions of psychosocial factors with brain structure and function, 56

psychosocial influences on brain structure and function, 54-55

“rewiring” the brain, 150

and schizophrenia, 490-492

Brain surgery, 14

Brain tumors

and delusions, 79

and dementia, 544

and hallucinations, 79

Breathing-related sleep disorders, 326, 332-333

Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, 81

Brief psychotic disorder, 482

Briquet's syndrome, 177

Broca's area, 476

Bromides, 14

Bulimia nervosa, 299, 300-303. See also Eating disorders

associated psychological disorders, 303

clinical description, 302

drug treatment for, 316

DSM-IV-TR criteria summary, 302

medical consequences, 302-303

psychological treatments for, 316-318

purging and nonpurging types, 302

purging techniques, 302

Cabin fever, 221

Caffeine, 337, 390

Caffeine use disorders, 404

Calcium channel blockers, 243

Cancer, 272-274

and denial, 289

and immune system, 269

psychosocial influences on, 272

and stimulus generation, 25

Cannabinoids, 407

Cannabis sativa, 406

Capgras syndrome, 474-475

Cardiovascular problems, 274-279

coronary heart disease, 276-279

hypertension, 275-276

Cardiovascular system, 48

Caregivers, 549, 551

Case study method, 101

Castration anxiety, 21

CAT. See Computerized axial tomography

Cataplexy, 332, 335

Catatonia, 471, 472, 479

Catatonic immobility, 479

Catatonic type of schizophrenia, 480

Catecholamine, 53

Categorical and dimensional models in personality disorders, 432-433

Catharsis, 18, 19, 160

Caudate nucleus, 46, 47

Causation, treatment, and outcomes, 7-8

Cause and effect, 7, 55

CBGT. See Cognitive-behavioral group therapy

Center for the Study of Culture and Medicine, 67

Central nervous system (CNS), 44-45

Cerebellum, 46, 47

Cerebral cortex, 46, 47, 48

Cerebral hemispheres, 231

Cerebral vascular accidents, 274

Cerebrovascular disease, 551

Charles VI, the Mad King, 9-10, 12

Checking rituals, 163

Chemical castration, 380

Chemical imbalance, 34, 69

Chemical transporters, 40

Chemotherapy, 25

Child abuse

and dissociative identity disorder, 198-200

Munchausen syndrome by proxy and, 182-183

Childhood disintegrative disorder, 518

Children

adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse, 160

aggression in, 116-117

Asperger's disorder, 522-523

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 223-224, 400, 509

cancer in, 274

Children's Apperception Test, 83

common developmental disorders, 507-517

compulsions in, 163

conduct disorder, 224, 445, 447

control studies, 127-128

conversion disorder, 184

delirium in, 537

depression, 114

with developmental disorders, 534

dysthymic disorder, 215

eating disorders, 308, 311, 312

functional communication study, 109

with generalized anxiety disorder, 134

injuries, 290

juvenile offenders, 452

and learned helplessness, 234

and marital problems, 102

mental retardation, 525-535

mood disorders, 222-224, 239, 246

obesity in, 324

obsessive-compulsive disorder, 164

panic disorder, 138

pedophilia, 374-376

pervasive developmental disorders, 517-525

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 156, 158, 159

in poverty, 237

real memories and false and DID, 200-202

resilient, 68

and schizophrenia, 484

seasonal affective disorder, 221

sense of control, 238

separation anxiety disorder, 146-147, 150

sexual abuse of, 454

sleep disorders, 328, 329-330, 336, 337-338

social phobia, 152, 154

Society for Research in Child Development, 118

suicide in, 251, 254

China, 115

AIDS in, 271

binding girls' feet, 189

koro, 175

mental health care in, 67

Pa-leng and frigo phobia, 148

smoking in China, 292

suicide in, 252

Chorea, 545

Chromosomal influences in mental retardation, 530-531

Chromosomes, 38

Chronic course, 6

Chronic fatigue syndrome, 282-284

Chronic negative emotions and coronary heart disease, 278-279

Chronic pain, 279-282

biological aspects, 281-282

endogenous opoids, 282, 283

gate control theory, 281-282

gender differences in pain, 282

operant control of, 281

psychological and social aspects, 280-281

and sense of control, 280

suffering in, 280

Chronic posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 156157

Cigarette advertising, 413

Cingulate bundle (cingulotomy), 166

Cingulate gyrus, 46, 47

Circadian rhythms, 220, 231, 233, 239

and mood disorders, 230-231

sleep disorders and, 326, 333-334

Circuit parties, 409

Civil commitment, 563-569. See also Criminal commitment

alternative community care, 567

authority for, 564

changes affecting, 566-569

civil commitment laws, 564

criteria for, 564-566

grave disability, 564, 566

involuntary commitment, 564

liberal era, 564

neoconservative era, 564

parens patriae, 564

police power, 564

public hospital system, 564, 567

reforms in, 567

sexual psychopath laws, 568, 569

transinstitutionalization, 567

and violence, 565-566, 568

voluntary commitment, 64

Classical categorical approach, 90-92

Classical conditioning (Pavlov), 24-26

Classification issues, 15, 90-92

Cleckley/Hare criteria for psychopathy, 446

Client-centered therapy, 24

Clinical assessment, 74, 75

Clinical description, 6-7

Clinical efficacy (internal validity), 579, 580

Clinical interview, 76-79

Clinical practice guidelines. See Patients' rights and clinical practice guidelines

