Anne Boleyn - Henry VIII's mistress but when he divorced she became Henry VIII's 2nd wife. Elizabeth's mother. She didn't gave Henry a male heir. She was accused of adultery and beheaded.
Anne of Cleves - Henry VIII's 4st wife. Henry divorced her.
Anne of Denmark - James I's wife, Charles I's mother
Duke of Argyll - Chief of Scottish clan of Campbell. He supported Covenanters in Scotland. He was against Charles I, Calaviers and Duke of Montrose.
Richard Arkwright - (Industrial Revolution in Britain) He invented water frame; water wheel could power a machine.
Arthur - Henry VII' son and heir to the throne. He married Catherine of Aragon, Spanish princess. He died before his father so he didn't became a king.
Robert Aske - He led Catholic rebellion in the North of England called Pilgrimage of grace during Henry VIII. He was arrested, tried and executed.
Anthony Babbington - He wanted to free Mary and kill Elizabeth I. To ask Mary for permission he sent her a letter. She answered that she did not permit him to kill Elizabeth but her letter was seized, changed and presented as evidence against her. Mary was executed.
John Ball - one of the leaders of Peasants' Revolt
Edward the Black Prince - Edward III's son and heir t the throne. During Hundred Years War commander in the battle of Crecy and in the battle of Poitiers. In both battles England defeated France. He died before his father's death.
Admiral Blake - Led counter-navy created by Oliver Cromwell against Prince Rupert.
Henry St John of Bolingbroke - Negotiated Treaty of Utrecht that made new division of power in Europe after War of Spanish Succession.
Earl of Bothwell - 3rd husband of Mary Queen of Scots who killed her previous husband, Lord Darnley.
Boulton - (Industrial Revolution in Britain) Watt and Boulton created a partnership and established first Patent Company
Duke of Bridgewater - (Industrial Revolution in Britain) He invented canal to link Manchester with coal mine in Liverpool. Engineer Brindley designed this canal. John Gilbert also worked on it.
James Brindley - (Industrial Revolution in Britain) Engineer who designed canal invented by Duke of Bridgewater to link Manchester with coal mine in Liverpool . John Gilbert also worked on it.
George Duke of Buckingham - Probably he had an affair with James I. He was a courtier but raised by James I to the position of Duke.
From 1618 he ruled on James I's behalf and later he shared power with Charles I. He led an expedition to help the Huguenots, French Protestants who were persecuted by their king but he was killed at La Rochelle.
Duke of Cumberland, `Butcher Cumberland' - Led army against Jacobites led by Bonnie Prince Charlie during 2nd Jacobite rising. Cumberland's army was defeated at the battle of Falkirk but won at the battle of Culloden. After this battle he was called `Butcher Cumberland' because he ordered to slaughter all his ememies.
John Cabot - An explorer who reached the coasts of Newfoundland and Nova Scotia and got those lands for England.
John Cade - Led rebellion in England against Henry VI. London was seized for a couple of weeks.
Catherine Howard - Henry VIII's 5st wife. She was accused of adultery and beheaded.
Catherine of Aragon - Spanish princess. Arthur's wife. [Arthur was Henry VII's son and heir to the throne, but he died]. Later Henry VIII's 1st wife. [Henry VIII was Henry VII's second son.] Henry divorced her because she didn't gave him a male heir.
Catherine of Valois - Charles VI's daugter, French princess, Henry V's wife after Treaty of Troyes between England and France
Catherine Parr - Henry VIII's 6st and last wife. She took care of him in his old age.
Charles Francis Steward `Bonnie Prince Charlie' - James III's son, called Young Pretender by Jacobites. Led campaign in Scotland. Seized Edinburgh and London. Defeated by Cumberland at the battle of Culloden.
Charles I - (2nd Stuart) son of James I and Ann of Denmark. He married Henrietta Maria, French princess. It led to treaty with France. There were rebellion of Covenanters, parliamentary opposition led by John Pym and 2 Civil Wars against him. After 2nd Civil War he was accused of treason and beheaded at Whitehall.
