!"#$%&#$%'
()*
+
•JD]\UDILQHU\MQH
•JD]\]SU]HUyENLZ JOD
•JD]\QLVNRNDORU\F]QHQDSU]\NáDGJD]ZLHONRSLHFRZ\
6WRVRZDQHV GZDVSRVRE\]DVLODQLDWXUELQJD]RZ\FKSDOLZHPFLHNá\P
•V\VWHPUR]S\ODQLDSDOLZD
•V\VWHPRGSDURZDQLDSDOLZD
6\VWHP ] RGSDURZDQLHP SDOLZD FLHNáHJR GRVWDUF]DM F SDOLZR Z VWDQLH JD]RZ\P
GR NRPRU\ VSDODQLD XáDWZLD Z\WZRU]HQLH SR GDQHM PLHV]DQNL XERJLHM =H Z]JO GX
MHGQDNQDQLH]DZRGQR üG]LDáDQLDWXUELQ\EDUG]LHMUR]SRZV]HFKQLRQHV V\VWHP\UR]
S\ODQLDSDOLZDFLHNáHJR3DURZQLNLSDOLZDWRLQWHQV\ZQLHRJU]HZDQHSU]HZRG\SU]H
Sá\ZDM FHSU]H]QLHSDOLZRQDIWDOXEROHMXOHJDNUDNLQJRZLLQDMHJR FLDQNDFKWZR
U] VL RVDG\NWyUDPRJ MH]DWNDü>@
5R]ZyM HQHUJHW\F]Q\FK WXUELQ JD]RZ\FK ZL
H VL ] NRPELQRZDQ\PL EORNDPL
JD]RZRSDURZ\PL Z NWyU\FK Z SU]\V]áR FL SUDZGRSRGREQLH ]DVWRVRZDQLH ]QDM
G]LH Z JLHO 1DMZD QLHMV]H WHFKQRORJLH Z\NRU]\VWDQLD Z JOD Z WXUELQDFK JD]R
Z\FK WR ]JD]RZDQLH Z JOD RUD] MHJR VSDODQLH Z FL QLHQLRZ\FK NRWáDFK IOXLGDO
Q\FK>@
=JD]RZDQLHSDOLZVWDá\FK
=JD]RZDQLHSDOLZVWDá\FKMHVWSU]HPLDQ VXEVWDQFMLSDOQHMZSDOLZRJD]RZHNWyUD
]DFKRG]LZZ\QLNXRGG]LDá\ZDQLDQDSDOLZRF]\QQLNLHP]JD]RZXM F\PZZ\VRNLHM
WHPSHUDWXU]HSRGDWPRVIHU\F]Q\POXE]ZL NV]RQ\PFL QLHQLHP-DNRF]\QQLND]JD
]RZXM FHJRPR QDX \üSDU ZRGQ GZXWOHQHNZ JODSRZLHWU]HWOHQLZRGyU3UR
FHV JD]RZDQLD PR QD VWRVRZDü GR Z JOD NDPLHQQHJR L EUXQDWQHJR WRUIX ELRPDV\
áXSHNELWXPLF]Q\FKLUy QHJRW\SXRGpadów.
6NáDG JD]X NWyU\ QDMEDUG]LHM ]DOH \ RG URG]DMX SDOLZD VWDáHJR F]\QQLND ]JD]R
ZXM FHJR RUD] RG SDUDPHWUyZ SURFHVX PR H E\ü NV]WDáWRZDQ\ Z ]DOH QR FL RG SR
WU]HE*áyZQ\PSU]H]QDF]HQLHPRWU]\P\ZDQHJRJD]XMHVW]DVW SLHQLHJD]X]LHPQH
JR]DVWRVRZDQLH JRMDNR JD] V\QWH]RZ\ZSU]HP\ OH FKHPLF]Q\PRUD]MDNRSDOLZR
ZXNáDGDFKJD]RZRparowych do celów energetycznych.