Clinical psychologists, 5

Clinical replication series, 579

Clinical significance, 100, 101

Clinical utility (external validity), 479, 580

Clinical versus statistical significance, 100

Clomipramine, 190

for OCD, 165, 166

Clonidine, 418

Clozapine, 54

for schizophrenia, 489-490, 495, 496

Cluster A personality disorders, 437-443

Cluster B personality disorders, 443-459

Cluster C personality disorders, 459-464

Cocaine Anonymous, 419

Cocaine use disorders, 401-403, 412

clinical description, 401-402

statistics, 402-403

withdrawal from, 79

Codeine, 404

Cognition in emotion, 62, 63

Cognitive-behavioral group therapy (CBGT), for social phobias, 154

Cognitive-behavioral model, 24. See also Behavioral model

Cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT), 7

for body dysmorphic disorder, 190

for bulimia nervosa, 316, 317

in chronic fatigue syndrome, 284

in conversion disorder, 185

exposure and response prevention, 55, 190

for generalized anxiety disorder, 134, 135

hypochondriasis, 177

in somatization disorder, 180

Cognitive disorders, 535-553

amnestic disorders, 535, 552-553

delirium, 535, 536-538

dementia, 535, 538-551

DSM-IV-TR label, 535

Cognitive errors, 235

Cognitive factors in substance-related disorders, 412-413

Cognitive reserve hypothesis, 543

Cognitive science, 15, 57-60

conditioning and cognitive processes, 57-58

learned helplessness, 58-59

learned optimism, 59

prepared learning, 59-60

social learning, 59

and the unconscious, 60

Cognitive slippage and schizophrenia, 478

Cognitive theory of emotional disorders, 235

Cognitive therapy for panic disorder, 142-143

Cognitive vulnerability for depression, 235-236

Cohort effect, 113

Cohorts, 113

Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism, 410

Combat, 157, 158, 201

Communication impairment in autistic disorder, 519-520, 523-524

Communication skills, 498

Community mental health movement, 14

Community reinforcement approach, 420

Comorbidity, 94, 95

Comparative treatment research, 105-106

Competence to stand trial, 574, 575

Component treatment in substance-related disorders, 420-421

Comprehensive System (Rorschach inkblot test), 82

Computer simulations and dementia, 59

Computerized axial tomography (CAT), 86, 87

Concurrent validity, 76

Conditioned response (CR), 25

Conditioned stimulus (CS), 25, 59, 140

Conditioning and cognitive processes, 57-58

Conduct disorder

and antisocial personality disorder, 445, 447

and bipolar disorder, 224

Confidentiality, 78-79, 563

Confound, 98, 99

Construct validity, 92

Content validity, 92

Context and meaning, 232

Contingency management, 420

Control

in anorexia nervosa, 303

and biofeedback, 285, 286

in bulimia nervosa, 302

and chronic pain, 280

and eating disorders, 314

and the elderly, 132

and learned helplessness, 58-59, 233

perception of, 127-128

and stress, 266-267

Control groups, 99, 104-105

Controlled drinking, 419

Controlled use in substance-related disorders, 419-420

Conversion disorder, 180-185, 263

causes, 184-185

clinical description, 180-181

comorbidity, 183

DSM-IV-TR criteria summary, 181

related disorders, 181-183

statistics, 183-194

treatment, 185

unconscious mental processes, 183

Conversion hysteria, 173

Conversion symptoms, 178

Convulsions, 14

Coronary heart disease, 276-279

and anger, 63-64, 264, 279

and chronic negative emotions, 278-279

Framingham Heart Study, 278

and the Stanford Three Community Study, 292

type A behavior pattern, 277-278

type B behavior pattern, 277-278

Western Collaborative Group Study, 278

Correlation coefficient, 102, 103

Correlation methods, 102-104

Cortical arousal, 448

Cortical immaturity hypothesis, 449

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), 127, 159, 239, 266

Cortisol, 50, 230

Cosmetic surgery, 188

Cotard's syndrome, 475

Counseling psychologists, 5

Countertransference, 23

Course, 6, 7, 15

Covert sensitization, 378, 420

CR. See Conditioned response

Cravings, 413

Creativity, mood disorders and, 226

Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease, 546

CRF. See Corticotropin releasing factor

Criminal behavior, 417

lifetime course of criminal behavior, 451

and psychopathy, 446-447

Criminal commitment, 569-575. See also Civil commitment

American Law Institute test, 570, 571

burden of proof, 574

competence to stand trial, 574, 575

Defense Reform Act of 1984, 572

diminished capacity, 570, 571

Durham rule, 570, 571

duty to warn, 574

guilty but mentally ill (GBMI), 572-573

the insanity defense, 570-571

Insanity Defense Reform Act, 570

malingering, 575

mental health professionals as expert witnesses, 574-75866

M'Naghten rule, 570, 572

not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI), 571, 572, 574

therapeutic jurisprudence, 573-574

violence, 575

Criminal intent, 571

Criminalization of the mentally ill, 566-567

Criterion validity, 92

Cross-cultural research, 115-116

Cross-dressing, 350

Cross fostering, 42

Cross-generational effect, 114, 115

Cross-National Collaborative Group, 214

Cross-sectional designs, 113

Cross-tolerance, 417

CS. See Conditioned stimulus

Cultural bias

cognitive disorders, 543

diagnosis of schizophrenia, 484, 494

ethnic minorities and violence, 564-565

intelligence testing, 76

MMPI, 83

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), 83

Cultural factors, 64-67. See also Social factors

and ADHD, 510

and AIDS, 272, 291

in alcohol abuse and dependence, 397

in Alzheimer's disease, 543

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, 510

body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), 189, 190

chronic fatigue syndrome, 282

in chronic pain, 280-281

conversion disorder, 184, 185

and coronary heart disease, 277, 278

cross-cultural research on the five-factor personality model, 433

in dementia, 548

in dissociative disorders, 192, 195, 198

eating disorders, 299, 300, 307-308

in expressed emotion, 494

and gender identity disorder, 351

global incidence of psychological disorders, 67

hypochondriasis, 175-176

international rate for major depression, 237

major depressive disorder, 214

mental retardation is socially defined, 527-528

in mood disorders, 222, 225-226, 236-238

in obesity, 322, 323

panic disorder, 138-139

and paraphilias, 377

in prevention of substance abuse, 421

Cultural factors

psychosocial treatment for physical disorders, 284-293

in PTSD, 159

research across cultures, 115-116

schizophrenia, 484-485, 494

in schizophrenia treatment, 500

sexual dysfunctions, 365-367

in sexuality, 348, 367

in sleep disorders, 328, 330

in substance-related disorders, 413-414

in suicide, 252, 254

thresholds for abnormal behavior, 115-116

trance or possession disorder, 195

Cultural reference group, 93

Culture of Narcissims, The (Lasch), 458-459

Cushing's disease, 230

Custodial care, 17

Cyclothermic disorder, 218, 219

Cyproterone acetate, 380

Cytomegalovirus and autism, 522

D-amphetamine, 511

Dangerousness, 565-566

DARE program, 421

Daytime sequelae, 327

Death

and grieving process, 215-216

leading causes of in U.S., 263

Defective genes, 38

Defense mechanisms, 20, 21, 23

Defense Reform Act of 1984, 572

Deinstitutionalization, 14, 498

and homelessness, 566, 567

Delayed sleep phase type, 334

Delirium, 536-538

clinical description and statistics, 536-537

DSM-IV-TR criteria summary, 537

prevention, 537-538

treatment, 537

Delirium tremens (DTs), 390

Delta waves, 88, 139

Delusional disorder, 481-892

somatic type, 188

Delusions, 13, 14, 77

and brain tumors, 79

of grandeur, 13, 77, 471, 474, 479

of persecution, 13, 77, 472, 474, 479

in schizophrenia, 472, 474-475

Dementia, 224, 225, 266, 538-551

and alcohol, 395

Alzheimer's type, 538, 540, 541-543

caregivers in, 549, 551

causes of, 546-548

characteristics of, 545

classes or types of, 541

clinical description and statistics, 539-541

and computer simulations, 59

due to other general medical conditions, 544-546

prevention, 551

substance-induced persisting dementia, 546

testing for, 542

treatment, 548-551

vascular dementia, 543-544

Dementia praecox, 471, 472

Dementia pugilistica, 548

Demons and witches, 8-9

Dendrites, 44

Denial, 20, 288-289

Dependent personality disorder, 461-462

Dependent variable, 98, 99

Depersonalization disorder, 192-193

Depressants, 393, 394-400

alcohol use disorders, 394-398

sedatives, hypnotic, or anxiolytic substance use disorders, 398-399

Depression, 64

and anxiety, 229

cognitive vulnerability for, 235-236

grief and, 215-216

and hypothyroidism, 79

and norepinephrine, 45

and serotonin, 45, 50

and sleep disorders, 328

Depressive attributional style, 234

Depressive cognitive triad, 235

Depressive disorders, 212-216. See also Mood disorders

clinical descriptions, 212

double depression, 212-213

dysthymic disorder, 212, 215

major depressive disorder, recurrent, 212

major depressive disorder, single episode, 212

onset and duration, 214-215

Depressive episodes, 216

Depressive personality disorder (proposed), 437

Derealization, 191-192

Descriptive validity, 76

Designer drugs, 401, 408-409

Desipramine, 418

Despair, 22

Development across the life span. See Life-span development

Developmental critical period, 36

Developmental disorders, 506-551. See also Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; Autistic disorder; Delirium; Dementia; Learning disorders; Mental retardation

amnestic disorder, 552-553

Asperger's disorder, 522-523

cognitive disorders, 535-553

common developmental disorders, 507-517

pervasive developmental disorders, 517-525

prevention of, 534

Deviation IQ, 84

Dexamethasone suppression test, 230, 248

Dhat (India), 175-176

Diabetes, 263

Diagnosing psychological disorders, 74, 75, 89-96. See also Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR)

classification issues, 90-92

reliability, 92

validity, 92

Diagnosis, 14, 15

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR), 4, 74. See also Diagnosing psychological disorders

Alzheimer's disease criteria summary, 541

amnestic disorder criteria summary, 553

amphetamine intoxication criteria summary, 400

anorexia nervosa critera summary, 305

antisocial personality disorder criteria summary, 445

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder criteria summary, 509

autistic disorder criteria summary, 519

avoidant personality disorder criteria summary, 460

background and history, 92-93

binge-eating disorder (BED), 305

bipolar II disorder criteria summary, 218

body dysmorphic disorder criteria summary, 189

borderline personality disorder criteria summary, 453

bulimia nervosa criteria summary, 302

caffeine intoxication criteria summary, 404

cannabis intoxication criteria summary, 406

catatonic type of schizophrenia criteria summary, 480

cocaine intoxication criteria summary, 402

conversion disorder criteria summary, 181

criticisms of, 94

cultural and social considerations, 93-94

current trends, 95-96

cyclothymic disorder criteria summary, 218

delirium criteria summary, 537

delusional disorder criteria summary, 481

dependent personality disorder criteria summary, 462

depersonalization disorder criteria summary, 193

dissociative amnesia criteria summary, 194

dissociative fugue criteria summary, 194

dissociative identity disorder criteria summary, 196

dysthymic disorder criteria summary, 215

eating disorders in, 299

factitious disorders criteria summary, 183

fetishism criteria summary, 372

gender identity disorder criteria summary, 352

generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) criteria summary, 131

hallucinogen intoxication criteria summary, 408

histrionic personality disorder criteria summary, 456

hypoactive sexual desire disorder criteria summary, 357

hypochondriasis criteria summary, 175

labeling, 94-95

learning disorders criteria summary, 513

major depressive episode criteria summary, 211

manic episode criteria summary, 212

mental retardation criteria summary, 527

narcissistic personality disorder criteria summary, 458

nicotine withdrawal criteria summary, 404

obsessive-compulsive personality disorder criteria summary, 463

opioid intoxication criteria summary, 405

orgasmic disorder criteria summary, 360

pain disorder criteria summary, 186

panic attack criteria summary, 126

panic disorder criteria summary, 137

paranoid personality disorder criteria summary, 438

pedophilia criteria summary, 375

personality disorder clusters, 433

physical disorders, 263

planning process for fifth edition, 4-5

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) criteria summary, 158

psychological factors affecting medical condition, 263

reliability of diagnoses, 575

schizoid personality disorder criteria summary, 440

schizophrenia criteria summary, 475

schizophreniform disorder criteria summary, 481

schizotypal personality disorder criteria summary, 442

sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic intoxication criteria summary, 399

sexual arousal disorder criteria summary, 358

sexual dysfunction categories, 355-356

sexual pain disorder criteria summary, 361

sexual sadism and sexual masochism, 374

sleep disorders descriptions, 326

social phobia criteria summary, 152

somatization disorder criteria summary, 178

somatoform disorders, 173

specific phobia criteria summary, 145

substance abuse criteria summary, 390

substance dependence criteria summary, 392

substance intoxication criteria summary, 389

trance and possession disorder criteria summary, 195

voyeurism and exhibitionism critera summary, 373

Diagnostic issues in substance-related disorders, 393

Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) and borderline personality disorder, 455

