Logistics is defined as the handling an operation that involves providing labour and materials be supplied as needed. It refers to movement of inbound raw materials and other supplies as well as outbound physical distribution. Therefore activities that deals various aspects like procurement, movement, maintenance, and disposition of supplies, equipment, facilities and personnel and the provision of services is known as logistics.

Hence logistics is both a science and an art of managing and controlling the things for production. It is a very crucial part of marketing and management. The success of management depends on logistical support to a great extent. It comprises of various processes like information, transportation, inventory, warehousing, material handling and packaging. It is an ancient concept that can be traced back to the Greek and the Romans military and its need to supply itself with the required goods. It became a business concept only in the 1950's.

Acronyms and Terms

consumption records	Log recording quantities dispensed to each client and regular report
that summarizes these data for higher-level management use
FEFO	first-to-expire, first-out
JSI	John Snow, Inc.
MCH	maternal and child health
outlet	Facilities that dispense commodities to end users
pull system	requisition system
primary supply point	Facilities that receive supplies from a source
push system	allocation system
sources	Facilities outside the system from which commodities are supplied
stock-keeping record	Must include inventory control cards; may include additional
records
transaction records	Records of the amount shipped from one facility to the next and
records of amounts ordered (for requisition systems)
USAID	U.S. Agency for International Development

Packaging and labeling have five main purposes which are presenting here one by one.


1. Physical protection of the object
The physical protection is necessary because it defend your object from outerly forces like heat of sunlight, coldness, liquid etc. Therefore, we can say that no object can be completed without physical protection.
2. Information transmission
This is very crucial information which is printed on the cover of any object to pleased the government and customers and it also gives detail of using and disposing of that particular product.
3. Marketing
There are many marketers who use packaging and labeling for marketing because they believe that marketing cannot be done without designing of product and it is a huge issue from last several years.


4. Agglomeration
Usally, almost all companies joined tiny items into one big package to show their efficeiency. In this way, they save product cost like physical handling. Box of pencils is an example of combining little products. On the other hand, Salt is an item which can be separated into packages.

5. Reducing theft
We have neumerous products in the market. To reduce theft, several packages are prepared bigger than they should. Software package is an example of reducing theft because it is consit of only one disc while it can hold neumerous discs.

Packaging and package labelling have several objectives:

• Physical protection - The objects enclosed in the package may require protection from, among other things, shock, vibration, compression, temperature, etc.

• Barrier protection - A barrier from oxygen, water vapor, dust, etc., is often required. Permeation is a critical factor in design. Some packages contain desiccants or Oxygen absorbers to help extend shelf life. Modified atmospheres or controlled atmospheres are also maintained in some food packages. Keeping the contents clean, fresh, and safe for the intended shelf life is a primary function.

• Containment or agglomeration - Small objects are typically grouped together in one package for reasons of efficiency. For example, a single box of 1000 pencils requires less physical handling than 1000 single pencils. Liquids, powders, and granules need containment.

• Information transmission - Packages and labels communicate how to use, transport, recycle, or dispose of the package or product. With pharmaceuticals, food, medical, and chemical products, some types of information are required by governments.

• Marketing - The packaging and labels can be used by marketers to encourage potential buyers to purchase the product. Package design has been an important and constantly evolving phenomenon for dozens of years. Marketing communications and graphic design are applied to the surface of the package and (in many cases) the point of sale display.

• Security - Packaging can play an important role in reducing the security risks of shipment. Packages can be made with improved tamper resistance to deter tampering and also can have tamper-evident features to help indicate tampering. Packages can be engineered to help reduce the risks of package pilferage: Some package constructions are more resistant to pilferage and some have pilfer indicating seals. Packages may include authentication seals to help indicate that the package and contents are not counterfeit. Packages also can include anti-theft devices, such as dye-packs, RFID tags, or electronic article surveillance tags, that can be activated or detected by devices at exit points and require specialized tools to deactivate. Using packaging in this way is a means of loss prevention.

• Convenience - Packages can have features which add convenience in distribution, handling, display, sale, opening, reclosing, use, and reuse.

• Portion control - Single serving or single dosage packaging has a precise amount of contents to control usage. Bulk commodities (such as salt) can be divided into packages that are a more suitable size for individual households. It is also aids the control of inventory: selling sealed one-liter-bottles of milk, rather than having people bring their own bottles to fill themselves.

[edit] Packaging types

Various household packaging types for foods

Packaging may be looked at as several different types. For example a transport package or distribution package is the package form used to ship, store, and handle the product or inner packages. Some identify a consumer package as one which is directed toward a consumer or household.

It is sometimes convenient to categorize packages by layer or function: "primary", "secondary", etc.

• Primary packaging is the material that first envelops the product and holds it. This usually is the smallest unit of distribution or use and is the package which is in direct contact with the contents.

