INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS (1nd year, NKJO)

Choose one correct answer from the options given or fill in the blanks where necessary:

The English word toothbrush is an instance of a

simple word	compound word
complex word	complex compound word

Give an example of a word which has resulted from the process of clipping

• in English: …………………….

• in Polish: ………………………

The word infalsifiable consists of

one morpheme	three morphemes
two morphemes	more than three morphemes

Derivational morphology accounts for the complex structure of one of the following words. Which one?

flower	unpredictable
pilots	barking

Inflectional morphology accounts for the complex structure of one of the following words. Which one?

pilot	barks
frequency	gangster

English /*/ is

an interdental fricative	a velar nasal
an alveolar plosive	a postalveolar affricate

The world's most famous syntactician is:

Paul Grice	Daniel Jones
John Wells	Noam Chomsky

The theory and practice of composing dictionaries is called

lexicography	semantics
lexicology	etymology

The English pronoun of address you

• is socially equivalent to the Polish address pronoun ty.

• is not socially equivalent to the Polish address pronoun ty.

Polish and English are

• West Indo-European languages

• non-Indo-European languages

• Indo-European languages

• belong to different language families

Between air and heir there is a relation of

homography	hyponymy
meronymy	homophony

A phoneme is

• a speech sound that has the potential to change the meaning of a word

• a positional variant of a speech sound

• a speech sound that exists in every language

• the smallest unit that relates sound and meaning

If I am asked how many brothers I have and I answer “I've got two brothers who are 2 and 4 years older than me and have jobs that have something to do with cars” I may be breaking:

Maxim of Manner	Maxim of Quality
Maxim of Quantity	Maxim of Relevance

The ancestor of the Romance languages (e.g. French, Spanish, Italian, Portuguese, and Romanian) is

Flemish	Latin
Norman	English

A relation in which the truth of one sentence implies the truth of another is known as:

• subordination

• entailment

• paraphrase

• contradiction

The Basque language is

• a member of the Finno-Ugric language family

• a language isolate

• an Indo-European language

• an extinct language

The sound inventory of the English language does not have:

• a voiced affricate

• dental sounds

• a bilabial voiceless sound

• a velar fricative

A derivational affix changes:

• the gender of a noun

• meaning and/or lexical category of a word

• lexical category

• number

English /*/ is

• a voiced alveolar fricative

• a voiceless dental stop

• a voiceless glottal fricative

• a voiceless bilabial fricative

We say that two language varieties are not different languages if they:

• share the same lexical categories

• derive from the same ancestor language

• have the same system of tenses

• the two languages are mutually intelligible

The pronunciation patterns in the language of a speaker is called

• idiolect

• accent

• style

• dialect

/*/ is

• a long vowel

• a high back vowel

• a high front vowel

• a nasal consonant

Between large and vast there is a semantic relation of

• synonymy

• hyponymy

• homonymy

• antonymy

The branch of linguistics that deals with sound sequences characteristic of a given language is called:

• phonetics

• phonotactics

• lexicography

• semantics

Grammar in the traditional sense includes roughly

• semantics and pragmatics

• syntax and morphology

• phonetics and phonology

• the lexicon

The Romance group of languages includes (among others)

• Spanish, Italian, Greek

• English, Dutch, Danish

• Italian, Croatian, Albanian

• Spanish, French, Italian

A scholar who focuses on the meaning of an utterance in a context is called

• a semanticist

• a pragmaticist

• a semiotician

• a contextualist

The process that turns the nasal /*/ into /*/ in the word bacon is called

• a progressive assimilation of manner

• a regressive assimilation of voice

• a regressive assimilation of place

• a progressive assimilation of place

The branch of linguistics that investigates the language used by various groups of speakers is called

• sociolinguistics

• psycholinguistics

• dialectology

• neurophonology

Give an example of two acronyms and alphabetisms in Polish and English

• Alphabetisms in English: ……………………. In Polish ……………………….

• Acronyms in English …………………….. in Polish: ………………………

The vocabulary characteristic of a particular occupation is referred to as:

• dialect

• accent

• jargon

• argot

Which of the phonological features is not likely to appear in the speech of a Polish learner of English

• final devoicing

• regressive voicing

• substitution of /*/ or /*/ fro /*/

• reduction of word-initial clusters

Draw the appropriate tree structures for the following phrases:

unbelievably carefree never appears satisfied

the ripe pears speak clearly

---