Microsoft Word - English for CE

UNIT 3

Properties of Materials

Materials  we  can  see  around  us  and  those  used  in  civil  engineering  have  various
properties.  The word “property” can be used in many different ways.  We are going
to use it with the meaning of a quality or feature of something.

All the things  we can  see around us are made of some kind  of material  or, in most
cases, of a combination of various materials.

A.  Match  the  object  with  the  best  possible  material  it  can  be  made  of.    There

are a few possibilities for some of the objects.

Object

Material

1. car

a) plastic

2. window

b) wood

3. electrical wire

c) glass

4. bottle

d) silver

5. cutlery

e) concrete

6. telephone

f) metal

7. table

g) copper

8. pre-made building

blocks

We  use  particular  materials  to  produce  certain  objects  because  of  their  properties.
How do we find out what the properties of some materials are?  The answer is very
simple.   We can see the materials or touch them; we can try lifting them or applying
force  to  them.    The  materials  will  perform  in  a  certain  way.    When  we  touch  the
material,  we  can  feel  if  it  is  smooth  or  rough.    Some  vandals  take  a  nail  or  other
sharp object and scratch walls or elevator booths to find out if the material they are
made  of  is  soft  or  hard.    We  need  a  crane  to  lift  a  concrete  block  as  it  is  really
heavy,  but  things  we  can  lift  with  our  hands  are  obviously  light.    We  use  concrete
blocks for building constructions because they are rigid.  But car wheels should be
flexible;  therefore,  we  use  rubber  for  their  production.    We  also  have  to  mention
plasticity  and  elasticity.   A  rubber  band  is  elastic,  and  modelling  clay  is a  plastic
material.    They  behave  differently  when  we  apply  force  to  them.    We  want  to  see
through windows, so we use glass to make them.  Glass is transparent, but brittle,
so it can be easily broken.  Glass is not tough at all.  Plastics are tough, but they are
usually  either  translucent  or  opaque,  so  we  cannot  see  clearly  through  objects
made  from  them.    Another  important  property  in  the  building  industry  is
combustibility.    Materials  can  be  combustible  or  non-combustible. We  can  also
say that materials are flammable or non-flammable.  Fire-resistant material will not
burn in the process of combustion and that is the reason why  fire-resistant doors in
office or residential buildings are made of non-combustible materials.  Unfortunately,
most  of  the  materials  we  have  in  our  households  or  offices  are  combustible;  in  the

case of a fire, we can hardly save anything but our lives.  Other important properties
are corrosion resistance, which means that materials are resistant against rust, and
conductivity, which means that materials are good or poor conductors of electric
current  or  heat.    For  building  structures  it  is  important  to  know  if  the  material  is
permeable or impermeable, as builders don’t want moisture or water vapour to pass
inside the building.

B.  Match the adjectives with their meanings.

1. combustible

a) not easily broken or made weaker

2. transparent

b) hard and can easily break into pieces

3. elastic

c) easy to press or shape, pleasant to touch, not

rough or stiff

4. rough

d) can be shaped into any shape and will keep that

shape

5. rigid

e) clear and thin enough to see things through

6. translucent

f) able to stretch or bend and then return to its original

shape

7. tough

g) stiff, hard, and difficult to bend or move

8. soft

h) clear enough for light to pass through but not

completely clear

9. brittle

i) a surface which is not smooth

10. plastic

j) able to burn easily

C. What are the opposite meanings of these adjectives?

flexible

______________

soft

______________

rough

______________

brittle

______________

transparent

______________

heavy

______________

combustible ______________
permeable ______________

D. Choose the right answers.

1. Why is glass used for windowpanes?

a)  Because it is brittle.
b)  Because it is transparent.
c)  Because it is waterproof.

2. Why do we use chalk to write on a blackboard?

a)  Because it is white.
b)  Because it is brittle.
c)  Because it is soft.

3. Why do we need a special drill to make holes in a concrete wall?

a)  Because concrete is hard.
b)  Because concrete is heavy.
c)  Because concrete is rigid.

4. What kind of material should a fireproof door be made of?

a)  Combustible material.
b)  Non-combustible material.
c)  Plastic material.

5. Why do builders need cranes to lift concrete panels?

a)  Because concrete panels are square in shape.
b)  Because concrete panels are rigid.
c)  Because concrete panels are heavy.

6. Why will a glass break into pieces when we drop it?

a)  Because it is brittle.
b)  Because it is smooth.
c)  Because it is tough.