Diastolic blood pressure, 275

Diathesis-stress model of gene-environment interactions, 40-41, 199

and mood disturbances, 232, 233, 239

DID. See Dissociative identity disorder

Dietary restraint, 312, 315

Dimensional approach, 91

Dimensional models in personality disorders, 432-433

Dimethyltryptamine (DMT), 407

Diminished capacity, 570, 571

Directionality, 102-103

Discrimination training, 523

Disease conviction, 175

Disease model of dependence, 413, 419

Disinhibition exercises, 369

Disintegrated experience, 192

Disordered eating patterns, 322

Disorder of thought content (delusion), 474

Disorganized speech, 478

Disorganized type of schizophrenia, 479-480

Displacement, 20, 189

Dissociation between behavior and consciousness, 60

Dissociative disorders, 191-203

depersonalization disorder, 192-193

dissociative amnesia, 193, 199, 201

dissociative fugue, 194-195, 199

dissociative identity disorder, 195-203

dissociative trance disorder, 195

and somatoform disorders, 173

Dissociative identity disorder, 195-203

biological contributions, 200

causes, 198-200

characteristics, 196

clinical description, 196

DSM-IV-TR criteria summary, 196

faking DID, 196-198

and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 199-200

real memories and false, 197, 200-202

statistics, 198

suggestibility, 200

treatment, 202-203

Distant Mirror, A (Tuchman), 8, 9, 10

Disulfiram, 418

Diuretics and bulimia nervosa, 302

Divorce, influence of genes on, 41

DMT. See Dimethyltryptamine

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 37, 38

Dominant genes, 38

Donepezil, 549

Dopamine, 45, 50, 53-54

and mood disorders, 230

in schizophrenia, 45, 50, 53, 488-490, 595

Dopaminergic system, 410

Dorsal horns of the spinal column, 281

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and schizophrenia, 491

Double bind communication, 493

Double-blind control, 105

Double-blind experiments, 17

Double depression, 212-213

Double spiral, 38

Down syndrome, 524, 530-531

Dr. Atkins' New Diet Revolution (Atkins), 323

Dream analysis, 22, 23

Drug-seeking behaviors, 390

Drug therapy, 5. See also Biological treatments

in Alzheimer's disease, 549

in bipolar disorder, 218, 219

for body dysmorphic disorder, 190

in chronic fatigue syndrome, 284

for dementia, 549

development of, 14

in DID, 202

eating disorders, 316

for hypochondriasis, 177

for mood disorders, 240-243

and neurotransmitters, 50

for obesity, 324

for OCD, 165-166

for panic disorders, 141-142

for paraphilias, 380

for PTSD, 161

for schizophrenia, 495-497

for sexual dysfunctions, 370

and sexual functioning, 364

for sleep disorders, 334-335

for social phobia, 154

in somatization disorder, 180

stimulant medication for ADHD, 511-512

and stress-reduction programs, 288

Durham rule, 570, 571

Durham v. United States, 571

Duty to warn, 574

Dynorphins, 404

Dyslexia, 48

Dysmorphophobia, 187

Dyspareunia, 361

Dysphoric manic episode, 211

Dyssocial psychopathy, 446

Dyssomnias, 326. See also Sleep disorders

Dysthymic disorder, 212, 215

Eating disorders, 299-325. See also Anorexia nervosa; Binge-eating disorder; Bulimia nervosa; Obesity

causes of, 309-316

cross-cultural considerations, 307-308

developmental considerations, 308

dietary restraint, 312, 315

early weight concerns, 320

increase in, 299-300

mortality rate in, 299

socioeconomic status, 300, 306, 307

statistics, 306-307

treatment of, 316-321

types of, 299-308

Echolalia, 519-520, 521, 523

Ecstasy, 401, 408, 409

ECT. See Electroconvulsive therapy

Educable mental retardation, 528

EEG. See Electroenceph-alogram

Effect and cause, 7, 55

Effect in assessment, 77

Effect size, 100

Ego, 19, 20

Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense (Freud, Anna), 21

Ego psychology, 21

Egopathy, 445

Egotistic suicide, 253

Elder abuse, 551

Elderly

cognitive disorders in, 536

delirium in, 536-537

dementia in, 540, 551

disorders in, 67

generalized anxiety disorder in, 132

hypochondriasis in, 175

mood disorders in, 224-225

personality disorders in, 434

and positive attitudes, 59

and schizophrenia, 484

Senior's Apperception Test, 83

sleep disorders in, 328-329

and sleep problems, 103

and social networks, 264

suicide in, 225, 250-251, 255

Electra complex, 21

Electric shock, 14

Electrocardiogram, 327

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 14, 230, 243-244

in schizophrenia, 495

Electrodermal activity, 88

Electroencephalogram (EEG), 88, 89, 231, 285, 327

Electrolyte imbalance in eating disorders, 302-330, 305

Electromyograph, 327

Electrooculograph, 327

Emergency reaction, 48-49, 53, 61

Emotional stability in the five-factor personality model, 432

Emotions, 61-64

anger and the heart, 63-64

components of, 62-63

definition of, 62, 63

fear, 61

fight or flight response, 61

and psychopathology, 64

research on, 62-63

suppressing, 64

Empathy, 24

Employment, 499

supported, 533

Endocrine system, 48-50

and mood disorders, 230

Endocrinological disorders, 263

Endorphins, 282, 405

Enkephalins, 282, 404, 405

Environment

interaction of genetic and environmental effects, 39-41

and mental retardation, 529

Environmental factors in sexual orientation development, 348-349

Environmental manipulations, 43

Environmental treatments for sleep disorders, 335-336

Enzyme deficiency (Sly disease), 534

Epidemiological research, 103-104

Epilepsy

and conversion disorder, 184

and schizophrenia, 14

Epinephrine, 48, 49

Episodic course, 6

Epstein-Barr virus, 282

Equifinality, 68, 69, 228, 414

Ergotism, 407

Erotomanic subtype of delusional disorder, 481

Erotophobia, 365

Essential hypertension, 275

Estrogen, 48, 351

Estrogen-dependent neuronal system, 282

Estrogen replacement therapy and Alzheimer's disease, 543

Ethical guidelines, Society for Research in Child Development, 118

Ethical issues. See Civil commitment; Criminal commitment; Patients' rights and clinical practice guidelines

Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct, American Psychological Association, 118

Ethics in research, 117-118

Etiology, 7

Eve (MDNA), 408

Event-related potential, 88

Evil eye, 65

Evil spirits, 9

Evoked potential, 88

Exhibitionism, 372-373

Exorcism, 9, 10, 11

Expectancy effect, 412-413

Experimental psychologists, 5, 25

Experimental research, 104-106

Expert witnesses, 574-575

Explicit memory, 60

Exposure and response prevention, 55

Exposure-based treatments

exposure and ritual prevention (ERP), 165, 166

for panic disorder, 142

for social phobia, 154

for specific phobias, 150

Extrapyramidal side effects, 496

Expressed emotion, 493-494

Expressive language disorders, 515

External validity, 98, 99

Extinction, 25

Eye-tracking, 487

Eye-tracking technology, 519

Facial agnosia, 539

Factitious disorder by proxy (Munchausen syndrome by proxy), 182-183

Factitious disorders, 182

DSM-IV-TR criteria summary, 183

False Memory Syndrome Foundation, 201

False negatives, 86, 87

False positives, 86, 87

Familial aggregation, 111

Families and schizophrenia, 493-494

Family studies, 111, 228

Family therapists, 5

Fatal familial insomnia, 327

Fatalistic suicide, 253

Fear, 61

in anxiety disorders, 125

Fearlessness hypothesis, 449

Feingold diet, 510

Female orgasmic disorder, 359-360, 369

Female sexual arousal disorder, 358

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), 396, 529

Fetal brain tissue, 549

Fetishism, 372

FFS. See Fight/flight system

Fight/flight system (FFS), 61, 125, 127, 265, 279, 449. See also Alarm reaction.

