International Clean Coal Initiatives

Dr John Topper

Managing Director

IEA Clean Coal Centre

http://www.iea-coal.org.uk

Introduction

Programmes/strategies for CCTs in

•

EU

•

Germany

•

UK

•

Japan

•

Australia

•

Other countries

IEA Clean Coal Centre Report

EU Policy (1)

•

Up to 2000: EU policy of maintaining role for coal for diversity
and security of supply, while meeting tightening emissions
limits

•

Nov 2000: Green Paper on strategy for security of energy
supply highlighted energy supply; reducing role for coal

•

Followed by EU Parliament Resolution calling for European
initiative for development of emission-free coal-fired power
station

•

Commission proposed framework for energy cooperation with
developing countries

•

Research programme of Research Fund for Coal and Steel
adopted Feb 2002; Replaces ECSC programme.

•

To be closely coordinated with other activities, such as the
Framework Programme of the EU

EU Policy (2)

•

Most EU research implemented under research, technological
development and demonstration (RTD) frameworks

•

Non-nuclear energy (NNE) research forms part of the Sixth
Framework Programme for Research and Technological
Development (2002-2006).

•

NNE research programme objectives:

!

reduction of greenhouse gases and pollutant emissions;

!

security of energy supply;

!

increased use of renewable energy;

•

NNE programme includes long term RTD on capture and
sequestration of CO

2

, associated with near zero emission

more efficient fossil fuel plants.

EU - Technologies

•

700ºC supercritical programme

•

PFBC: ABB technology - Vartan plant,

Sweden; Escatron 80 MWe retrofit

•

Later (1994-99) HGCU project on 11%

of the flow to the GT at Escatron
(THERMIE).

•

IGCC: Puertollano 335 MWe entrained

IGCC demo - high ash lignite/high
sulphur petroleum coke 50/50 mixture
(THERMIE). Operated since 1996, but
intermittently because of technical
problems, partly because of the unusual
feed.

•

IGCC: Buggenum 250 MWe.

Constructed on commercial basis,
operating since 1995.

•

CFBC: 50 MWe plant at Asturias

supported as very high ash wastes
mixture fuel (65% ash).

Puertollano by night

night

EU - Technologies (cont’d)

•

UCG trial in Spain.

•

IGCC variants involving partial gasification have been pursued
in the past (e.g. HTV Winkler in Germany, ABGC in UK), but
demonstrations have yet to be built.

•

Germany - Schwarze Pumpe BGL gasifier At Dresden, a BGL
gasifier has been installed as part of the 75 MWe Schwarze
Pumpe IGCC, based otherwise on dry ash Lurgi gasifiers.

•

Pressurised PCC - Principal interest in Germany. Long term as
HGCU at 1400ºC required.

Germany

•

Overall goals:

!

forge a consensus on future energy security and energy
use, including role of coal;

!

ensure environmentally benign energy supply and use;

•

development of a strategy for protection of global climate a
major cornerstone of the policy;

•

Between 1996 and 2000, the German government’s Fourth
Energy Research and Technology Programme aimed to:

!

lay a broad technological foundation for attainment of the
federal government’s CO

2

emissions reduction targets;

!

facilitate modernisation of the German economy .

Germany (cont’d)

•

Fourth Energy Research Programme included low CO

2

emitting combustion technologies and power plant designs for
higher efficiency from hard and brown coal;

•

Power plant technology and combustion research includes
government-industry cost shared research projects on
development of combined cycle plants:

•

IGCC;

•

cyclone combustion;

•

pressurised pulverised coal combustion and indirect
combustion systems;

•

improvement of processes and components.

•

Currently, Ministry of Industry seeking funding for a new
programme called CORETEC aiming to reduce CO2
emissions.

UK - Cleaner Coal Technology Programme

•

Programme acts as focus for activities and collaborations
between industry and universities.

•

Policy also to encourage the use of CCTs in China and India.

•

Assistance to industry seeking aid from the European
Commission's Framework Programme.

•

Currently surplus coal-fired capacity so main opportunities for
CCTs in incremental improvements to PC plant

•

Total funding of 40 projects under the programme £8 million
(total project cost £22 million).