7. Why is aluminium used to construct aircraft?

a)  Because aluminium is soft.
b)  Because aluminium is easy to shape.
c)  Because aluminium is light.

E. Choose the correct properties of the following materials

glass:

a) rigid

b) permeable

c) brittle

wood:

a) combustible

b) brittle

c) transparent

lead:

a) light

b) hard

c) heavy

concrete:

a) flexible

b) rigid

c) combustible

chalk:

a) rigid

b) soft

c) flexible

F. You can form nouns from the adjectives that describe the properties of

building materials.

Adjective

Noun

elastic

soft

fragile

transparent

flexible

brittle

rough

plastic

combustible

tough

rigid

strong

thick

permeable

weak

dense

hard

smooth

G. Make sentences about four properties of materials from this table.

Steel
Concrete
Glass wool
Brick

has the property of

good sound insulation
good thermal insulation
high compressive strength
high tensile strength

This means

it can resist high compressive forces
it can resist high tensile forces
it does not transmit heat easily
it does not transmit sound easily

H. Answer the following questions:

1.  Why is glass used for windowpanes?
2.  Why is glass wool used in roof structures to keep heat in the attic?
3.  Why is some steel covered with a thin layer of zinc?
4.  Why is concrete used for the columns of a building structure?
5.  Why is steel used in concrete as reinforcement?

I. Complete the sentences with the correct properties:

1. Various coatings are applied to protect iron from chemical reaction. This

means that iron becomes ______________.

2. A wooden house burnt down, but the windows remained undamaged, i.e.,

wood is __________ and glass is ____________.

3. We need a special drill to make a hole in a concrete wall. This means

concrete is ___________.

4. Electric repairmen use leather gloves, because leather is __________.
5. Concrete panels are lifted by a crane, which means that a concrete panel is

_________.

6. Vertical blinds are used in modern offices to prevent sunrays from penetrating

into the room, i.e., blinds are _____________.

J. What are the properties of the following materials?

concrete, wood, rubber, glass, stone, plastics, lead, clay, chalk, sandpaper.

K. What are these materials used for in construction?

Wood
Strengths: cheap, lightweight, moderately strong in compression and tension
Weaknesses: rots, swells and burns easily
Use:

Plastics

Strengths: flexible, lightweight, long-lasting, strong in compression and tension
Weaknesses: expensive
Use:
Aluminium (with ingredients of magnesium and copper)
Strengths: lightweight, doesn’t rust, strong in compression and tension
Weaknesses: expensive
Use:
Brick
Strengths: cheap, strong in compression
Weaknesses: heavy, weak in tension
Use:
Concrete
Strengths: cheap, fireproof, weatherproof, moulds to any shape, strong in

compression

Weaknesses: Cracks with temperature changes, weak in tension
Use:
Reinforced concrete
Strengths: low cost, fireproof and weatherproof, moulds to any shape, strong in

compression and tension

Weaknesses: can crack as it cools and hardens
Use:
Iron
Strengths: moulds to any shape, strong in compression
Weaknesses: weaker than steel in tension, breaks without warning
Use:
Steel
Strengths: one of the strongest materials used in construction, strong in

compression and tension

Weaknesses: rusts, loses strength in extremely high temperatures
Use:

L. List materials that possess the following properties.

lightweight –
strong in compression –
rusts –
cheap –
fireproof –
strong in compression and tension –
weak in tension –
expensive –
breaks under tension –
swells and rots –
can crack when cool and hard –
cracks with temperature changes –
loses strength in extremely high temperatures –
doesn’t rust –
heavy –

UNIT 4

Building Materials

What  are  building  materials?    They  are  materials  which  are  used  for  construction
purposes.  The history of building materials extends back to the time when prehistoric
man  abandoned  his  caves  and  started  building  shelters.    Just  about  every  type  of
available material has been used at one time or another for creating various human
homes.  Living spaces and their related structures  have been created using myriad
materials, from mud to metal, and from plastic to grass.