Fixation, 21

Flashbacks, 155, 160. See also Posttraumatic stress disorder

Flat affect, 477-478

Flight of ideas, 211

Fluoxetine, 52, 190, 242, 316

Flurazepam, 335

Fluvoxamine, 190

fMRI, 88. See also Magnetic resonance imaging

Forebrain, 45, 46, 47

Formal observation, 80

Formalized suicides, 252

Foster care, 524

Fragile X syndrome, 531-532

Framingham Heart Study, 278

Fraternal twins, 39. See also Twin studies

studies of, 111-112

Free association, 22, 223

Fright disorders, 65

Frigidity, 358. See also Sexual dysfunctions

Frigophobia, 148

Frontal lobe, 48

Frotteurism, 372

Functional communication training, 108-109

Functional genomics, 410

GABA. See Gamma aminobutyric acid

Galantamine, 549

Galen, 12

Galvanic skin response, 88

Gamblers Anonymous, 4223

Gambling disorder, 571

Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), 45, 52, 53, 56, 127

and alcohol, 395

for panic disorder, 142

GAS. See General adaptation syndrome

Gate control theory, 281-282

GBMI. See Guilty but mentally ill

Genain quadruplets, 486

Gender

and ADHD, 511

and AIDS, 272, 291-292

alcoholism, 410

and Alzheimer's disease, 543

Asperger's disorder, 522

attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 509

autistic disorder, 520

in bipolar disorders, 219, 220

and chronic fatigue syndrome, 282

cross-gendered alters, 196

and dementia, 540

and depression, 225

developmental disorders, 515

dissociation identity disorder in, 198

and eating disorders, 299, 300, 310-311, 319

learning disorders, 514

marital relations and mood disorders, 236

and mental retardation, 530

and mood disorders, 236-238

mood disorders by, 222, 229

mood disorders in women, 236-238

and pain, 282

and personality disorders, 434-436, 457

and psychopathology, 65

schizophrenia and, 483

and sexuality, 346-348

and sleep disorders, 328

and suicide, 251-252

and vascular dementia, 544

Gender bias

assessment, 435

criterion, 435

in diagnosing personality disorders, 13, 434-435, 457, 462

and MMPI, 83

women and violence, 564-565

Gender identity disorder, 345, 350-354

causes, 351

definition, 350-351

DSM-IV-TR criteria summary, 352

incidence of, 351

treatment, 353

Gender ratio, 6

Gene-environment interactions, 39-41

and antisocial personality disorder, 448

diathesis-stress model, 40-41

reciprocal gene-environment model, 41

Gene mapping, 39

Gene therapy, 534

General adaptation syndrome (GAS), 265

General paresis, 13

Generalizability, 99

Generalized amnesia, 193

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), 130-135

causes, 132-133

clinical description, 130-131

DSM-IV-TR criteria summary, 131

integrative model of, 134

statistics, 131-132

symptoms, 131

treatment, 133-135

Generalized biological vulnerability, 128, 129, 132, 133

in specific phobia, 150

Generalized psychological vulnerability, 128, 129, 140

and PTSD, 159

in specific phobia, 150

Genetic factors. See also Heritability

in ADHD, 510

in Alzheimer's disease, 547

antisocial personality disorder, 447-448

autism, 522

and eating disorders, 313

in hypersomnia, 331

in learning disorders, 515-516

mental retardation, 529-530

in mood disorders, 228-229

narcolepsy, 332

in obesity, 300, 322

schizophrenia, 485-488

in sexual orientation development, 348-349

in sleepwalking, 338

in substance-related disorders, 410

Genetic linkage, 112, 113

Genetic markers, 112, 113

Genetics, 37-43

genes, 37-38

interaction of genetic and environmental effects, 39-41

new developments in, 38-39

nongenomic “inheritance” of behavior, 42-43

reciprocal gene-environment model, 41

and research across time, 110-119

Genital surgery, 353

Genotypes, 110, 111

Germ theory of disease, 13

GHB, 409

Gila (Malaysia), 115

Ginko biloba (maidenhair), 549

Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor, 549

Globus hystericus in conversion disorder, 181

Glutamate, 490

Gonadal glands, 48

Grandiosity, 458

Grave disability, 564, 566

Grieving process, 215-216

Group experimental designs, 104

Group versus individual in societies, 225

Guilty but mentally ill (GBMI), 572-573

Gynecomastia, 353

HAART. See Highly active antiretroviral therapy

Hallucinations, 13, 14, 77

and brain tumors, 79

in schizophrenia, 472, 474, 475-477

Hallucinogen use disorders, 406

Hallucinogens, 393, 405-408

DSM-IV-TR hallucinogen intoxication criteria summary, 408

LSD, 407-408

marijuana, 406-407

Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery, 85, 86

Hashish, 407

Headaches, psychophysiological assessments, 88

Health, factors influencing, 263-270

Health psychology, 264, 265

Health risks in obesity, 300

Heart attacks, 277

Heart disease

and anger, 63-64, 264, 279

and immune system, 64

Heart rate, 53

Heaven's Gate, 253

Hebephrenia, 471, 472, 479, 480

Helper T cells, 270

Herbs, 14

Heredity, 12. See also Genetics

Heresy, 9

Heritability. See also Genetic factors

of blood-injury-injection phobia, 149

of intelligence quotient (IQ), 39

of mood disorders, 229

of somatization disorder, 179

Hermaphrodites, 350, 353

Heroin, 404, 405, 412

Heterosexual sex, 346

Hierarchy of needs, 24

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), 271

Hindbrain, 46, 47, 53

Hippocampus, 46, 47, 159, 230, 266

Hippocratic Corpus (Hippocrates), 11-12

Hispanics

alcohol use in, 397

ataques de nervios (panic disorder), 94, 138

body dysmorphic disorder, 188

and chronic fatigue syndrome, 282

eating disorders in, 307

mood disorders in, 222, 225

obesity in, 322

schizophrenia in, 500

sleep disorders in, 328

specific phobias in, 148

suicide in, 250

Historical context, 1-32

Histrionic personality disorder, 435

HIV. See Human immunodeficiency virus

Hoarding, 163

Homeless people, 14, 17

and deinstitutionalization, 566, 567

and schizophrenia, 479, 498

Homosexual arousal patterns, 350

Homosexuality, 346

attitudes about, 347

cultural aspects of, 348

male eating disorders, 312

Hopelessness

and AIDS, 272

and learned helplessness, 234, 235

Hormones, 48, 49, 265

Host identity, 196

HPA axis (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenalcortical axis), 50, 56, 159, 230, 265, 266, 270

Human genome project, 110-111

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 270, 271-272. See also Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

and dementia, 538, 544

as divine punishment, 10

and intravenous drug use, 405

Human nature, 22, 24

Human nervous system, 43-44

Human potential movements, 24

Human Sexual Inadequacy (Masters & Johnson), 368

Human sexual response, 355

Humane care, 15, 16, 17

Humanistic psychology, 24

Humanistic theory, 24

Humanistic treatments, 7

Humoral immune system, 269

Humoral theory of disorders, 12

Huntington's disease, 490, 538, 544, 545, 548

Hydrocephalus and dementia, 544

Hyperactivity, 224

Hypertension, 263, 274-276

psychophysiological assessments, 88

and relaxation techniques, 286

Hyperthyroidism and anxiety disorders, 79

Hypnagogic hallucinations, 332

Hypnosis, 17

in dissociative identity disorder, 202

Hypnotic drugs, 398

Hypnotizability, 200

Hypoactive sexual disorder, 356-357

Hypochondriasis, 173-177

benefits of being sick, 177

causes, 176-177

clinical description, 174-175

DSM-IV-TR criteria summary, 175

statistics, 175-176

treatment, 177

Hypofrontality, 490, 491

Hypomania, 230

Hypomanic episode, 211, 217

Hypothalamus, 46, 47, 49, 314, 333

Hypothesis, 97

Hypothesis testing, 245

Hypothyroidism, 230

and dementia, 544

and depression, 79

Hypoventilation, 333

Hypoxyphilia, 374

Hypsarrhythmia and autism, 522

Hysteria, 12, 18, 173, 175

Hysterical neurosis, 173

ICD-10. See International Classification of Diseases

Id, 19

Idea density, 541

Ideal weight concepts, 209-310

Ideas of reference, 77, 442

and body dysmorphic disorder, 187

Identical twins, 37. See also Twin studies

studies of, 39, 111-112

Illness phobia, 175

Imaginal exposure, 160

Imipramine, 52

for mood disorders, 240

for panic disorder, 141

for sleep terrors, 338

Immune response, and stress, 266, 268-270

Immune system, 268

and endocrine system, 48

and heart disease, 64

disorders of, 263

Immunoglobulins, 269

Impacted grief reaction, 216

Impairment in psychological disorders, 3

Implicit memory, 60, 61

Impotence, 358. See also Sexual dysfunctions

Impulse-control disorders, 422-424

intermittent explosive disorder, 422

kleptomania, 422-423

pathological gambling, 423-424

pyromania, 423

trichotillomania, 424

Inappropriate affect, 478-479

Incest, 375

Incidence of disorders, 6, 7, 103

Independent Living Skills Program (UCLA), 498, 499

“Independent” personality disorder (proposed), 462

Independent variable, 98, 99

India

AIDS in, 271

dhat, 175-176

Individual attention, 17

Infants

common developmental disorders, 507

mood disorders in, 222

sleep disorders in, 337

Infectious diseases in dementia, 538

Informal observation, 80

Information transmission in specific phobias, 149

Informed consent, 117-118, 577, 578

Inhalants, 408

Inhibited orgasm, 359-360

Injury prevention, 289-290

Inpatient facilities in substance-related disorders, 418

Insanity defense, 570-571

Insanity Defense Reform Act, 570

Insidious onset, 7

Insight, 18

and schizophrenia, 478

Insomnia, 231

and caffeine, 404

Institutional review boards, 118

Insulin coma therapy, 495

Insulin shock therapy, 14

Insurance companies, accountability to, 5

Integrative approach. See Multidimemsional integrative approach

Intellectual functioning in assessment, 77

Intelligence quotient (IQ), 38, 84

and autistic disorder, 520

definition of, 85

deviation IQ, 84

heritability of, 39

tests for African Americans, 76

Intelligence testing, 84-85

Interaction of genetic and environmental effects, 39-41

Interactions of psychosocial factors with brain structure and function, 56

Intermittent explosive disorder, 422

Internal validity, 98, 99

International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), 92-93, 94

Internet addiction, 424

Interoceptive avoidance, 137, 138, 142

Interpersonal psychology, 238

Interpersonal psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa, 317

Interpersonal relationships, 66-67

Interrater reliability, 76

Intersexed individuals, 350, 353-354

Intrapsychic conflicts, 20, 21

Introjection, 22

Introspection, 25-26

Inverse agonists, 51

Involuntary commitment, 564

Ischemia, 277

Islam

medicine and religion, 116

and obsessive-compulsive disorder, 164

Jackson v. Indiana, 574

Japan

Alzheimer's disease in, 543

body dysmorphic disorder, 188

eating disorders in, 300, 308

family model of treatment, 116

hara-kiri, 252

obesity in, 322

shinkeishitsu and taijin kyofusho (social phobia), 152, 190

Jealous subtype of delusional disorder, 481

Jet lag, 330, 333

Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 191

Kansas v. Hendricks, 569

Ketamine, 409, 490

Killer T cells, 270

Kleptomania, 422-423

Koro (Chinese cultures), 175

Kuru (New Guinea), 548

Kyol goeu (Cambodia), 139

l-dopa, 54, 230, 489

La belle indifference, 181, 184

Labeling, 94-95

Lanugo, 305

Large fibers (A-beta fibers), 281-282

Law of effect, 27

Learned alarms, 129

Learned helplessness, 58-59

in mood disorders, 233-234

Learned optimism, 59

Learning disorders, 512-517. See also Developmental disorders

causes, 515-516

clinical description, 513-514

DSM-IV-TR criteria summary, 513

statistics, 514-515

treatment, 516-517

Left hemisphere of the brain, 48

Legal issues. See Civil commitment; Criminal commitment; Patients' rights and clinical practice guidelines

