13 – 11.01.12

Independent genitive

The genitive that appears without the head noun

1. whenever the head was mentioned earlier in the discourse

My car is faster than Tom's

2. Locative genitives – independent genitives with omitted location. Head noun (location) is omitted because of the context

I spent the weekend at my aunts

my aunt – independent genitive

I've got to go to the grocer's to buy some butter

They were married at St. Peter's.

Omitted location is church. It's obvious what was the place.

If personal pronoun functions as the subject we have to use the nominative case

The accusative form of personal pronoun is used:

• when there are two objects (direct & indirect)

• The complement of preposition

  • We don't speak to her

We have a choice in case of:

• Accusative is considered to be informal or neutral

• Nominative – in formal context, texts

1. predicative complement

It is I who love you // It is me who loves you

^Nominative case ^Acc

5 książek leżało na stole

subject verb concord is only possible if the subject is in the nominative case

If the verb cannot form the concord with the subject the verb will be in 3rd person singular

2. complements of comparative 'than', 'as'

She is older than he // She is older than him

She is older than he is ← if we add is what fallows NP is the clause → he functions as the subject, we have to use the nominative form

The choice is only possible if the auxiliary verb is not present

He loves his dog then she / her? ← if we used her it would be different meaning.

She isn't as intelligent as he / him.

The nominative pronoun in such constructions cannot be used:

1. If the pronoun does not correspond to the subject of a sentence

It affected the others more than me / *I

2. If the pronoun is fallowed by all or both

She is older than us / *we all / both

3. Verbless clauses – which does not contain a verb – result of omitting the verb in the clause structure – ellipsis. The verb that is omitted is generally the verb to be

He was morose, she / her full of life

What, he / him a republican!? (full clause 'what, he is a republican!?)

Specific kinds of verbless clauses:

1. Ellipsis of whole predication

• Gary took the call not me / I ← few ppl accept 'I'

• A: Who ordered a taxi?

B: I /me. ← less ppl than^ accept 'I'

• A: I am going home
  B: Me / *I too ← totally unacceptable

4. exclusive 'but'

when but = except

Nobody but she / her can do it.

It's not always possible to use 'she' after 'but'

I trust nobody but *she / her

'nobody but her' is the object

'nobody but she' functions as the subject not object

The whole phrase has to function as a subject not the object

Nobody can do it but *she / her

^discontinuous modification – structure is divided into 2 parts which appear in 2 different positions in the sentence

but her – modifies nobody

but her & nobody are not in the same position in the sentence

nobody – Subject

The nominative pronoun is not possible with exclusive but if but doesn't immediately follow the noun to which it refers

PAINFUL COORDINATIONS

[Mary and I] are getting married next month.

They didn't even ask [Mary and me.]

1. []coordinated pronoun functions as the subject

2. [] functions as part of the object – that's why it's in the acc case
   
   But in many dialects coordinated pronoun

Me and Larry are going to the movies – acceptable by some speakers

^me – is part of the subject

It would be an opportunity for you and I to spend some time together

I functions as preposition complement.

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\ex 36.

4 – Mr Nowak's television

Pruse's and Orzeszkowa's – they didn't write together

My sister anna's base

Zigmunt III Waza's times

The king of Poland't castle

The one and a half day's trip

The teacher of Polish's audio-visual aids

Sb else's books

1700meters' mountain

4. The lunishemt that John received

The interest that he takes

The conclusion he's father came to

Test:

Explain the use of articles in examples

used cataphoricly etc

Form genitives/ double genitives if possible

mary's and Tom's children/ mary and Tom's children