What we can see around us are various structures, in most cases, blocks of flats or
detached  houses  that  have  been  built  of  concrete  panels  or  bricks.  We  also  might
have seen wooden cottages in villages and countryside.  But are bricks, concrete and
wood the only  building materials currently used for building purposes?  What about
countries  located  in  hot  climates?    There  people  use  cane,  palm  leaves  or  brush,
vines  and  bamboo  for  building  shelters.    In  tropical  areas  people  build  brush
structures which are made entirely from plant parts.  However, these materials have
a  relatively  short  life  span  because  they  deteriorate  rapidly  and  are  highly
combustible.    On  the  contrary,  in  the  Arctic  the  Inuit  used  ice  for  igloos,  which  are
shelters built of blocks of snow, generally in the form of a dome.  Ice blocks have also
been  used  for  ice  hotels  as  a  tourist  attraction  in  northern  areas  that  might  not
otherwise see many winter tourists.

Apart from extremely hot or extremely cold locations, when we talk about traditional
building materials we can agree that natural materials such as mud, rocks and small
plants  are  used  as  the  most  basic  building  materials,  aside  from  tents  made  of
flexible materials such as cloth or leather.  People all over the world have used these
three  materials  together  to  create  homes  to  suit  their  local  weather  conditions.    In
general, stone and brush are used as basic structural components in these buildings,
while mud is used to fill in the space between them.

A. Complete the definitions with the highlighted words in the text. Use the

singular form where necessary.

1. A _________ is a rectangular block used for building walls and other

structures.

2.  A _________ is a shelter made of cloth and supported with poles and ropes.
3.  A _________ is a large hole in the side of a hill or under the ground.
4.  ___________ means to become worse.
5.  An __________ is a building made of snow or ice.
6.  A  ___________  is  a  place  where  people  are  protected  from  bad  weather  or

from danger.

7. A __________ is a small house, usually in a village or the countryside.
8. __________ is soft and wet earth.

B. Decide if the sentences are true or false. Correct the false ones.

1.  The Inuit build their shelters of mud.
2.  Ice hotels are built to be tourist attractions.
3.  Building materials like plants are rather vulnerable.
4.  Cloth or leather is not used anymore for building human shelters.
5.  We can see many structures built of natural materials around us.
6.  Mud belongs among traditional building materials.

C. Fill in the gaps with the appropriate words from the text.

Prehistoric  man  left  ___________  and  started  building  ___________.    The
structures around us are built of ___________, __________ or __________.  In
tropical  areas  people  use__________,  ___________,  or  ___________  to  build
their homes.  In the Arctic the Inuit build __________.  In some other parts of the
world  people  live  in  __________,  which  are  made  of  cloth  or  leather.
__________,  ___________  and  _________  ________  are  natural  building
materials.

D. Choose the correct option.

1.  Brush structures are permanent/combustible/uncomfortable.
2.  Igloos are structures built of wood/mud/snow.
3.  Prehistoric man abandoned his caves/houses/tents.
4.  The structures around us are made of cane/concrete blocks/mud.
5.  Tents are made of bricks/leaves/leather.
6.  Cottages have been built in the countryside/in cities/in suburbs.
7.  In  tropical  areas  people  traditionally  use  sand/plants/bricks  for  building

shelters.

8. There have been very few/ myriad /not many materials used to create

human homes.

Progress  in  science  and  technology  and  the  invention  of  new  substances  have
significantly influenced the use of building materials. The most  widely used building
materials  throughout  the  world  are  bricks  and  stone,  mortar  and  concrete,  wood,
metal, glass and plastics.

Brick  is  an  artificial  stone  made  by  forming  clay  into  rectangular  blocks  which  are
hardened, either by burning in a kiln or sometimes, in warm countries, by sun-drying.
The colour of the finished bricks depends on the mineral content of the bricks and the
temperature  at  which  they  are  burned.      For  example,  pink  bricks  are  the  result  of
high iron content; white or yellow bricks have a higher lime content.  Most bricks burn
to  various  shades  of  red.    In  the  United  Kingdom,  bricks  have  been  used  in
construction  for  centuries.    Until  recently,  many  houses  there  were  built  almost
entirely  from  red  bricks.    Although  they  are  now  built  using  a  mixture  of  concrete
blocks and other materials, many houses are lined with a layer of bricks for aesthetic
appeal.    Besides  their  use  for  building  structures,  bricks  bound  together  by  mortar
form pavements or pedestrian precincts and are also used for decorative purposes.

Mortar is a material used in masonry to fill the gaps between blocks in construction.
Mortar  is  a  mixture  of  sand,  a  binder  such  as  cement  or  lime,  and  water,  and  is
applied as a paste, which then sets hard.