Charles II - (3rd Stuart) Charles I's son (and Henrietta Maria). King during English Restoration. Titus Oates led Popish Plot to kill him. Supported by Tories and opposed by Whigs.
Pope Clement VII -Pope who disagreed with Henry VIII's divorce with Catherine of Aragon
Robert Clive - Led British army which defeated French army at the battle of Plassey (18th century) It was connected with East India Company.
Dean John Colet - He was dean of Oxford and Cambridge, Thomas More's spiritual director. He spent some time in Italy where he studied Bible in Greek. When he got back to England he encouraged people to learn Greek and read Bible.
George Cony - Merchant who he refused to pay unconstitutional custom duties imprisoned without a trial by Oliver Cromwell.
General Cope - Led army defeated by Bonnie Prince Charlie's army at the battle of Prestopans during Jacobite rising.
Henry Cort - (Industrial Revolution in Britain) He improved producing iron. He introduced new techniques and shaping of iron became easier.
Olivier Cromwell - He was against Charles I. In 1st Civil War led army called Ironsides helping Roundheads against Cavaliers. Thanks to them Roundheads started to be successful and defeated Cavaliers at the battle of Marston Moor. In 2nd Civil War led army of Clubmen at the battle of Preston - Clubmen defeated Charles I's army. Lord Protector and Head of State of English Republic. He regarded himself as spiritual leader chosen by God. He defeated Gaelic Catholics in Ireland, confiscated their lands and populated Ireland with English Puritans. Jamaica became English Colony (17th century).
Thomas Cromwell - Chief minister, Chancellor during Henry VIII (after Thomas More). He provided king with money by dissolving monasteries.
Earl of Danby - Led Tories, continuation of the ideas of Cavaliers (Royalists) from Civil War. Supported king Charles II. In favour of centralization, influenced parliament, Anglican Church, standing army and the Dutch. He made an alliance with the Dutch against the French. Accused of treason and imprisoned.
Abraham Darby - (Industrial Revolution in Britain) He improved producing iron. He introduced coke, fuel used in producing iron, more energetic than charcoal
Lord Darnley - 2nd husband of Mary Queen of Scots, Henry VII's great grandson. He had claims to English and Scottish throne. He was killed by her wife's friend, Earl of Bothwell.
Francis, Dauphin of France - 1st husband of Mary Queen of Scots
David I (12th century) king of Scotland, constructed Scottish kingdom similarly to the Northern feudal system
Sir Francis Drake - Second commander of English fleet against Armada (Spanish fleet). He was skilful in attacking Spanish ships and that's why he was raised by the Queen Elizabeth I to the position of nobleman. He became a national hero.
Du Guesclin - French noble who led surprise attacks during Hundred Years War. He used cannons to get many English castles.
Edward I - He could organize army at once. It was household army, the men were called familiaries.
Edward II - born in Wales and titled Prince of Wales. He recognized himself as a `lord superior of Scotland' and appointed John Balliol to be new king of Scotland but he didn't agree which led to companion to Scotland.
Edward III - had claims to the French throne which led to Hundred Years War. He regarded himself as a king of the sea when English fleet defeated French fleet at the battle of Sluys. He issued the Commissions of Array, which was to select people to overseas expeditions.
Edward VI - (3rd Tudor) Henry VIII's the only son. He was under age so Duke of Somerset was the Lord Protector.
Elizabeth I - (5th Tudor) Henry VIII's (and Anne Boleyn) daughter. She established by law the Anglican English Church
(39 articles defining its doctrine). She re-established the break with Rome and royal supremacy. She permitted communion in both kinds (bread and wine). Her subjects (poddani) had to be Anglican in faith, Catholicism was regarded as a betrayal (zdrada). Pope Pius V issued a bull called Regnans in Excelsis declaring Elizabeth excommunicated and deposed. Catholics were supposed to remove her. Her fleet defeated Armada (Spanish fleet) sent by Philip II. She imprisoned and later sentenced Mary Queen of Scots to death.