• Secondary packaging is outside the primary packaging - perhaps used to group primary packages together.

• Tertiary packaging is used for bulk handling, warehouse storage and transport shipping. The most common form is a palletized unit load that packs tightly into containers.

These broad categories can be somewhat arbitrary. For example, depending on the use, a shrink wrap can be primary packaging when applied directly to the product, secondary packaging when combining smaller packages, and tertiary packaging on some distribution packs

PACKING TYPES

TYPE

DESCRIPTION

TWISTED

Yarns or metallic strands are twisted around each other to obtain designed size. The simplest type of all. One packing size can be used for various size stuffing boxes. This is primarily a general utility or emergency type of packing where packing space is small. Mostly used for valve stem.

SQUARE-BRAID

Each strand passes over and under strands running in the possible direction. Cross section is square. Comparatively soft. Soft, absorbent structure can carry high amount of lubricant. Especially suited for high speed rotary service, particularly at low pressure.

BRAID-OVER-BRAID

This type is fabricated to require size by braiding one or more covers around a center core of braided, twisted or homogeneous materials. Braided round, then calendered square. Soft and dense because of individual jacket-over-jacket construction. Can carry high amount of lubricant. Extensively employed for valve and rotary pump.

MULTI-BRAID

Diagonally braided for greater strength and longer life. Each strand passes elaborately and diagonally through the body of the packing at an angle of approximately 45°. Cross section is square. Hardly causes permeation leakage, and would not be damaged entirely even if the surface gets worn. This type structure can serve for every variety of machinery such as rotary pump, reciprocating pump, valve, etc.

LAMINATED

Either duck and rubber or asbestos adn rubber are laminated into slab form and then fabricated into coils, spirals or rings.

ROLLED

Made from rubber coated fabric rolled either around itself or a special rubber core or strip.

PLASTIC

Compounded with pure asbestos, special lubricants and binders, and graphite or mica. Some contain soft bearing metals. Particularly good for sealing gases. This style is available in coil, spiral, formed rings, and i bul-packaged cans.

Packing Guide: Types of Boxes Used For Packing

Moving Boxes and Packing Materials
It is essential to use the right type of packing material when packing up your household goods to help prevent damage. This guide is designed to help you to choose the right material by showing you what is available. There are many different size boxes suitable for different items and there are a variety of other packing materials you will need which are detailed below.

The following moving boxes and packing materials are used specifically for household moving. These boxes and packing materials are manufactured especially to the moving industry specification. You can obtain all these items from your moving company or a moving supply company for a reasonable fee. You can also begin to collect cartons from your local grocery store and be sure to ask them for the covers also. Boxes used to carry glassware are very useful to the mover as they are usually very sturdy and often contain dividers to separate the glass containers. These can be very useful for packing glasses, bowls, vases and assortment of glass and delicate items.

Boxes:

• Book (1.5 cubic feet), size 17 x 123/8 x 123/8: These small cartons are designed for heavy items, such as books, records, CD's, and canned goods.

• Legal Tote (2.3 cubic feet), size 24 x 16 x 13: This box is specially designed for your files and folders.

• Medium (3.0 cubic feet), size 101/8 x 18 x 16: This box is designed for non-fragile and moderately heavy items, such as pots, pans, linen, folded clothes, toys, games, etc.

• Large (4.5 cubic feet), size 18 x 18 x 24 or (6.0 cubic feet), size 23 x 23 x 20: All large bulky articles, very light, such as pillows, comforters, lamp shades.

• Dish pack (5.2 cubic feet), size 18 x 18 x 28: This box has double extra thick walls specifically designed for dishes, vases, glasses and other fragile items. You can also use cell packs separator for china or glassware with individual compartments for the items being packed.

• Mirror, picture box: These narrow boxes accommodate different sized mirrors, paintings, other fragile items and flat items.

• Wardrobe box with metal bar: This box is equipped with a metal bar so clothes can hang.

• Mattress Box: Available in different sizes.

Miscellaneous Packing Materials:

• Tape: The most common tape used for carton sealing is a plastic tape called "PVC".

• "Newsprint" paper: NEVER USE NEWSPAPERS as wrapping material. Newspaper ink has a tendency to rub off on items it touches and it very difficult to remove it from items such as fine china. Use "newsprint" paper as cushioning material.

• Tissue paper: This can be used to pack up delicate or easily broken items by layering over an over again

• Bubble wrap: This is another material used as cushioning material.

• Styrofoam peanuts: Packing material used to protect fragile items. This material is lightweight, clean, lint-free and dustless and safe.

• Ziploc bags: These can be used for an assortment of things including small bits and pieces you may have lying about in containers and drawers.

• Magic Markers: You will need markers to label the boxes with the contents.

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