m231B

La Guerre et la Paix, Frontieres et Yiolences au Moyen Age (Actes du ioie Congres National des Societes Savants: Lille 1976) (1978)

E. M. Hallam, Capetian France 987—1328 (1980).

C.    Harper-Bill & R. Harvey (edits), Fhe Ideals and Practice of Medieval Knighthood (Papers front thefirst and second Strawberry Hill Conferences) (1986).

A. R. Lewis, ‘Le feodalite dans le Toulousain et la France meridionale (850—1050)’, Annales du Midi LXXVI/2 (1964).

A. Luchaire, Les Communes Franęaises d /’epoque des Capeliens Directs (1980).

W. M. Newman, Le Domaine Royal sous les Premiers Capetiens (987-1180) (1937).

S. Painter, French Chivalry: Chivalric Ideas and Practices in Medieval France (1940).

D.    J. A. Ross, ‘L’Originalite de Turoldus: le manie-ment de la lance’, Cahiers de Civilizations Medierale

VI (1963).

J. R. Strayer, Fhe Reign of Philip the Fair (1980).

J. F. Verbruggen, The Art of Warfare in Western Europę during the Middle Ages (1977).

THE PLATES

A: The nth century:

Ai: Northern French miles warrior There was a lot of uniformity in the arms of Western European cavalry in the uth century. This man has an early form of mail hauberk slit at the sides. The rentail to protect his face is shown unlacejl} while his sword is thrust through a slit in the hauberk into a scabbard and belt worn beneath. His shield is of the large so-called ‘Norman’ type. (Main sources: spear from Colletiere, Dauphine; ‘Fortitude’, statuę late 1 ith cent. Cluny Mus., Paris)

A2: Southern French miles

This warrior has a one-piece helmet on which the metal strips are merely decorative, but lacks body armour. Notę the early form of ‘heraldic’ design on his shield, and his horse’s early but complicated curb bit. (Main sources: carved capitals, late nth cent. in situ church of Ste. Foy, Conąues, cloisters of Abbey of St. Pierre, Moissac, & church of St. Nectaire;

The Chateau de Val, a typical early ijth century French castle huilt in 1322 in the Auyergne region. A

church is incorporated into the outer defence.

(Author’s photograph)

Atlantic Bibie, south French 1 ith cent. Ms. Edili 126, Bib. Laur. Florence)

Aj: Southern French peasant Ievy Here a Southern peasant watches his son span an early form of hunting crossbow in a way shown in the earliest illustrations. He is also armed with a massive war-axe. (Main sources: crossbow from Colletiere, Dauphine, nth cent.; carved Capital, c.1096, in silu Cathedral, Toulouse)

B: First halFi2th century:

Bi: King Louis VI The Fat

In the first half of the i2th century arms and armour differed only in detail from those seen earlier. The sleeves of mail hauberks grew longer, while a forward-curved one-piece helmet became widespread; its shape probably indicated that the front was thicker than the sides and rear. War-saddles were now of the fully developed peaked type. (Main sources: sword, French mid-i2th cent. private coli. Ely; enamelled tomb slab of Geoffrey of Anjou, early i2th cent. Archaeol. Mus. Le Mans; carved tympanum, c.i 125, in situ Cathedral, Angouleme)

IJ2: Seigneur oFa castle

The main features distinguishing this knight are his large rectangular shield for infantry combat, a sim-pler helmet with a large nasal fastened to its brow-

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