The most widely used building material is concrete.  In its simplest form it is a mixture
of  cement  paste  and  aggregates.    The  paste,  composed  of  Portland  cement  and
water,  coats  the  surface  of  fine  and  coarse  aggregates.    Stone  chips,  gravel  or
crushed rock are called coarse aggregates; sand is a fine aggregate, and cement is a
binding  material.    After  mixing,  the  cement  hydrates  and  hardens  into  a  stone-like
material.    Concrete  has  a  high  compressive  strength,  but  a  rather  low  tensile
strength;  therefore,  it  is  strengthened  using  steel  rods  or  bars  and  is  then  called
reinforced  concrete.    The  strength  and  properties  of  concrete  depend  on  various
factors, such as the quality of the binding material and aggregates; the size, grading
and  proportioning  of  the  ingredients,  the  water-cement  ratio,  the  method  of  mixing
and  placing,  the  site’s  condition,  the  temperature,  and  the  method  of  curing,  i.e.
supplying  water  to  the  concrete  after  casting.    Concrete  is  extensively  used  in  the
construction  of  buildings,  skyscrapers,  bridges,  dams  and  other  water  structures,
road pavements and runways, and other structures.

Besides  the  above  materials,  metal,  glass  and  plastic  belong  among  materials  that
have  been  widely  used  in  the  construction  of  buildings.    Clear  windows  have  been
used since the invention of glass to cover small openings in a building.  Modern glass
“curtain walls” can be used to cover the entire facade of a building.

E. Decide if the sentences are true or false.  Correct the false ones.

1.  Brick is a natural stone cut into rectangular blocks.
2.  Bricks can also be sun-dried.
3.  Bricks are always red.
4.  Bricks are bound together by mortar.
5.  Mortar contains sand.
6.  Cement or lime makes mortar set hard.
7.  Sand is a binding material in concrete.
8.  Concrete has the property of high tensile strength.

F. Find the correct ending for the following sentences.

1. The invention of new substances has significantly influenced

a)  the use of new machinery
b)  the use of building materials
c)  the process of building houses

2. Brick is an artificial stone made by forming

a)  concrete
b)  mortar
c)  clay

3. The colour of finished bricks depends on

a)  the mineral content of the bricks
b)  the type of kiln they are burnt in
c)  the climate they are used in

4. Pink bricks contain higher amounts of

a)  lime
b)  iron
c)  lead

5. Bricks

a)  have been used in construction for centuries
b)  were used in construction in the last century
c)  have rarely been used

6. Bricks are bound together by

a)  cement
b)  concrete
c)  mortar

7. Bricks can be used for building

a)  airport runways
b)  water structures
c)  pavements

8. Mortar is a mixture of

a)  concrete, sand and binder
b)  sand, cement and water
c)  lime, water and gravel

9. Concrete is a mixture of

a)  cement, water and lime
b)  cement, water, sand and aggregates
c)  fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and water

10. Concrete has the property of

a)  high tensile strength
b)  high compressive strength
c)  both high tensile and compressive strength

Since  the  invention  of  Portland  cement  in  the  early  1800s,  concrete  has  remained
relatively unchanged.  Producers have always tinkered with the mix to find the right
proportions of concrete’s basic ingredients,  but the formula has  never varied much.
However, the manufacturing of Portland cement is responsible for about 5 percent of
human-caused  emissions  of  carbon  dioxide,  which  is  extremely  unfriendly
environmentally.    In  making  concrete    Portland  cement  and  water  form  a  paste  in
which  a  series  of  reactions  occur  that  harden  the  paste  and  lock  the  aggregates
within  it.    These  reactions  use  up  water  and  produce  heat.    Therefore,  curing  is
important. The strengthening process can continue for years, but most of it occurs in
the first few days and weeks.  Some researchers want to eliminate Portland cement
entirely  and  replace  it  with  other  cements  to  produce  zero-carbon  concrete.    The
cement  industry,  particularly  in  the  United  States  and  Europe,  has  reduced  carbon
dioxide emissions through the use of more efficient kilns and processes.  There are
companies  that  have  started  developing  cements  and  can  make  concrete  that
absorbs carbon dioxide.
Concrete is made and used just about everywhere, with China responsible for half of
the  world’s  production.    Concrete  can  be  modified  by  adding  other  materials  and
chemicals.    Some  chemicals  make  wet  concrete  flow  better  into  a  form’s  nooks
without separating; others prevent the cement particles from flocking together, so the
amount of water can be reduced, which means that less cement is needed as well.
Chemicals can be added to slow the reactions to provide more time to work with the
wet concrete, and other can speed the reactions up if the concrete needs to reach a
certain strength in a short time.  Engineers  are  also  paying  attention to the internal
structure of the concrete to improve its strength and reduce permeability.