Elizabeth of York - Henry VII's wife. Their marriage united Lancastrians and Yorkists.
Lord Thomas Fairfax - He was against Charles I. In 1st Civil War commander of Roundheads at the battle of Marston Moor and at the battle of Naseby - Roundheads defeated Cavaliers in both of them. Last battle ended the war.
Guy Fawkes - One of the conspirators of Gunpowder Plot, he was to go down to the cellars of Houses of Parliament, light the fuses and escape. The plot was unsuccessful and he was executed.
Joseph Ferdinand, Elector of Bavaria - Related with the Bourbons and claimant to the Spanish throne in War of Spanish Succession.
Bishop Fisher of Rochester - One of the bishops who opposed Act of Supremacy issued during Henry VIII
Henry Garnett - Superior of English Jesuits, he was executed after Gunpowder Plot.
Robert Gatesby - Main conspirator of Gunpowder Plot. The plot was unsuccessful and he was executed.
Piers Gaveston -Edward II's friend, barons plotted against king and killed Piers.
Owen Glendower (Glyndwr) - Led rebellion in Wales during Henry IV. Many castles were pulled down after this rebellion.
John Graham `Bonny Dundee' - Led Jacobite rising. He won battle of Killiecrankie but he died at the battlefield.
Walter of Henley - He wrote `Husbandry', book about managing the farm; practical literacy
James Hargreaves - (Industrial Revolution in Britain) He invented spinning jenny; spinning became quicker.
John Hawkins - Led earliest English slave-trading expedition (1562)
Henry II - Asked by the Pope to conquest Ireland. Marcher Lords (Richard de Clare was one of them) did it for him.
Henry III - During his reign English Parliament was summoned for the first time (1265)
Henry IV of Bolingbroke - (1st Lancester) John of Gaunt's son, His opponents were: The Percys, Richard Scrope and Owen Glendower who led rebellion in Wales.
Henry V - (2nd Lancester) Henry IV' son. He had claims to the French throne. Led campaign in France. England defeated france at the battle of Agincourt. In Treaty of Troyes made by Charles VI regent of France and heir to the French throne, he married Catherine of Valois.
Henry VI - (3rd Lancester) He married Margaret of Anjou, French princess, to make peace between England and France - Truce of Tourus.
Henry VIII - (2nd Tudor) Henry VII's second son. He succeeded because his elder brother Arthur died. He married
Catherine of Aragon, she didn't gave him a male heir. When Pope Clement VII disagreed to give him a divorce, he broke any relations of English Church with Rome and became Head of English Church. He married Anne Boleyn (Elizabeth was born), Jene Seymour (Edward was born), Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, Catherine Par. He had 6 wives and he divorced 2 times. Henry regarded himself a Catholic. He wrote a book against Luter and Lutheranism and in reward he was given a title fidei defensor by the Pope. He gained money from dissolving monasteries. He led wars with France (battle of Spurs), Scotland and Ireland.
Henry Percy `Hotspur' - son of the earl of Northumberland. He wanted to support rebellion in Wales against Henry IV but he was killed at the battle of Shrewsbury.
Lord Howard of Effingham - He led English fleet was against Armada (Spanish fleet).
Isabelle of Valois - Richard II's wife, Charles VI's daughter, French Princess. This marriage was to make peace between England and France
James I (James VI of Scotland ) - (1st Stuart) son of Mary the Queen of Scots and Lord Darnley. He united England and Scotland crown -
he ruled England as James I and Scotland as James VI. He married Anne of Denmark (Charles was born). Best educated English king. He wrote Basilicon Doron with instructions how to be good king and husband. He was a patron of art - Shakespeare and his troop were called King's troop. Probably he was homosexual and had an affair with George Duke of Buckingham. At Conference in Hampton Court he initiated 2nd translation of the Bible called King James' Bible. He signed treaty with Spain. First colonies in North Ame.