Lesbians, 348

Lesch-Nyhan syndrome in mental retardation, 530

Leukocytes, 269

Level of behavior change, 107, 108

Liberal era in civil commitment, 564

Libido, 19

Librium, 14

Life span development, 22, 28, 29, 67-68

equifinality principle, 68, 69

Lifelong goals, 22

Lifestyles

risky, 264-265, 289

sedentary, 322, 324

Light therapy

for circadian rhythm disorders, 335, 336

for seasonal affective disorder, 221, 231

Limbic system, 46, 47, 127

Linear models, 34

Liposuction, 190

Lithium, 243, 248

Lobes of the brain, 48

Localized amnesia, 193

Longitudinal course specifiers, 219

Longitudinal designs, 114-115

LSD, 401, 407-408

Lunatics, 11

Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery, 85, 86

Lymphocytes, 269, 270

Lysergic acid amide, 407

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 86, 87, 88, 197

Maintenance of sameness in autistic disorder, 520

Major depressive disorder

comorbidity with anxiety, 129

study on diathesis-stress model, 40-41

recurrent, 212

single episode, 212

Major depressive episode, 210

criteria, 91-92

DSM-IV-TR criteria summary, 211

Malaria, 13

Male erectile disorder, 357-358, 359, 369

Malingering, 181, 198, 575

Mania, 64, 210-211

Manic depressive disorder. See Bipolar disorders

Manic episode, 3, 216

DSM-IV-TR criteria summary, 212

Manie sans delire, 445

Manipulating a variable, 104

Mantra, 286

Marijuana, 406-407

amotivational syndrome, 406

DSM-IV-TR cannabis intoxication criteria summary, 406

medicinal uses for, 406-407

Marital relations

and child problems, 102

and mood disorders, 236

Marker genes, 487-488

Marriage therapists, 5

Mass migration to urban areas, 66

Masturbation, 346-347, 369, 370

Mathematics disorder, 513

Mature age, 22

MDMA, 401, 408

Meaning and context, 232

Medical conditions in autistic disorder, 522

Medical treatments for sexual dysfunctions, 370-371

Medicine man, 65

Medina v. California, 574

Meditation, 286, 288, 365

Medroxyprogesterone acetate, 380

Medulla, 46, 47

Melancholy, 9

and stress, 9

Melatonin, 220, 231, 334

Memory

in cognitive disorders, 535

delirium, 536

in dementia, 539

implicit and explicit, 60, 61

real memories and false and DID, 200-202

Memory B cells, 269

Memory wallets, 550

Men

alcohol rehabilitation, 398

and alcoholism, 65

antisocial personality disorder in, 179

and eating disorders, 306, 310311, 312

homeless, 566

panic disorder in, 138

and psychopathology, 65

sexual practices in, 345-346

sleep disorders in, 326

specific phobias in, 150

unprotected gay sex, 290291

Mens rea (mental state), 571

Menstruation cessation, 304

Mental compulsions, 162

Mental health care

in China, 67

in the United States, 67

Mental health counselors, 5

Mental health professionals as expert witnesses, 574-75, 866

Mental hospitals, 14, 16

Mental hygiene movement, 16-17

Mental illness as legal concept, 565

Mental retardation, 525-535. See also Developmental disorders

causes, 529-532

clinical description, 527-528

DSM-IV-TR criteria summary, 527

statistics, 528-529

treatment, 532-534

Mental status exam, 77-79

Mescaline, 407

Methadone, 404, 417

Methylphenidate, 335, 511

Microsleeps, 327

Midbrain, 46, 47

Migraine headaches, 288

Mild retardation, 528

Mild tranquilizers, 52

Milieu treatment, 497

Mind, structure of, 19-20

Mind emptiness, 192

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), 83-84, 575

Minor tranquilizers, 14

Miraculous cures, 11

Mixed manic episode, 211

Mixed sleep apnea, 333

MMPI-2

African Americans, 83

Native Americans, 83

M'Naghten rule, 570, 572

Modeling and observational learning, 59

Moderate retardation, 528

Modifying behaviors to promote health, 289-293

Molecular genetics, 39

Molestation, 375

Mongoloidism. See Down syndrome

Monoamine oxidase (MAO)

for mood disorders, 240-241

for social phobia, 154

Mood

in assessment, 77

definition of, 62, 63

Mood disorder causes, 228-240

biological dimensions, 228-231

cognitive vulnerability for depression, 235-236

gender, 236-238

an integrative theory, 238-240

learned helplessness, 233-234

marital relations, 236

negative cognitive styles, 234-235

psychological dimensions, 231-236

social and cultural dimensions, 236-238

social support, 238

stressful life events, 231-233

Mood disorder treatments, 240-250

combined treatments, 247

drugs, 240-243

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), 243-244

maintenance treatment, 247

preventing relapse, 247-248

psychological treatments, 244-246

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), 244

Mood disorders, 62, 208-261. See also Bipolar disorders; Depressive disorders; Mood disorder causes; Mood disorder treatments; Suicide and bulimia nervosa, 303

defined, 209-212

major depressive episode, 210

mania, 210-211

prevalence, 221-222

structure of, 211-212

substance induced, 79

Moral insanity, 445

Moral principles, 20

Moral therapy, 15-17, 326, 497

Moral weakness in substance abuse, 413

Morphine, 404, 405

Mortality

and eating disorders, 299

and obesity, 321

MRI. See Magnetic resonance imaging

Multiaxial system, 93, 96

Multidimensional integrative approach, 7, 28-29, 33-72

behavioral and cognitive science, 57-60

cultural, social, and interpersonal factors, 64-67

dimensions in, 34, 35

emotions, 61-64

genetic contributions, 37-43

life-span development, 67-68

neuroscience contributions, 43-57

one-dimensional versus multidimensional model, 34-37

Multimodal Treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Study, National Institute of Mental Health, 512

Multiple baselines, 108, 108-110

Multiple personality. See also Dissociative identity disorder

Multiple personality and schizophrenia, 472, 474

Munchausen syndrome by proxy, 182-183

Muscle relaxation, 286, 288

Mutism, 181

Myocardial infarction, 277

Myocardium, 277

N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, 490

Naltrexone, 417

Narcissistic personality disorder, 457-459

Narcolepsy, 326, 332, 400

Narcotics Anonymous, 419

National Alliance for the Mentally Ill, 568

National Institute of Mental Health, Multimodal Treatment of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Study, 512