UK - Cleaner Coal Technology Programme (cont’d)

•

In 2001, government re-assessed case for supporting a CCT
Demonstration Plant.

•

Challenges of cleaner coal now focused on CO

2

emissions and Kyoto

commitments.

•

Opportunity for EOR from depleted wells in North Sea.

•

Found case for assessing legal, scientific, engineering and economic
aspects of EOR and CO

2

capture and storage.

ENERGY WHITE PAPER – February 2003

•

No case for support for the construction of a full scale demonstration
plant in the UK.

!

coal fired generation will either play a smaller part than today or be
linked to CO

2

capture and storage if technically, environmentally

and economically feasible;

!

Support for relevant research projects to develop options for
cleaner coal technologies and for carbon capture and storage

Japan - Coal utilisation technology development strategy for

the 21st century

1990

2000

2010

2020

Environment

CO

2

Reduction

10 – 20%

20 – 30%

30 – 40%

Resource

Shortage of oil supply

1

st

Step: High Efficiency

•PFBC
•PCC (USC)

2

nd

Step: High Efficiency

•IGCC

High Efficiency Hybrid
•IGFC
•Co-prod’n power/chemical
•Hydrogen from coal
•Zero-emission

Zero-emmission
•Hydrogen from coal
•F C / H – G T combined
•Hydrogen vehicles
•Coal complex
•CO

2

utilisation

Japan - Coal utilisation technology development strategy for

the 21st century

CCUJ recently formulated strategy to maintain an important role for coal.

Aims:

•

Technologies of reduced environmental impact.

•

Secure energy supply through coal.

•

Strengthening international competitiveness of energy related
industries.

•

International cooperation and technology transfer.

•

Until 2050, fossil fuels will account for major supply of energy.

•

Coal retaining an important role but biomass and waste co-utilisation
with coal will increase. Coal technologies should provide a means for
trading CO

2

emission rights.

•

Technologies to be developed that can cut CO

2

emissions by 30% or

more by 2030.

•

Japan will also develop technologies for CO

2

separation and

sequestration.

Japan - Coal utilisation technology development strategy for

the 21st century (cont’d)

•

The strategy cites efficiencies on deployment of 43 to 48% for
IGCC and 55% for IGFC (EAGLE).

•

Deployment of IGFC expected from 2010 (50 MWe distributed
power generation).

•

600 MWe system available by 2020.

•

Strategy calls for government to continue to promote such
long-term projects.

•

Continuing development of ultra-supercritical PCC technology
proposed.

Australia

•

CSIRO - coal R&D includes CCTs and GHG mitigation - $20 million
p.a. (60% government).

•

ACARP has committed $4.5 million over 7 years to be a full participant
in the Cooperative Research Centre for Coal in Sustainable
Development (CCSD).

•

CCSD budget $61 million over its seven years, including federal
funding of $14.5 million.

High pressure entrained gasification facility:

•

At Queensland Centre for Advanced Technology, Brisbane, now a
major programme for CCSD by CSIRO.

•

Current programmes on conversion efficiency, mineral matter under
slagging conditions, emissions aspects and fuel characterisation and
performance data.

Co-firing of coal and biomass:

•

Developing database to assess fouling and corrosion propensity using
CSIRO methodologies.

•

On-line biomass feedstock energy analysis envisaged.

•

Evaluation of co-firing with coal and natural gas plus coal seam
methane.

Australia - Other areas

R&D programmes by the Cooperative
Research Centre for Clean Power from
Lignite:

•

Coal dewatering; advanced combustion

and gasification and fluidised bed
process development; thermal efficiency
and operational improvement.
HRL process:

•

Low-cost, high-efficiency power

generation technology for high moisture
lignites that integrates drying and
gasification processes.

•

Suited also to biomass (renewable

energy boost since PM’s statement in
1997).
Ultra clean coal (UCC) for use in direct-
fired gas turbines:

•

CSIRO working with White Mining.

•

Pilot plant in Hunter Valley, New South

Wales; samples being tested by MHI in
Japan.