James II - (4th last Stuart) Charles II's brother. Parliament declared that James had abdicated by deserting England. Parliament issued Bill of Rights and William of Orange became king. It was Glorious Revolution. William's army defeated James' army at the battle of Boyne.
James III, James Francis Steward - James II's son, regarded as James III and called Old Pretender by Jacobites.
Jane Seymour- Henry VIII's 3st wife. She gave him a son, Edward and she died 12 days later.
Pope Julius II - Pope who gave Henry VIII dispensation to marry his brother's widow, Catherine of Aragon. She was much older.
John Kay - (Industrial Revolution in Britain) He invented flying shuttle; weaving became quicker.
John Knox - Spiritual leader of Scottish reformation (16th century), Protestant who reformed the Church in Scotland in a Presbyterian manner (16th century): no paintings, no churches (meetings took place in large halls), no elected leaders like bishops. Reading and personal interpretation of Bible was very important.
Archbishop of Canterbury William Laud - Charles I's supporter. Anglican bishop who created High Church Party within the Anglican Church. It followed catholic fashion that was disliked by Puritans. He prohibited preaching and lecturing in churches (promoted by Puritans) instead of rituals. He persecuted Puritans. He increased the command of bishop and introduced the strict Episcopal control of church. He introduced the censorship of the press.
Holy Roman Emperor Leopold - German emperor related with the Bourbons and claimant to the Spanish throne in War of Spanish Succession.
Sir David Leslie - He was against Charles I. In 1st Civil War led army of Scots helping Roundheads against Cavaliers at the battle of Marston Moor - Roundheads defeated Cavaliers.
Llywelyn - (13th century) Led unsuccessful rebellion in Wales. Celts were half naked and fought with longbow.
Louis XIV of France - French king. He supported James II and opposed William III of Orange in War of English Succession.
Related with the Bourbons and claimant to the Spanish throne in War of Spanish Succession.
Malcolm III - First king of Scotland.
Earl of Mar, `Bobbin' John' -Led Jacobite rising in Scotland (1715)
Margaret of Anjou - Henry VI' wife. French princess. This marriage was to make peace between England and France France - Truce of Tourus.
Duke of Marlborough, Churchill - Commander in War of Spanish Succession. Led English and Dutch army which defeated French and Bavarian army at the battle of Blenheim. Led English, Dutch and German army which defeated French army at battles of Ramillies and Oudenarde.
Mary I (Mary Tudor) - (4th Tudor) Henry VIII's (and Catherine of Aragon) daughter. Edward IV's sister, she assessed after his death. She is called `Bloody Mary' by English historians because she was a Catholic queen in a protestant country. Historians based John Foxe who presented her as a person who did nothing but only persecuted protestants. She wanted England's reunion with Rome. She married Philip, heir to the Spanish throne. Later as Philip II he persuaded Mary to join with Spain in a war with France. As a result Calais was recaptured by France. Mary was deposed with Cardinal Pole because she acted against the national interests.
Regent Mary of Guise - She governed Scotland during Mary's absence. (Mary Queen of Scots) → Mary the Queen of Scots
Mary the Queen of Scots (Mary Stuart) - Henry VII's great granddaughter. She spent years in French court. She married Francis, Dauphin of France. She proclaimed acceptance of Protestant faith in Scotland by the edict of tolerance. She married Lord Darnley (James was born), and then Earl of Bothwell, her husband's murder. It led to a confederacy against her and after the lost battle of Longside she was imprisoned in Lochleken Castle but she escaped to England. Elizabeth I imprisoned her, too.
Duke of Medina Sidonia - He led Armada (Spanish fleet) to transport army from Netherlands led by Duke of Parma across the English Channel to fight in England.
General Monk - 18 months after the death of Oliver Cromwell he decided to end English Republic. He organized a free election. Cavalier Parliament was created and Charles II was put on the throne.
