1. Types of consonants

• Nasal (stop) (nosowe)- a consonant produced without sound of the vocal cords

• Stop- a consonant produced by stopping air at some point and suddenly releasing it

• Labial (wargowe)- a consonant whose articulation involves movement of the lips

• Fricative (trące;głoska szczelinowa)-a continuant consonant produced by breath moving against a narrowing of the vocal tract

• Approximant (przybliżone; central)-articulators produce a narrowing of the vocal tract, but leave enough space for air to flow without much audible turbulence

• Lateral (boczny; approximant)-occlusion made somewhere along the axis (oś) of the tongue, while air from the lungs escapes at the sides of the tongue

• Affricative-a sequence of a stop followed by a homorganic fricative (t∫, d ʒ); a composite speech sound consisting of a stop and fricative articulated at the same point

• Bilabial (dwuwargowy) - a consonant that is articulated using both lips of or relating to or being a speech sound that is articulated using both lips

• Labio-dental (wargowo-zębowy)-the upper and the lower teeth are articulators

• Dental (zębowy) - A consonant articulated with the tip of the tongue near the upper teeth

• Alveolar-a consonant articulated with the tip of the tongue near the alveolar ridge

• Palato-alveolar-are consonants articulated with the tongue near or touching the alveolar ridge

• Palatal (podniebieniowy)

• Velar-are consonants articulated with the hard palate and the front of the tongue

• Glottal stop-a stop consonant articulated by releasing pressure at the glottis

2. Closure (zamknięcie)-two articulators come together and the airway closes so that no air can't escape through the mouth

3. Glottal stage-it is glottis and its state:

• closed-voiced sound

• wide open-voiceless sound

• closed-glottal stop

4. Velic closure-when velum is low and access to nasal cavity is blocked;then oral sounds are produced

5. Sound producing

• Nasal sounds-are produced when velum is up-> in nasal cavity

• Whisper:vocal cords come together causing some turbulence of air (friction)

6. Articulators can be active (tongue) or passive:

• lips (bilabial/labial sounds)

• teeth (dental sounds)

• alveolar ridge (alveolar sounds)

• hard palate (palatal sounds)

• soft palate=velum (velar sounds)

• uvula (uvular sounds)

7. On manner of articulation's account, sounds are divided to obstruents and sonorants.

• Stricture-obstacle to the air (obstruents)

a)stops/plosives

• there's a narrowing, next there's occlusion/stop (complete blockade) and there's plosion

b)fricatives

• there's some kind of narrowing but there's no total closure

c)affricates

• there's a stop, but there's no plosion next, but there's a narrowing

8. Sonorants

• nasal (stops with velic closure)

• lateral (partial occlusion->in English,there's only one-`l')

• trill/roll (series of taps)

• tap/flap (one tap)

9. Niektóre pojęcia po polsku

• Obstruction-zator

• Obstacle-przeszkoda

• Narrowing-przewężenie