HRL Coal Gasification
Development Facility

Australia - Carbon Dioxide capture and geological

sequestration

CSIRO Direct Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Program:

•

Methods of CO

2

capture; configurations for power generation

•

Options for disposal and sequestration of CO

2

CCSD:

•

Assessing total sequestration opportunities;

•

New project to research potential for sequestration into coal
seams

GEODISC programme - 11 projects:

CISS (Coal in a Sustainable Society) project

•

Studies based on LCA principles. 2-year programme $3 million.
Funding from ACARP, coal industry and stakeholders.

Australia - COAL21

•

Develop a National Clean Coal Strategy (NCCS).

•

Promote and facilitate demonstration, commercialisation and early
uptake of CCTs.

•

Promote Australian R&D in CCTs.

•

Foster awareness of potential for CCTs to reduce or eliminate GHGs
and other impacts.

•

Short term - reduce GHG emissions through CCTs (state and federal
government support).

•

Future: capture and geological storage of carbon dioxide.

•

CCT mission visited USA and Canada in 2002.

•

Early 2003 phase one - 1 year consultative process aimed at
developing a NCCS.

•

NCCS will include: case for an Australian commitment to CCTs; coal
technology roadmap; objectives for reaching identified milestones;
action plan.

•

Phase two will focus on implementation of the NCCS.

Other countries: India

India:

•

IGCC - FB gasifier

6 MWe. BHEL seeking
partners for 100 MWe
demonstration plant.

•

Planned lignite-fuelled

IGCC in India.

•

CFBC units of up to

125 MWe.

•

Interest also in

supercritical PCC and
PFBC.

BHEL gasifiers at Tiruchy, India

Other Countries: China

China:

•

10 supercritical PC units operating.

•

2 supercritical units of 800 MWe to be commissioned in
2003.

•

10 further supercritical units approved for construction.

•

Two 100 MWe co-generation PFBCs planned.

•

Yantai, Shandong Province, plans for 400 MWe IGCC
plant.

•

Yanzhou, Shandong Province, IGCC proposed for
chemical feedstocks plus 400 MWe power.

•

Recent indications are that PFBC, IGCC unlikely to be
deployed in the near term.

IEA CLEAN COAL CENTRE REPORT - CCTs ROADMAP

Aim and scope:

•

Review advancing coal technologies for power generation that
are less polluting than mature coal-fired generation
technologies and have lower CO

2

emissions.

•

Review re-emergence of concepts for coal-based
power/chemical production complexes.

•

Assess the long-term future for coal-fired power generation.

•

Identify developmental pathways.

•

Identify barriers and future research needs.

IEA CLEAN COAL CENTRE REPORT - CCTs ROADMAP

(cont’d)

Content:

•

Description, operating characteristics, thermal efficiency,
environmental performance, technical and commercial status and
existing development programmes for each of the technologies, from
the more established ones to the more speculative ones, including:

!

Supercritical PCC.

!

Pressurised pulverised coal combustion (PPCC).

!

Circulating fluidised bed combustion (CFBC).

!

Pressurised fluidised bed combustion (PFBC).

!

Circulating pressurised fluidised bed combustion (CPFBC).

!

Low-CO

2

PCC combustion.

!

Integrated gasification combined cycles (IGCC).

!

IGCC-fuel cells.

!

Low-CO

2

IGCC.

!

Hybrid gasification/combustion systems.

IEA CLEAN COAL CENTRE REPORT - CCTs ROADMAP

CONTENT (cont’d)

•

Recent capital cost data and estimates and trends in costs.

•

Economic comparisons with other technologies in the future.

•

Assessment of role for coal in future electricity supply mix.

•

Programmes of other organisations.

•

Identify barriers hindering further developments.

•

Roadmaps for the technologies up to 2020.

•

Future R&D needs.

•

ANNEX by IEA Coal Industry Advisory Board: the path towards
zero emissions technology power generation.

Conclusions

•

Coal under pressure as major energy

source because of bad image with
regard to emissions, particularly of CO

2

,

during past 10 years, despite continuing
improvements.

•

Some respite from phasing out of

nuclear power, security issues of gas
over-dependence.

•

Despite above, long term future of coal

necessitates clear progress in
movement toward zero emissions within
the next few decades.

•

CCTs must move toward zero

emissions technology while remaining
economically competitive. This will
be a major challenge.

Injection of CO

2

into a deep saline reservoir