Lord Monteagle - He received anonymous letter with warning not to be present during the opening of Parliament. This letter was sent by his brother-in-law Francis Tresham, one of the conspirators of Gunpowder Plot. The letter was seized by other MPs and the conspiracy was revealed.
Simon de Montford - During Henry III, summoned English Parliament for the first time (1265)
Duke of Montrose - Charles I's supporter. Chief authority in Scotland. He was against Covenanters and Duke of Argyll.
Sir Thomas More - Chief minister, Chancellor (after Cardonal Wolsey) and Henry VIII's friend. He opposed to give his signature
to Act of Supremacy and Act of Succession. He was beheaded according to Act of Treason. He was canonized, 1st secular saint from England and the only one from London. The English call him sir to express their respect.
George Neville -During Henry VII he was tried in King's Bench and fined for keeping private illegal army.
Duke of Norfolk -He organized a rebellion in northern England to free Mary Queen of Scots who was imprisoned by Elizabeth I. He was executed.
Daniel O'Connel - He was elected as a local MP but immediately deprived of his seat in the Parliament because he was Catholic. His case became very popular so to prevent rebellion British Parliament let Catholics take seats in Parliament. It was Catholic Emancipation.
Titus Oates -Led Popish Plot to kill Charles II and bring Catholicism back to England.
William III of Orange (William II of Scotland) - (1st Hanover) Dutch, husband of Mary, James II daughter. Parliament issued Bill of Rights and he was first elected king. It was Glorious Revolution. William's army defeated James' army at the battle of Boyne. During Nine Years War France defeated William's fleet at the battle of Beachy Head.
Robert Owen - New Lanark Movement, cooperative movement. He propagandized for self-sufficient cooperative agricultural-industrial communities.
Duke of Parma - He led army in Netherlands. Armada (Spanish fleet) was sent to transport his soldiers across the English Channel to fight in England.
Samuel Pepys -He described Great Fire of London in his diary.
Philip II -King of Spain, Mary I' husband. He persuaded Mary to join with Spain in a war with France.
Pope Pius V -He issued a bull called `Regnans in Excelsis' declaring Elizabeth I excommunicated and deposed.
Cardinal Pole - He was sent to England by the Pope because Queen Mary needed help to restore Catholicism in England and reunite England with Rome. He absolved kingdom form sin (rozgrzeszył) and counterreformation took place to introduce ecclesiastical reforms especially in clerical education. He was disliked he treated people as a mass. He put emphasis on a discipline, not preaching. He deposed Mary because she acted against national interests.
John Pym - Member of House of Commons and the leader of parliamentary opposition to Charles I that led to 1st Civil War.
Richard II -Edward the Black Prince's son. He introduced Poll Tax in 1380 that provoked the Peasant's Revolt in 1381. He met with Wat Tyler, leader of rebels, two times: in Conference of Mile End and Conference of Smithfield but he didn't fulfil his promises. He married Isabelle of Valois, French Princess to make peace between England and France. Deposed and murdered.
Richard of York - Lord Protector of England during Henry VI's incapacity.
Richard the Clare, Earl of Pembroke, `Strongbow' - One of the Marcher Lords who led campaign to conquer Ireland, sent by Henry II.
David Rizzio - Mary's courtier killed by her husband Lord Darnley. (Mary Queen of Scots)
Robert Bruce, Robert I of Scotland - Led rebellion in Scotland to free Scotland from the English (after Wallace was killed), during Edward II.
He won the battle of Bannockburn.
Prince Rupert - Charles I's nephew. Commander of king's army who led Cavaliers against Roundheads in 1st Civil War.
Marshal Schonberg -Protestant who led expedition to Ireland against James II, he was sent by William III of Orange.
Richard Scrope, Archbishop of York -He allied with Hotspur and they led rebellion in the north against Henry IV. He was executed.
Earl Shaftesbury - Led Whigs, continuation of the ideas of Roundheads (Parliamentarians) from Civil War. Against king Charles II In favour of decentralization, free and uninfluenced Parliament, religious toleration. Against standing army and the Dutch.