G.  Answer the following questions or complete the tasks.

UNIT 5

Natural Building Materials

A. Guess if the sentences are true or false. Then read the text and find out if

you guessed correctly.

1. Modern eco-buildings harness energy using solar panels, wind turbines or

heat pumps.

2.  Collecting rainwater is exceptional.
3.  It is easier to build with bricks and concrete slabs.
4.  Rock structures do not demand hard work.
5.  Straw bale houses are highly combustible.
6.  Bamboo can be used for bridge constructions.
7.  Wood might shrink or expand over time.
8.  Earth structures are used by half of the world‘s population.

Construction  of  residential  and  office  buildings  comes  at  a  tremendous  expense  to
the planet.  The use of traditional wood, steel and concrete frames consumes a huge
amount  of  energy,  and  cement  production  results  in  water  and  air  pollution  and
industrial waste that is usually not recycled.  It is time to look at new possibilities that
would be in harmony with the environment.

Modern  eco-buildings  work  with  the  climate.  They  are  super  insulated  and  capture
solar energy, either passively using large glazed areas or actively with solar panels.
Sometimes  they  even  harness  wind  energy  or  have  ground  source  heat  pumps.
Collecting rainwater is also not exceptional.

One  way  of  constructing  environmentally-friendly  houses  is  using  natural  building
materials  that  are  renewable  and  locally  available  as  opposed  to  industrial or man-
made products.  Many of them are available throughout the world, so the costs and
pollution associated with transportation goes down.

Answer the following questions.

1. Why is the use of traditional wood, steel and concrete frames in construction a

problem?

2. What are the typical features of modern eco-buildings?
3. Give three reasons that make using natural building materials environmentally

friendly.

It  is much easier  to build with perfectly shaped bricks or  slabs  of  concrete, but  it is
possible  to  build  beautiful  houses  with  locally  available  stone.    The  stone  can  be
mortared with earthen plasters such as sand and clay or lime.  Stone walls have very
good thermal mass, which means that they absorb the outside temperature, hold it in
and  then  radiate  it  through  the  home.    Stone  structures  are  extremely  durable  but
very labour intensive.

Another  solution  is  using  straw  bales  for  building  houses.    They  can  act  as  actual
structural  building  blocks  or  the  fill  for  insulation  in  a  traditional  post-and-beam
structure, where the frame supports the house.  After the bales are stacked, the walls
are  plastered.    Despite  what  people  think,  the  thick  walls  provide  excellent  thermal
and  sound  insulation.    Moreover,  since  they  are  tightly  packed,  they  are  also  fire
resistant.

In Asia and South America houses are frequently made out of wood.  Bamboo is an
extremely  strong  wood  which  grows  very  fast;  it  is  also  extremely  flexible  and
durable.    Besides  being  used  for  construction  of  scaffolds  it  is  used  for  highway  or
bridge  construction  in  Asia.    In  Europe  and  the  United  States  it  is  popular  for
decorative  purposes,  e.g.,  bamboo  floors.    However,  bamboo  has  to  be  chemically
treated to make it waterproof and insect-resistant.

Cordwood  building  uses  wood  that  is  cut  into  short  lengths,  about  the  size  of
firewood, which might otherwise go to waste. The pieces of cordwood are placed into
mortar so that the length of the log determines the length of the wall. The ends of the
log  stick  out  of  the  mortar  on  both  sides.  The  mortars  that  are  commonly  used
include mixes of cement, lime, clay, sand or sawdust. Cordwood is a natural building
material  that  offers  both  good  insulation  and  good  thermal  mass.  The  logs  provide
insulation that keeps heat in the building, while the mortar provides the ability to store
and release heat into the building. The  wood might expand or shrink over time and
crack the mortar, but you can remedy this problem through caulking.

Over one-third of the world's population lives in earthen structures.  For many people,
wood  is  neither  affordable  nor  available,  so  builders  use  soil.    A  rammed  earth
house is built by packing down a mixture of soils into a temporary wall form that gives
the mixture its shape. The form is usually wooden, and it must be strong enough to
withstand the compression of the ramming. Ramming can either be done by hand or
by machine, and once it's completed, the forms can be removed, leaving an earthen
wall about 46 cm to 61 cm thick.