:]JD]RZDQLXZL NV]R FLSDOLZVWDá\FKPR QDZ\Uy QLüGZDVWDGLDRGJD]RZDQLH
SDOLZD VWDáHJR D QDVW SQLH ]JD]RZDQLH SR]RVWDáR FL NRNVRZHM NDUERQL]DWX 2GJD
]RZDQLH MHVW UR]NáDGHP WHUPLF]Q\P SLUROL] SDOLZD Z DWPRVIHU]H EH]WOHQRZHM
Z F]DVLH NWyUHJR Z\G]LHODM VL F] FL ORWQH 5R]Uy QLD VL SLUROL] QLVNRWHPSHUDWX
URZ –]ZDQ Z\WOHZDQLHP÷°&LZ\VRNRWHPSHUDWXURZ –]ZDQ NRNVRZD
QLHP÷°&=Z\WOHZDQLDX]\VNXMHVL JD]Z\WOHZQ\OXE ZLHWOQ\D]NRN
VRZDQLD RWU]\PXMH VL JD] NRNVRZQLF]\ UR]G] .DUERQL]DW XOHJD ]JD]RZDQLX
Z Z\QLNX KHWHURJHQLF]QHJR UHDJRZDQLD ] F]\QQLNLHP ]JD]RZXM F\P : Z\VRNLHM
WHPSHUDWXU]H]JD]RZDQLH]DF]\QDVL ]DQLPVNR F]\VL RGJD]RZDQLH
!"
#$
%&'(
!"#)&*(
!+,$%
-&'
.'/01()&'
*
2+*&!+&'(
3/01(%
!0/+13&*(
/,*4&5.'/01
=JD]RZDQLHZ JOD
=JD]RZDQLHZ JODMHVW]áR RQ\PSURFHVHP]DOH Q\PRGURG]DMXX \WHJRF]\QQL
ND]JD]RZXM FHJRRGWHPSHUDWXU\LFL QLHQLDRUD]]DVWRVRZDQHMWHFKQRORJLL:WDEHOL
]HEUDQRZD QLHMV]HUHDNFMHFKHPLF]QH]JD]RZDQLDZ JODG]LHO FMHQDSLHUZRWQH
LZWyUQHRUD]X]XSHáQLDM FUHDNFMDPLVSDODQLD
6
789*:0;
7
<
=
>
?@:478A*B
C8:@DEF%7+D4GEHI78J#K
7LH
F%;
7MN
>
OPQ
R
S
=
?@:478A*B
C5:
∆
TUVEA3W!X
YZG%;
[
=
?@:478A*B
C8:\S#K
:5]^HMGE_
J#:
>E=
`'=
O
=
a'=
b*=
c
_
]dD0e%YZePHI78J#K
:@F37+D0fUHUGPgEJ*:0F3G*h%ijklTmn
c
o
i
c
klTmn
?@:478A*B
C+7LpqGPgEf*78]rg37%hPijksi
c
n
→
`
i
c
itD
B+K
GEHU:\fP_
;
:8J#K
78J#K
:%h%iuk
`
T
n
c
→
i
c
n
k
`
T
n
?@:478A*B
C+7LvPe#gE]rGPDEF37+DEGEHU78J#K
7%hPiuk
`
T
n
→
itTmw
x
K
:8S*:8y
J#:mz^S*70;
78J3K
:%h%iuk
>
X
`#c
n
→
i
c
>3>
{PV
|
>0}3~
V
~
{
b
V
<
–
<
{PV
>
–
>+`P`
V
>
p
=
Reakcje wtórne
}*=
{
=
<
=
MGEJ%HU:8]5z
C87\_
;
:8J%A3fMH
F%;
7LS'75]!7LHUGPgEJ
hPi
c
klT
n
c
→
i
c
n
klT
n
:8_
78J#K
DE70B
C57%h%i
c
kOPT
n
→
itTmwklT
n
c
i
c
n
k
a
T
n
→
itTmwk
`
T
n
c
–
a#~
V
<
–
`#~Pb
V
~
–
>0}
O3V
~
i
=
?@:478A*B
C5:qz^S*70;
78J#K
7
|
=
>+~*=
>%>E=
S'70;
78J#K
:\A#GEA*z^fhPiuk
c
n
→
i
c
n
S'70;
78J#K
:\_
;
:8J%A%fUH
FP;
7%h%i
c
k
>
X
`3c
n
→
i
c
n
S'70;
78J#K
:\HMG%g%GE]dfh4T
n
k
>
X
`#c
n
→
T
n
c
–
O3|P{3V
{
–
`
<
`
V
>
–
`3a%~
V
>
:\PLHQLRQH UHDNFMH V VXPDU\F]QH WR ]QDF]\ H VNáDGD VL QD QLH ZLHOH UHDNFML
