Types of consonants
Nasal (stop) (nosowe)- a consonant produced without sound of the vocal cords
Stop- a consonant produced by stopping air at some point and suddenly releasing it
Labial (wargowe)- a consonant whose articulation involves movement of the lips
Fricative (trące;głoska szczelinowa)-a continuant consonant produced by breath moving against a narrowing of the vocal tract
Approximant (przybliżone; central)-articulators produce a narrowing of the vocal tract, but leave enough space for air to flow without much audible turbulence
Lateral (boczny; approximant)-occlusion made somewhere along the axis (oś) of the tongue, while air from the lungs escapes at the sides of the tongue
Affricative-a sequence of a stop followed by a homorganic fricative (t∫, d ʒ); a composite speech sound consisting of a stop and fricative articulated at the same point
Bilabial (dwuwargowy) - a consonant that is articulated using both lips of or relating to or being a speech sound that is articulated using both lips
Labio-dental (wargowo-zębowy)-the upper and the lower teeth are articulators
Dental (zębowy) - A consonant articulated with the tip of the tongue near the upper teeth
Alveolar-a consonant articulated with the tip of the tongue near the alveolar ridge
Palato-alveolar-are consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the alveolar ridge
Palatal (podniebieniowy)
Velar-are consonants articulated with the hard palate and the front of the tongue
Glottal stop-a stop consonant articulated by releasing pressure at the glottis
Closure (zamknięcie)-two articulators come together and the airway closes so that no air can't escape through the mouth
3. Glottal stage-it is glottis and its state:
closed-voiced sound
wide open-voiceless sound
closed-glottal stop
4. Velic closure-when velum is low and access to nasal cavity is blocked;then oral sounds are produced
5. Sound producing
Nasal sounds-are produced when velum is up-> in nasal cavity
Whisper:vocal cords come together causing some turbulence of air (friction)
6. Articulators can be active (tongue) or passive:
lips (bilabial/labial sounds)
teeth (dental sounds)
alveolar ridge (alveolar sounds)
hard palate (palatal sounds)
soft palate=velum (velar sounds)
uvula (uvular sounds)
7. On manner of articulation's account, sounds are divided to obstruents and sonorants.
Stricture-obstacle to the air (obstruents)
a)stops/plosives
there's a narrowing, next there's occlusion/stop (complete blockade) and there's plosion
b)fricatives
there's some kind of narrowing but there's no total closure
c)affricates
there's a stop, but there's no plosion next, but there's a narrowing
8. Sonorants
nasal (stops with velic closure)
lateral (partial occlusion->in English,there's only one-`l')
trill/roll (series of taps)
tap/flap (one tap)
9. Niektóre pojęcia po polsku
Obstruction-zator
Obstacle-przeszkoda
Narrowing-przewężenie