National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Project MATCH, 420

National Institutes of Health, 242, 228-9

National Resource Center on Homelessness and Mental Illness, 498

Native Americans

alcohol use in, 397

Alzheimer's disease in, 543

and dissociative disorders, 195

eating disorders in, 307, 308

and fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), 396

gender identity disorder, 351

MMPI2, 83

mood disorders in, 225, 226

Navajo tribe frenzy witchcraft, 195

Pima Indians and obesity, 322

shamans, 351

smoking in, 403

suicide in, 250

TAT, 83

Natural benzodiazepines, 52

Natural disasters and suicide, 254

Natural environment phobia, 146, 147

Nature versus nurture, 42-43

Negative affect, 227

Negative cognitive schemas, 244

Negative correlation, 102, 103

Negative effect, 411-412

Negative reinforcement in substance-related disorders, 411-412

Negative symptoms in schizophrenia, 477-478, 483

Negativistic personality disorder (proposed), 437

Neoconservative era in civil commitment, 564

Nerve cells, 45

Nervous breakdown, 157

Neurobiological procedures, 81

Neurasthenia, 282, 283

Neurobiological influences

autism, 522

and eating disorders, 314

schizophrenia, 488-492

in substance-related disorders, 410-411

Neurofibrillary tangles, 547

Neurogenesis, 230, 239, 244

Neurohormones, 229, 230

Neuroimaging, 86-87

Neuroleptics, 14

for schizophrenia, 489-490, 495-497

Neurons, 39, 44, 45

nonregeneration of, 535

transmission of information, 46

Neuropeptides, 265

Neuropsychological testing, 85-86

Neuroscience, 29, 43-57

brain structure, 45-48

central nervous system (CNS), 44-45

interactions of psychosocial factors with brain structure and function, 56

neurotransmitters, 50-54

peripheral nervous system, 48-50

and psychopathology, 54

psychosocial influences on brain structure and function, 54-55

Neurosis, 21, 23, 173

Neurotransmitters, 45, 50-54

dopamine, 45, 50, 53-54

gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), 45, 52, 53, 56

norepinephrine, 45, 53, 56

research on, 51

serotonin, 40, 45, 50, 51-52, 56

New York Association of Psychiatric Rehabilitation Services, 499

Nexus (BDMPEA), 408

NGRI. See Not guilty by reason of insanity

Nicotine, 337

chronic exposure to, 127

substitution process treatment, 417

Nicotine use disorders, 403-404

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, 403

Nightmare disorder, 326, 337

Nocturnal eating syndrome, 322, 338

Nocturnal panic, 139-140

Nocturnal penile tumescence (NPT), 362-363

Nomenclature, 90, 91

Noncompliance with medication, 496-497

Nondemand pleasuring, 368

Nongenital pleasuring, 368-369

Nongenomic “inheritance” of behavior, 42-43

Nonrapid eye movement sleep (NREM), 337

Noradrenergic system, 127

Norepinephrine, 45, 53, 56, 230

and mood disorders, 229-230, 239

Nosology, 90, 91

Not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI), 571, 572, 574

NPT. See Nocturnal penile tumescence

NREM. See Nonrapid eye movement sleep

Obesity, 300, 301, 321-325

bariatric surgery, 322, 324

binge eating, 322

body mass index (BMI), 300, 301

causes, 322-323

commercial weight-loss programs, 323

disordered eating patterns, 322

drug therapy, 324

genetic factors, 300

and mortality, 321

night eating syndrome, 322

professionally directed behavior modification programs, 324

risks to health, 300

self-directed weight-loss programs, 323

statistics, 321-322

“toxic environment,” 322, 324

treatment, 323-325

weight-loss programs, 322

Object relations, 21-22

Observation, ABCs of, 80-81

Observational learning, 59

Observations on Madness and Melancholy (Haslam), 472

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), 78, 162-166, 462-464

and anorexia nervosa, 305

and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), 190

brain function in, 54

case study, 93

causes, 164-165

clinical description, 162-163

compulsions, 162-163

DSM-IV-TR criteria summary, 163

obsessions, 163

statistics, 163-164

treatment, 55, 165-166

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), 333, 335

Occipital lobe, 48

O'Connor v. Donaldson, 566, 568

Oedipus complex, 21

Oedipus Rex, 21

Oncology, 272

Ondansetron, 417

One-dimensional versus multidimensional model, 34-37

Oniomania, 424

Onset

acute, 7

age of, 6, 15

insidious, 7

Onychophagia, 424

Openness to experience in the five-factor personality model, 432

Operant conditioning (Skinner), 26-28

Operant control of chronic pain, 281

Operational definition, 80

Opiates, 393

Opioid-releasing neurons, 410

Opioid use disorders, 404-405

Opium, 14, 405

Opponent-process theory, 412

Oral stage, 21

Orbital surface, 54

Organic mental disorders. See Cognitive disorders

Orgasm disorders, 359-361

Orgasmic reconditioning, 379

Orlistat, 324

Orthostatic dizziness, 139

OSA. See Obstructive sleep apnea

Overgeneralization, 235

Pa-leng, 148

Pain behaviors, 280

Pain disorder, 185-186

DSM-IV-TR criteria summary, 186

Panic

and anxiety disorders, 64, 125

Panic attacks, 125-126

criteria summary in DSM-IV-TR, 126

types of, 125

Panic control treatment (PCT), 142, 143

Panic disorder, 125, 135-144

causes, 140-141

clinical description, 136-137

cultural influences, 138-139

and drugs and alcohol, 137

DSM-IV-TR criteria summary, 137

nocturnal panic, 139-140

statistics, 137-140

treatment, 141-144

Panic disorder with agoraphobia (PDA), 135. See also Panic disorder

Panic disorder without agoraphobia (PD), 136, 137. See also Panic disorder

Papaverine, 370

Paralysis, 12, 178, 180

Paranoia, 471, 472, 479

Paranoid personality disorder, 431, 437-439

Paranoid type of schizophrenia, 479

Paraphilias, 345, 372-380

causes of, 376-377

fetishism, 372

frotteurism, 372

incest, 375

pedophilia, 374-375

sexual sadism and sexual masochism, 374

transvestic fetishism, 373

treatment of, 378-380

voyeurism and exhibitionism, 372-373

in women, 376

Parasomnias, 326, 337-338. See also Sleep disorders

Parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), 48-49

Parens patriae, 564

Parent training, 451

Parenting failure in autistic disorder, 520-521

Parenting influences, 43

Parietal lobe, 48

Parkinson's disease, 54, 489, 496, 538, 544

Partialism, 372

Pathological gambling, 423-424

Pathological grief reaction, 216

Patient uniformity myth, 100

Patients' rights and clinical practice guidelines, 576-580

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), 578

clinical efficacy (internal validity), 579, 580

clinical replication series, 579

clinical utility (external validity), 479, 580

evidence-based practice and clinical practice guidelines, 578-580

informed consent, 577, 578

quantified clinical observations, 579

research participants' rights, 577-578

right to refuse treatment, 576-577

right to treatment, 576

science-practitioners, 579

scientific approach, 579

template for constructing psychological intervention guidelines, 580

PCD. See Phencyclidine

PCT. See Panic control treatment

Pedophilia, 374-375

Pemoline, 511

Penicillin, 13

Penile prostheses or implants, 370-371

Penile strain gauge, 362

Penis envy, 21

Performance anxiety, 152, 365, 368. See also Social phobia

Periodic limb movement disorder, 329

Peripheral nervous system, 43-44, 48-50

Permissive hypothesis, 230

Persecutory subtype of delusional disorder, 481

Person-centered therapy, 24, 25

Personal distress, 3

Personality disorders, 430-469

categorical and dimensional models, 432-433

cluster A—odd/eccentric, 437-443

cluster B—dramatic/erratic, 443-459

cluster C—anxious/fearful, 459-464

comorbidity, 436

definition, 431-432

DSM-IV-TR clusters of, 433

five-factor model (“Big Five”), 432

gender differences, 434-436

proposed for inclusion in DSM, 436-437

statistics and development, 433-434

Personality inventories, 83-84

Personality traits, 446

Pervasive developmental disorder—not otherwise specified, 518

Pervasive developmental disorders, 517-525

PET. See Positron emission tomography

Pethidine, 404

Pets, 66

Phallic stage, 21

Phantom limb pain, 280

Phase delays and advances, 335

Phencyclidine (PCP), 409, 490

Phenotypes, 110, 111, 442

Phenylketonuria (PKU) in mental retardation, 530, 534

Phlegmatic, 12

Phobias

blood-injury-injection phobia, 2, 34

defined, 3

Phobic avoidance, 136

Phototherapy, for seasonal affective disorder, 221

Physical causes of mental disorders, 11-15

Physical complaints without a clear cause, 173

Physical disorders, 68, 263. See also Eating disorders; Sleep disorders

AIDS, 271-272

cancer, 272-274

cardiovascular problems, 274-279

chronic fatigue syndrome, 282-284

chronic pain, 279-282

in the elderly, 224

psychosocial effects on, 271-284

psychosocial treatment for, 284-293

and stress, 48

Physical examination, 79

Physiology

in emotion, 62

and obesity, 322-323

Pick's disease, 545-546

Pituitary gland, 48, 49, 230

PKU. See Phenylketonuria (PKU) in mental retardation

Placebo control groups, 105

Placebo-controlled trials, 117

Placebo effect, 105

Placebos, 55

Plastic surgery, 188

“Pleasure pathway” in the brain, 402, 403, 411

Pleasure principle, 19

PNI. See Psychoneuroimmunology

PNS. See Parasympathetic nervous system

Polygenic, 38

Polysomnographic (PSG) evaluation, 327

Polysubstance use, 387

Pons, 46, 47

Positive correlation, 102, 103

Positive psychology, 59

Positive reinforcement in substance-related disorders, 411

Positive symptoms in schizophrenia, 474-477, 483

Positron emission tomography (PET), 87

of a brain with Alzheimer's disease, 542

in depression, 230

Possession treatments, 10-11

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 155-161

causes, 158-160

clinical description, 155-157

with delayed onset, 157

and dissociative identity disorder, 199-200

DSM-IV-TR criteria summary, 158

statistics, 157-158

symptoms of, 156

treatment, 160-161

victimization groups, 157

Predictive validity, 76, 92

Predisposing conditions, 330

Prefrontal activity with glutamate transmission, 490

Prefrontal D1 receptors, 490

Prefrontal lobotomies in schizophrenia, 495

Preintervention research, 113

Premarital intercourse, 347, 348

Premature ejaculation, 360-361, 365, 369

Prenatal gene therapy, 534

Prepared learning, 59-60

Presenting problem, 6, 7, 15

Prevalence of disorders, 6, 7

Prevention intervention, 113

Prevention research, 113

Preventive service systems, 113

Primary gain and conversion disorder, 184

Primary hypersomnia, 326, 331-332

Primary insomnia, 327-330. See also Sleep disorders

associated disorders, 328

causes, 329-330

clinical description, 332-8

integrated model, 330

statistics, 328-329

Primary process, 19

Prisoners of war, 158

Privileged communication, 78-79

Proband, 111, 228

Professionally directed behavior modification programs, 324

Profound retardation, 528

Prognosis, 7, 90

Program of research, 116-117

Progressive muscle relaxation, 286, 336

Project MATCH, 420

Projection, 20

Projective testing, 81-83

Propranolol, 364

Prostaglandin, 370

Prototypes of disorders, 4

Prototypical approach, 91

Provocative sexual behavior, 179

PSG evaluation. See Polysomnographic (PSG) evaluation

Psilocybin, 407

Psychiatric nurses, 5

Psychiatric social workers, 5

Psychiatrists, 5

Psychoactive substances, 388-389

Psychoanalysis, 17

Psychoanalysts, 22, 23

Psychoanalytic psychotherapy, 22-23

Psychoanalytic theory, 17-24

Anna O., 18, 20, 101

criticism of, 23

defense mechanisms, 20, 21, 23

Freud and Breuer, 17-24, 101

later developments, 21-23

psychoanalytic psychotherapy, 22-23

psychosexual stages of development, 20-21, 23

structure of the mind, 19-20

Psychodynamic psychotherapy, 23

Psychodynamic treatments, 7

Psychogenic excoriation, 424

Psychological and social dimensions. See also Psychological dimensions; Social dimensions