HOHPHQWDUQ\FK 5HDNFMH KHWHURJHQLF]QH SRQDGWR ÄNU\M ´ ]áR RQH SURFHV\ VRUSFML
LGHVRUSFMLJD]yZ%LRU FSRGXZDJ HIHNWFLHSOQ\UHDNFMLUHDNFMHZWDEHOLG]LHOL
VL HQGRWHUPLF]QHLLHJ]RWHUPLF]QH−:]DOH QR FLRGVSRVREXSRNU\
ZDQLDSRWU]HEUHDNFMLHQGRWHUPLF]Q\FKZ\Uy QLDGZDW\S\SURFHVyZ]JD]RZDQLD
•autotermiczny, w którym reakcje egzotermiczne „pokrywDM SRWU]HE\´ UHDNFML
HQGRWHUPLF]Q\FK
•DORWHUPLF]Q\ZNWyU\PHQHUJLDGRVWDUF]RQD]]HZQ WU]ÄSRNU\ZDSRWU]HE\´UH
DNFMLHQGRWHUPLF]Q\FK
3RGF]DV DXWRWHUPLF]QHJR ]JD]RZDQLD Z JOD WOHQHP ] SDU ZRGQ HQHUJLD SR
WU]HEQD QD VXV]HQLH RGJD]RZDQLH Z JOD L ]JD]RZDQLH NDUERQL]DWX MHVW X]\VNLZDQD
SU]H]F] FLRZHVSDODQLHZ JODUHDNFMHL
:]DOH QR FLRGV]\ENR FLSU]HPLHV]F]DQLDVL Z JODZUHDNWRU]HMHJRJUDQXODFML
LSDUDPHWUyZSURFHVX]JD]RZDQLDZ\Uy QLDVL WU]\SRGVWDZRZHPHWRG\]JD]RZDQLD
!"#$%&#$%'
()*
+
>@U\V2FHQLDVL HRNRáRZ JODMHVW]JD]RZ\ZDQHZSURFHVLH/XUJL
ZUHDNWRUDFK SU]HSá\ZRZ\FK .RSSHUVD–7RW]ND L W\ONR RNRáR Z UHDNWRUDFK
IOXLGDOQ\FK:LQNOHUD>@
&]DVSU]HE\ZDQLDWHPSHUDWXUDLFL QLHQLH
D]áR HVWDáH
PLQ
–00 °C
–03D
E]áR HIOXLGDOQH
–PLQ
–950 °C
03D
F]JD]RZDQLH
VWUXPLHQLRZH
–V
–1600 °C
03D
,-./
0
+
0
1
2
0%3
45$6-7894:"9;6<6/5-=$%>9(?$%"%@=(AB.'
(,@
>CD
(CE#(
FGH
I#4:>C'
J%K
FGL
'
BCMND
<A4:(OJC;
F
PQ"%8C8N<A4R/R(
–
3
"%S
$6MN(
: SURFHVLH /XUJL Z JLHO ÷ PP MHVW ]V\S\ZDQ\ SU]H] OX] GR UHDNWRUD
]JóU\QDWRPLDVWZSU]HFLZSU G]LHRGGRáXSRGDZDQ\MHVWWOHQ]SDU ZRGQ U\V
D 1DG UXFKRP\P UXV]WHP V NROHMQR VWUHI\ X OD QDG QL VSDODQLD Z\ HM
UHGXNF\MQD D QDVW SQLH RGJD]RZDQLD Z JOD D QD JyU]H SRGJU]HZDQLD L VXV]HQLD
U\VE
&]\QQLN JD]RZ\ SU]HSá\ZDM F SU]H] ]áR H UHDJXMH ] Z JOHP L RSXV]F]D UHDNWRU
MDNRJD]VXURZ\WDE&LHSáRQDSRWU]HE\SU]HPLDQ\SRGJU]DQLHLVXV]HQLHZVD
GX RUD] UHDNFMH ] SDU ZRGQ SRFKRG]L ] F] FLRZHJR VSDODQLD 3U]HELHJ SURFHVX
]LOXVWURZDQRQDU\VXQNXE>@
!"#$%&
$'()*
+,-.(/*
+0123
456
7)89:;<56
=
>9=5+0()*
$?89:;3
+980:?(/*
8@=A(B7)89:
D
C
D
7HPSHUDWXUD
: JLHO
↓
.
3RGJU]HZDQLHLVXV]HQLH
.
2GJD]RZDQLH
.
3RGJU]HZDQLHNRNVX
÷.
wtórnej
6WUHIDUHGXNFML
SLHUZRWQHM
.
6WUHIDVSDODQLD
.
6WUHID X OD
6WUHIDFKáRG]HQLDSRSLRáX
[[[[[[[[[UXV]W[[[[[[[[[
.