Walls  can  be  plastered  with  stucco  or  left  bare;  bare  walls  usually  are  internally
stabilized  with  a  small  percentage  of  cement.  When  properly  constructed,  rammed
earth  walls  are  extremely  durable  and  provide  energy  savings  because  of  their
thermal mass.

A building material that is a combination of earth and straw is cob.  Cob is a material
used  in  the  form  of  lumps  and  provides  the  opportunity  for  structural  creativity.    It
enables curvy shapes and sculptural forms and requires  a minimal amount of tools
or  construction  experience.  When  the  cob  dries,  it's  like  concrete,  thanks  to  the
reinforcement of the straw; however, the cob must dry before placing the next layer
of  cob  lumps.  Cob  walls  cannot  be  built  very  high,  but  when  completed,  cob  walls,
like  all  earthen  methods,  provide  thermal  mass  which  cools  homes  in  the  summer
and warms them in the winter.

One of the oldest forms of building with earth is adobe. It is made by pouring a mix of
clay, sand, water and sometimes straw into a form, most commonly a brick mold. The
forms are left to dry in the sun, and then the forms are removed. This curing process
can take some time, and it requires a continuously dry climate so that the bricks can

solidify  without  getting  wet.  As  the  bricks  dry,  they  shrink,  so  they  should  be
inspected  for  cracking.  Adjusting  the  ratio  of  clay  and  straw  can  help  prevent
cracking.    Adobe  bricks  are  stacked  just  like  conventional  masonry  and  typically
connected with a mud mortar. However, adobe walls are vulnerable to moisture and
usually  need  large  roof  overhangs  and  elevated  foundations  in  wet  climates.  In
addition,  adobe  buildings  are  not  a  good  idea  in  earthquakeprone  areas,  although
concrete can be added to the bricks to stabilize them.

The  above  list  of  natural  building  materials  and  the  ways  they  can  be  used  in  the
building industry shows that it is possible to use renewable and recyclable materials
and harm this planet less.

Choose the correct option.

1. Rock structures are

a) durable and easy to build

b) durable but very labour intensive
c) unstable and hard to build

2. Straw bales are

a)  fire-resistant
b)  highly combustible
c)  poor thermal insulators

3. Bamboo

a)  grows fast
b)  grows slowly
c)  is naturally waterproof

4. Cordwood is used

a)  as firewood
b)  with mortar as a building material
c)  as a wooden frame

5. Ramming can be done

a)  only by hand
b)  only by machine
c)  by hand or by machine

6. Cob is a mixture of

a)  cement and stone
b)  earth and straw
c)  earth and wood

7. Adobe bricks are

a)  transported to kilns to dry
b)  cured by pouring water on them
c)  left to dry in the sun

D. Fill in the following table.

Material

Method of utilization

Properties

Positive

Negative

rocks

straw bales

bamboo

cordwood

rammed earth

cob

adobe

E. Match the opposites.

1. fire-resistant

a) rigid

2. tightly

b) expand

3. flexible

c) permeable

4. waterproof

d) unfinished

5. shrink

e) combustible

6. completed

f) covered

7. bare

g) loosely

Modifiers

Adjectives modify or describe nouns or pronouns, giving more information about
them. They are used to describe colour, material, shape, size, amount, price, quality,
origin, temperature, age, direction, etc. In most technical texts their use is

mandatory, giving the noun its real meaning, e.g., solar panel, thermal insulation.
We sometimes use compound adjectives.
A compound adjective is formed when two or more adjectives work together to
modify the same noun. These terms should be hyphenated to avoid confusion or
ambiguity, e.g., long-term, air-conditioned, etc.
In technical writing nouns are often used to modify other nouns and are called
attributive nouns.  The modifier often indicates origin or purpose.  A fixed expression,
which is made up of more than one word and functions as a noun, is a compound
noun, e.g., a credit card, light bulb, etc.
Modifiers are often hyphenated, but when the meaning is obvious, use of the hyphen
is unnecessary.

F.  Find at least 5 examples of adjective-noun expressions and noun + noun

expressions in the text.

G. Fill in each of the blanks to form as many compound adjectives as possible.

__________________ - proof
__________________ - resistant
__________________ - made
__________________ - free
__________________ - intensive

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