autistic disorder, 520-522

in dementia, 548

in mental retardation, 532

schizophrenia, 492-494

Psychological autopsy, 253

Psychological dependence, 390

Psychological dimensions. See also Psychological and social dimensions

anxiety disorders, 127-128

eating disorders, 314

and health, 263-270

in mood disorders, 231-236

sexual dysfunctions, 365

of substance-related disorders, 411-412

Psychological disorders

definition of, 2-5

genetic factors in, 39

Psychological dysfunction, 2-3

Psychological intervention guidelines, 580

Psychological testing, 81-85. See also Assessing psychological disorders

intelligence testing, 84-85

personality inventories, 83-84

projective testing, 81-83

Psychological tradition, 15-28. See also Behavioral model; Psychoanalytic theory

asylum reform and the decline of moral therapy, 16-17

humanistic theory, 24

moral therapy, 15-16

Psychological treatments

for autistic disorder, 523-524

for eating disorders, 316-319

for generalized anxiety disorder, 134

for mood disorders, 244-246

for OCD, 165

for panic disorder, 142-143

for paraphilias, 378-380

for sleep disorders, 336

for social phobia, 154

Psychologists, 5

Psychomatic medicine, 263

Psychoncology, 272

Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI), 270, 271

Psychopathology, 5-8

causation, treatment, and outcomes, 7-8

clinical description, 6-7

definition of, 5

and emotions, 64

and neuroscience, 54

scientist-practitioner, 5-6

Psychopathy, 445, 446. See also Antisocial personality disorder

Psychophysiological assessment, 88-89

Psychophysiological disorders, 263

Psychosexual stages of development, 20-21, 23

Psychosocial influences on brain structure and function, 54-55

Psychosocial treatment for physical disorders, 284-293

biofeedback, 285-286

comprehensive stress- and pain-reduction program, 286-288

denial as a means of coping, 288-289

drugs and stress-reduction programs, 288

modifying behaviors to promote health, 289-292

relaxation and meditation, 286, 288

Psychosocial treatments, 5, 15

for dementia, 550-551

for gender identity disorder, 354

for schizophrenia, 497-499

sexual dysfunctions, 368-370

Psychosurgery

for OCD, 166

in schizophrenia, 495

Psychotherapy by Reciprocal Inhibition (Wolpe), 101

Psychotic behavior, 474

PTSD. See Posttraumatic stress disorder

Purging techniques, 302

Pyromania, 423

Quantified clinical observations, 579

Quantitative genetics, 38

Quantitative trait loci, 126, 488

Randomization, 99

Rape, 157, 374

Rapid cycling pattern in bipolar disorders, 219-220

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, 139, 231, 326, 332

Rational discussion, 15

Rationalization, 20

Rauwolfia serpentine, 14

Raves, 409

Raynaud's disease, 274

Reaction formation, 20

Reactivity, 81

Reading disorder, 513

Reality principle, 20

Reality testing

in OCD, 166

for panic disorder, 142

Rebound insomnia, 330

Receptors, 39

Receptors in dendrites, 45

Recessive genes, 38

Reciprocal gene-environment model, 41

and mood disorders, 233

in sexual orientation, 349

Reinforcement, 27

Relapse prevention

in addictions, 379

in paraphilias, 379

in schizophrenia, 484, 493

in substance-related disorders, 421

Relaxation response, 286, 287

Relaxation techniques, 286, 288

for panic disorder, 142

Reliability

in assessment, 75-76, 81

in diagnosis, 92

Religion

and conversion disorder, 184

fundamental sects, 165, 184

grieving rituals, 215

and OCD, 164, 165

Roman Catholic Church, 9, 10, 11

trance and possession disorder in, 195

Religious behaviors, 4

Religious rituals, 9, 11

Religious sects, 11

REM sleep. See Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

Repeated measurements, 106-107

Replication, 112, 117

Repression, 20, 22

Research, 97-101

across cultures, 115-116

adoption studies, 111

case study method, 101

comparative treatment research, 105-106

components of a study, 97-100

and consumer involvement, 118

correlation methods, 102-104

epidemiological research, 103-104

ethics in, 117-118

experimental research, 104-106

family studies, 111

and genetics, 110-119

longitudinal, 500

multiple baselines, 108-110

over time, 112-115

patient uniformity myth, 100

program of research, 116-117

prospective, 500

replication, 112, 117

retrospective studies, 460, 493

single-case experimental designs, 106-110

statistical versus clinical significance, 100

twin studies, 111-112, 113

types of methods, 101-110

Research design, 97-98

Research participants' rights, 577-578

Reserpine, 14, 28, 53

Residential settings, 524

Residual type of schizophrenia, 480

Respiration, 53

Retarded ejaculation, 360

Reticular activating system, 46, 47

Retrograde ejaculation, 360

Retrospective information, 114

Retrospective studies, 460, 493

Rett's disorder, 518

Reuptake, 50, 51

Review boards, 118

Reward system (REW), 449

Rheumatoid arthritis, 270, 271

Rhythm Test, 85-86

Riggins v. Nevada, 577

Right hemisphere of the brain, 48

Right to refuse treatment, 576-577

Right to treatment, 576

Risperidone, 495-496

Risky behaviors, 264, 268, 289

Rivastigmine, 549

Rohypnol, 398

Rorschach inkblot test, 82

“Runners' high,” 282

SAD. See Seasonal affective disorder

Sadistic personality disorder (proposed), 436

Sadistic rape, 374

Safety restraints, 289

Salem witch trials, 9

Salivary gland enlargement in bulimia nervosa, 302

Scheduled awakenings, 338

Schedules of reinforcement, 27

Schizoaffective disorder, 480-481

Schizoid personality disorder, 439-441

Schizophrenia, 470-505

active phase symptoms, 474

associative splitting, 472, 473, 478

background and history of, 471-472

Capgras syndrome, 474-475

catatonia, 471, 472, 479

clinical description, 474

Cotard's syndrome, 475

cultural factors, 484-485

dementia praecox, 471, 472

descriptions of, 15

developmental course of, 483-484

and dopamine, 45, 50, 53

DSM-IV-TR criteria summary, 475

and epileptics, 14

Genain quadruplets, 486

genetic influences, 485-488

gila (Malaysia), 115

hebephrenia, 471, 472, 479, 480

history of, 492, 494-495

and homeless people, 479, 498

integrative treatment approach, 499, 500

marker genes, 487-488

neurobiological influences, 488-492

noncompliance with medication, 496-497

other psychotic disorders, 480-482

paranoia, 471, 472, 479

psychological and social influences, 492-494

psychotic behavior, 474

and relapse, 484, 493

and schizotypal personality disorder, 482

smooth-pursuit eye movement, 487

statistics, 483

and stress, 492-493

and substance abuse, 393

subtypes, 479-480

symptom identification, 472-473

treatment, 494-500

Type I and Type II, 483

urban versus rural living, 66, 492

and violence, 474

Schizophrenia Genesis: The Origins of Madness (Gottesman), 485

Schizophreniform disorder, 480

Schizophrenogenic mother, 493

Schizotypal personality disorder, 441-443

and schizophrenia, 482

School phobia, 146-147

Science-practitioners, 579

Scientific approach, 579

Scientific method, 5

and the integrative approach, 28-29

and psychoanalysis, 23

Scientist-practitioner in psychopathology, 5-6

accountability of, 5

functions of, 5-6

types of, 5

Script theory of sexual functions, 367, 377

Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), 220-221, 230, 335

Secondary gain and conversion disorder, 184, 185

Secondary process, 20

Sedatives, 14

Sedatives, hypnotic, or anxiolytic substance use disorders, 398-399

barbiturates, 398

benzodiazepines, 398

clinical descriptions, 398-399

DSM-IV-TR criteria summary, 399

statistics, 399

synergistic effects with alcohol, 399

Sedentary lifestyle, 322, 324

Seizure disorders, 88, 200

Seizures in conversion disorder, 181, 184

Selective amnesia, 193

Selective mutism, 515

Self-actualization, 22, 24, 25

Self-awareness and autistic disorder, 521

Self-blame schema, 235

Self-defeating personality disorder (proposed), 436

Self-directed weight-loss programs, 323

Self-efficacy, 268

Self-esteem, 314, 316

and ADHD, 511

Self exposure in social phobia, 154

Self-help procedures for binge-eating disorder, 318

Self-injurious behavior, 80, 453

and autism, 521

in mental retardation, 533

Self-medication, 65, 411-412

Self-monitoring, 80-81

Self-observation, 81

Semistructured clinical interviews, 79

Senile or neuritic plaques, 547

Sensate focus, 368

Sense of touch in conversion disorder, 181

Sensorium, 77-78

Separation anxiety disorder, 146-147, 150

Septal-hippocampal system, 127

Septum, 46, 47

Sequential designs, 114, 115

Serotonergic system, 127

Serotonin, 40, 45, 50, 51-52, 56

and mood disorders, 229, 231, 239

Serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), 52

for body dysmorphic disorder, 190

for mood disorders, 240, 241-242

for OCD, 165

for panic disorder, 141-142

for PTSD, 161

for social phobia, 154

Severe mental retardation, 528

Sex chromosomes, 38

Sex hormones, 48

Sex ratio, 6

Sex reassignment surgery, 353

Sexual arousal disorders, 357-359

Sexual arousal patterns, 350

Sexual aversion disorder, 357

Sexual desire disorders, 356-357

Sexual dysfunctions, 345, 354-363

assessment of, 362-363

causes of, 363-368

DSM-IV-TR categories of, 355-356

human sexual response, 355

orgasm disorders, 359-361

prevalence of, 356

psychophysiological assessments, 88

sexual arousal disorders, 357-359

sexual desire disorders, 356-357

sexual pain disorders, 361-362

treatment of, 368-371

Sexual fantasies, 377

Sexual molestation, 157

Sexual offenders, 568

Sexual orientation development, 348-349

Sexual pain disorders, 361-362

Sexual psychopath laws, 568, 569

Sexual revolution, 348

Sexual sadism and sexual masochism, 374

Sexual self-schemas, 347

Sexuality, 345-349

cultural differences, 348

gender differences, 346-348

myths of, 367, 368

numbers of partners, 345, 346

sexual behavior and attitudes, 346-348

sexual orientation development, 348-349

sexual practices in men, 345-346

sexual practices in women, 346

sexual response cycles, 355

Sexually transmitted diseases, 345, 346

syphilis, 13

Shamans, 351

Shaping, 28, 29, 523

Shared psychotic disorder (folie a deux), 482

Shift work type sleep problems, 333-334

Shinkeishitsu (social phobia), 152

Shock, 11

electric, 14

Shyness, 151, 152. See also Social phobia

Sibutramine, 318, 324

Sildenafil, 370

Silver nitrate, 418

Single-case experimental designs, 106-110

Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), 87, 476, 490

Sinoaortic baroreflex, 35-36

Situational phobia, 146, 147

Situationally bound panic attacks, 125

Situationally predisposed panic attacks, 125

Sleep, stages of, 139

Sleep apnea, 329, 331, 333

Sleep attacks, 333

Sleep disorders, 325-338. See also Primary insomnia

and age, 103, 224

and Alzheimer's disease, 328

associated disorders, 326, 328

chronic sleep deprivation, 325

DSM-IV-TR descriptions, 326

dyssomnias, 326

and mood disorders, 230-231

nocturnal eating syndrome, 322

parasomnias, 326, 337-338

polysomnographic (PSG) evaluation, 327

rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, 326

sleep efficiency, 327

treatment of, 334-338

Sleep efficiency, 327

Sleep habits, 337

Sleep hygiene, 330, 336, 337

Sleep paralysis, 139-140, 332

Sleep restriction, 336

Sleep terror disorder, 326, 337-338

Sleepwalking disorder, 326, 338

Smoking, 264-265, 289, 292, 403

by adolescents and adults, 114-115

marijuana, 506-507

maternal smoking and ADHD, 510-511