Lambert Simnel, Earl of Warwick - Led unsuccessful rebellion against Henry VII, supported by the Irish aid. Defeated in battle of Stoke.
Duke of Somerset - Henry VI' supporter, murdered by Yorkists after the battle of St. Albans during the War of the Roses
Earl of Stafford- Charles I's supporter. Influential magnate, President of a Council of Northern England. He wanted to change administration. His reforms would deprive Parliament of its power. He summoned Short Parliament and Long Parliament because of rebellion of Scottish Covenanters. Finally he lost his position and power.
Stanhope - Belonged to Whigs, one of the leaders of the Whig opposition in the House of Commons. He served during George I.
John Stubs - Elizabeth I' courtier who wrote a pamphlet in which he criticised queen's unwillingness to get married. As a punishment his right hand was cut off. Queen couldn't be opposed by any means
Simon Sudbury, Archbishop of Canterbury - Richard II's chancellor executed by rebels during the Peasants Revolt
William, Earl of Suffolk - chief minister of Henry VI, he arranged marriage between Henry VI and Margaret of Anjou French princess to make peace between England and France - Truce of Tourus.
Earl of Tir Chonnail - Irish magnate who supported James II against William III of Orange.
Francis Tresham - One of the conspirators of Gunpowder Plot, he sent a letter to his brother-in-law Lord Monteagle to warn him anonymously not to be present during the opening of Parliament. The letter was seized by other MPs and the conspiracy was revealed.
Henry Tudor - Welshmen who had claims to the English throne. After the battle of Bosworth, when Richard III was killed, became Henry VII (1st Tudor). Married Elizabeth of York and managed to unite Lancastrians and Yorkists. Henry VII's concept of the monarch → king should have the biggest power in the country (rex emperor). He suppressed two rebellions against him (Lambert Simnel, Perkin Warbeck). He killed any opponents. `The businessman king' → kept detailed record of finances, Chamber Book. He didn't rely on Parliament, he had a Privy Council. His death was greeted with feasting.
Wat Tyler - one of the leaders of Peasants' Revolt, he forced Richard II to accept rebels demands. He met with king twice: at Conference of Mile End and Conference of Smithfield, where he was killed by one of the landowners.
General Wade - He went to Wales leaving London unprotected and it was seized by Bonnie Prince Charlie during Jacobite rising
Sir William Wallace -Led rebellion in Scotland to free Scotland from the English, during Edward I. He won the battle of Stirling Bridge. Scottish national hero.
Robert Walpole - Belonged to Whigs, one of the leaders of the Whig opposition in the House of Commons. First Prime Minister, Leader of Cabinet Government. He served during George I and George II.
Perkin Warbeck - Led unsuccessful rebellion against Henry VII, supported by the Scottish aid. Killed by Henry VII.
Lambert Simnel, Earl of Warwick -Led unsuccessful rebellion against Henry VII, supported by the Irish aid. Defeated in battle of Stoke.
James Watt - (Industrial Revolution in Britain) Watt and Boulton created a partnership and established first Patent Company
Anthony Weldon -One of English courtiers removed by James I, he wrote slanders against James, king who was Scot not English.
Cardinal Wolsey - Chief minister, Chancellor and Henry VIII's wise advisor. He negotiated treaty between England and France and General European Treaty. Pope Clement VII appointed him a legate for life, so he was the chief ecclesiastical authority in England. He submitted English Church to the Tudor king. He was loyal to Pope, Church and king. When he opposed Henry's plans of divorce with Catherine of Aragon, he was displaced.
Christopher Wren - After Great Fire of London he built new St. Paul's Cathedral.
Thomas Wyatt - He led unsuccessful rebellion against Mary's Spanish marriage with Philip. People were afraid that when Philip would become King of Spain, he would use England to his policies and England would lose its independence.
John Wycliffe, a professor form Oxford who inspired Lollardy, a heretical movement in England. He was condemned by the church and forced to leave university. He was the author of first complete translation of the Bible to English (1396).