substitution process treatment, 417

Smooth-pursuit eye movement, 487

SNS. See Somatic nervous system

Social anxiety disorder, 152. See also Social phobia

Social factors, 64-67. See also Cultural factors

antisocial personality disorder, 179

anxiety disorders, 128

conversion disorder, 185

eating disorders, 309-313

and health, 263-270

in mood disorders, 236-238

in PTSD, 159

somatization disorder, 179

in substance-related disorders, 413

Social interaction impairment in autistic disorder, 519, 524

Social learning, 59, 497-498

Social learning model, 24. See also Behavioral model

Social norms, 4

Social phobia, 125, 151-155

causes, 152-154

clinical description, 151-152

DSM-IV-TR criteria summary, 152

statistics, 152

treatment, 154-155

Social predators, 444

Social psychologists, 5

Social skills, 498

Social validity, 100

Social workers, 5

Society for Research in Child Development, ethical guidelines, 118

Sociocognitive model, 197

Socioeconomic status

and conduct disorders, 445, 447

and eating disorders, 300, 306, 307

and mental retardation, 532, 534

Sociopathic personality disturbances, 393

Sociopathy, 445

Somatic nervous system (SNS), 43-44, 48-49

Somatic subtype of delusional disorder, 481

Somatic symptoms, 210

Somatization disorder, 177-180

and antisocial personality disorder, 179

causes, 179-180

clinical description, 178

DSM-IV-TR criteria summary, 178

statistics, 178-179

treatment, 180

Somatoform disorders, 12, 13, 173-191, 263

body dysmorphic disorder, 186-191

conversion disorder, 180-185

and dissociative disorders, 173

hypochondriasis, 173-177

pain disorder, 185-186

somatization disorder, 177-180

Somnambulism, 338

Special education classrooms, 524

Specific phobia, 125, 144-150

animal phobia, 146, 147

blood-injury-injection phobia, 145, 149, 150

causes, 148-150

clinical description, 144-147

DSM-IV-TR criteria summary, 145

natural environment phobia, 146, 147

prevalence of, 147

“rewiring the brain,” 55

separation anxiety disorder, 146-147, 150

situational phobia, 146, 147

statistics, 147-148

treatment, 150

types of, 145

Specific psychological vulnerability, 128, 129

SPECT. See Single photon emission computed tomography

Spinal cord, 44

Split personality. See also Dissociative identity disorder

and schizophrenia, 472, 474

Squeeze technique for premature ejaculation, 369

SSRIs. See Serotonin specific reuptake inhibitors

St. John's wort (hypericum), 242

Standardization in assessment, 76, 77

Stanford-Binet, 84

Stanford Three Community Study, 292, 292-293

State v. Campanaro, 571

Statistical data, 6

Statistical significance, 100, 101

Statistical versus clinical significance, 100

Steroids, 408

Stimulants, 393, 400-404

amphetamine use disorders, 400-401

caffeine use disorders, 404

cocaine use disorders, 401-403

nicotine use disorders, 403-404

Stimulus generation, 25

Strength of Grip Test, 86

Stress, 265-270

anxiety/depression/excitement continuum, 267-268

chronic, 269

contributions to the stress response, 266-267

and the immune response, 266, 268-270

nature of, 265

and physical disorders, 48

physiology of, 265-266

and schizophrenia, 492-493

Stress- and pain-reduction program, 286-288

Stress hormones, 50, 230, 239, 266

Stress hypothesis of depression, 243

Stress-management treatment (CBT) in hypochondriasis, 177

Stress reduction programs, 288

Stress reduction treatments and alpha waves, 88

Striatal dopamine D2 receptors, 490

Strokes, 274, 275, 543

Stroop color-naming paradigm, 60, 176

Structure of the mind, 19-20

Stuttering, 515

Subcortical dementia, 544

Sublimation, 20

Substance abuse, 389, 393

and bulimia nervosa, 303

and panic disorder, 137

and sexual functioning, 364

and Vietnam War, 412

Substance dependence, 389-393

Substance-induced delirium, 536

Substance-induced mood disorders, 79

Substance-induced persisting dementia, 541, 546

Substance intoxication, 389

Substance-related disorders, 386-422

addictiveness of various drugs, 392

causes of, 409-415

depressants, 393, 394-400

diagnostic issues, 393

hallucinogens, 393

levels of involvement, 388-393

opiates, 393

other drugs of abuse, 393

polysubstance use, 387

prevention of, 421

psychoactive substances, 388-389

stimulants, 393

treatment of, 416-422

Substance use, 389

Suffering in pain, 280

Suggestibility, 200

Suicidal ideation, 215, 227, 251, 252, 255, 256

Suicide, 250—256. See also Mood disorders

and bipolar disorder, 219

and body dysmorphic disorder, 187

borderline personality disorder, 453

causes, 252-253

contagiousness of, 254-255

and depression, 214, 215

in the elderly, 225

in Micronesia, 67

and mood disorders, 249

psychological autopsy, 253

and PTSD, 157

risk factors, 253-254

statistics, 250-252

threshold model for, 254

treatment for, 255-256

types of, 252-253

Suicide attempts, 251, 252

Sundowner syndrome, 541

Superego, 19, 20, 21

Supernatural tradition, 8-11

demons and witches, 8-9

the moon and stars, 11

possession treatments, 10-11

stress and melancholy, 9

Supported employment, 533

Suppressor T cells, 270

Suprachiasmatic nucleus, 333

Susto (Latin America), 65, 138

Switch

in dissociative identity disorder, 196

dopamine in brain circuits, 54

Sympathetic nervous system, 48-49, 64

Symptom substitution, 23

Synaptic cleft, 45

Syncope, 35

Syphilis, 11

Systematic desensitization, 26, 27, 461

Systemic causality, 34

Systolic blood pressure, 275

T cells, 269, 270

T4 cells, 270

Tacrine hydrochloride, 549

Tactile Performance Test, 86

Taijin kyofusho (social phobia), 152, 190

Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California, 574

Tardive dykinesia, 496

Target behaviors, 80

Task analysis, 533

TAT. See Thematic Apperception Test

Taxonomy, 90, 91

Template for constructing psychological intervention guidelines, 580

Temporal lobe, 48

Tension headaches, 288

Tension reduction, 411-412

Test-retest reliability, 76

Testability, 98, 99

Testing. See Psychological testing

Testosterone, 48, 351, 370, 380

Tetrahydrocannabinols (THC), 407

Thalamus, 46, 47

Thanatos, 19

THC. See Tetrahydrocan-nabinols

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT), 82-83

African Americans, 83

Native Americans, 83

Therapeutic alliance, 23

Therapeutic jurisprudence, 573-574

Therapist-client relationships, 24

Theta waves, 448-449

Thinking in cognitive disorders, 535

Thought-action fusion, 165

Thought processes, 77

Three Faces of Eve, The, 197

Three Mile Island, 269

Thresholds for abnormal behavior, 115-116

Thyroid disorders, 79

Thyroid gland, 48

Tic disorder, 163, 515

Time-limited course, 7

Time management, 288

Time zone changes, 333

Token economy, 497

Tolerance, 390, 392, 412, 415

Torture, 10-11

Tourette's disorder, 515

“Toxic environment” and obesity, 322, 324

Trainable mental retardation, 528

Trance states, 4

Transcendental meditation, 286

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), 244, 497

Transference, 22, 23

Transient microstrabismus, 197

Transinstitutionalization, 567

Transsexualism, 350. See also Gender identity disorder

Transvestic fetishism, 350, 373

Traumatic events and sexual dysfunctions, 365-366, 369

Treatment

biological tradition, 14

types of, 7-8

Trend, 107

Triazolam, 335

Trichotillomania, 424

Tricyclic antidepressants, 52

for mood disorders, 240, 241

Triptorelin, 380

Trisomy 21, 430

Tuberous sclerosis and autism, 522

Tunnel vision, 192

Twelve Step programs, 418, 419, 423

Twin studies, 39, 111-112, 113

antisocial personality disorder, 448

dissociative disorders, 199

eating disorders, 306, 307, 313

generalized anxiety disorder, 132

in learning disorders, 516

mood disorders, 228, 229, 232-233

schizophrenia, 485-487, 492

of sexual orientation, 348, 349

of substance abuse, 410

suicide, 253

Vietnam Era Twin Registry, 112

Twins. See also Twin studies

fraternal, 39

identical, 38, 39

intrauterine, 491

Type A behavior pattern, 277-278

Type B behavior pattern, 277-278

Type I and Type II schizophrenia, 483

UCR. See Unconditioned response

UCS. See Unconditioned stimulus

UFO experiences, 332

Unconditional positive regard, 24, 25

Unconditioned response (UCR), 25

Unconditioned stimulus (UCS), 25, 27, 59

Unconscious, and cognitive science, 60

Unconscious mental processes in conversion disorder, 183

Unconscious mind, 18, 19

Unconscious vision, 60

Underarousal hypothesis, 448-449

Undifferentiated somatoform disorder, 178

Undifferentiated type of schizophrenia, 480

Unexpected panic attacks, 125

United States, mental health care in, 67

United States Supreme Court and civil commitment, 566

Unprotected sex, 346

Unstructured interviews, 79

Urban areas, mass migration to, 66

Uterus, 12-13

Vacuum device therapy, 371

Vaginal intercourse, 345, 348

Vaginal photoplethysmograph, 362

Vaginismus, 361-362, 369

Validity

in assessment, 76, 77, 81

in diagnosis, 92

Valium, 14

Variability, 107

Vascular dementia, 543-544

Vascular disease, 364

Vascular pain, 280

Vascular surgery, 371

Vasoactive substances injected into the penis, 370

Vasodilating drugs, 370

Vasovagal syncope, 34-36, 149

Vegetative symptoms, 210

Venous leakage, 364

Ventricles in the brain, 491

Vibrators, 369

Vicarious experiences in specific phobias, 148, 149

Victimization groups in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 157

Vietnam Era Twin Registry, 112

Vietnam War, 450

and PTSD, 159

and substance abuse, 412

Violence

and alcohol, 398

and civil commitment, 565-566, 568

and criminal commitment, 575

and schizophrenia, 474

Viral infection and schizophrenia, 492, 500

Vitamin B deficiency in African Americans, 103

Vitamin B₁ deficiency in Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 553

Vitamin B₁₂ deficiency and dementia, 544

Vocational rehabilitation, 499

Vocational skills, 498

Voodoo, 65

Voyeurism, 372-373

Vulnerability, 40, 41

Walden Two (Skinner), 27

Wandering in dementia, 551

War, 157, 158

War veterans, 281

Washing rituals, 163

Wechsler tests, 85

Weight-loss programs, 322

Weight Watchers, 323

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 552, 553

Wernicke's area, 476

Wernicke's disease, 395

Western Collaborative Group Study, 278

Winter depression, 220

Witchcraft, 9, 65

Witches, 8-9

Withdrawal, 390

Withdrawal design, 108

Withdrawal process, 416

Women

alcoholism in, 410

and benzodiazepines, 399

body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), 188, 189

breast cancer, 272-273

conversion disorder, 184

and eating disorders, 300, 306

generalized anxiety disorder in, 132

homeless, 566

and hysteria, 13, 173, 175

masturbation in, 347

neurochemistry in, 282

OCD in, 164

panic disorder in, 138

paraphilias in, 376, 377

personality disorders in, 434-435, 457

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 157, 158, 159

in poverty, 237

and psychopathology, 65

with SAD, 220

sexual practices in, 346

somatization disorder, 179

specific phobias in, 150

tend and befriend, 65

Workshops for mentally retarded, 534

Written expression disorder, 513

Wyatt v. Stickney, 576

X chromosomes, 38

and bipolar disorder, 112

and homosexuality, 348

X linked disorder in mental retardation, 530

Y chromosomes, 38

Yerkes-Dodson curve, 448

Yin and yang, 148, 149

Youngberg v. Romeo, 576

Zolpidem, 335

Durand Sub-Index-117

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