↓↓↓
↑↑↑3DUDWOHQ
3RSLHOQLN
EFG%H
I
J
I
K?L/I?M
NOP%QORSTOU@V'T
D
W!Q9TOX'U
YAW!T
Z
[2W!\']
^5C
D
_'W@Y?N9Q9H!`2abc5\'T0cAY5a;TOd%]
T#a
\'e
T#afc0g
Y
[hHiU
TOg
G2R
5HDNWRU:LQNOHUDWR]áR HIOXLGDOQHGRNWyUHJRMHVWSRGDZDQ\Z JLHORJUDQXOD
FMLPPDRGVSRGXV SRGDZDQHWOHQLSDUDZRGQD)L]\F]QHLFKHPLF]QHSURFHV\
]JD]RZDQLDZ JODZ]áR XIOXLGDOQ\PV SRGREQHGRSURFHVyZVSDODQLDZNRWOHIOX
LGDOQ\P7HPSHUDWXU Z]áR X÷&X]\VNXMHVL G]L NLF] FLRZHPXVSDODQLX
Z JOD 5H]XOWDWHP ]JD]RZDQLD MHVW JD] VXURZ\ ]DZLHUDM F\ JáyZQLH WOHQHN Z JOD
i wodór (tab. 8.2).
3U]HSá\ZRZ\UHDNWRU.RSSHUVD±7RW]ND]DSHZQLDFL JáH]JD]RZDQLHS\áXZ
JORZHJR R X]LDUQLHQLX 5
jBk
PLHV]DQLQ WOHQX LSDU\ ZRGQHM 3\á Z JORZ\ MHVW
GRSURZDG]RQ\ Z VWUXPLHQLX WOHQX GZRPD SDOQLNDPL GR NRPRU\ UHDNF\MQHM JG]LH
VW\NDVL ]SDU ZRGQ SRGDQ RGU EQ\PLG\V]DPL>@'X Z\GDMQR ü]JD]R
ZDQLDS\áXZ JORZHJRZSU]HSá\ZLH]DSHZQLDZ\VRNDWHPSHUDWXUDZUHDNWRU]HVL
JDM FD & 3RUyZQDQLH ZDUXQNyZ ]JD]RZDQLD RUD] ZD QLHMV]\FK SDUDPHWUyZ
JD]X RWU]\PDQHJR WU]HPD Z\PLHQLRQ\PL PHWRGDPL ]JD]RZDQLD SU]HGVWDZLRQR
ZWDEHOL
!"#$%&#$%'
()*+,
-.(/01234
(5,67
8
9:"3;<=#>5?1()?@'
2A>B(/;CD#?EF@=#>G$%HE(I$%"%>B()?E'
(J>
H#4
(K'E?6'
2)F6L
=M; !"#$%&'N(/;<($(O2)L
;P=#>Q"%L
;C$)!*(+!E>B()?623H6"RHE(I$3D
dla trzech procesów zgazowania
91;<"*#32,-.$%H6()$%"M>B()?@'
(
.S()?@2
/
DE;PHE'
0T'
?EF@4
2);<(
1S"2'3'@2);4-<(
–
-."%L
$3F@(
J"E&M$%(
5.>
H#4
(
F1(6(B'
2)?#?*!R'%0E;UD%?@(/L
?*!
HM*
=%>5?6'
2V0E;UD%?@(/L
?*!
&#"%>W"#4
?*!
7
;P(/?#D64
()#
5/()89(+(
:
÷
:*;
<
÷
,
=
;
8
>?@
'*!%*
A
BX2I&#'
D*(Y$MHE()$M"3>WD45
#I2
L
4
2/?S$C'1(/;
>S"#&M?
L
4
2/?S$C'1(/;
>S"#&M?
L
4
2/?S$C'1(/;
>S"#&M?
D
'
?6'
2)?E'
2A$MHE()$M"M>R(/?6'
()8,BZ9[(
838
E
÷
<
(/L
(O"*-4F
2/;
!3#)$I?62
(/L
(O"*-6F
2/;G!3#)$I?E2
-:2$(H'62);P(/L
D#;P(JHE(/$ID+-UD#;C"M>S2IHE"*8
°
D
&#"
:I;*;
,
;I;
÷
J
E
;
>$K
;*;
÷
>
:*;I;
L
FE*
(I&WHE()$ID382MNO6"#4
7
P
\
DQR
DQR
\
D
PK]
<*:
÷
K
;
>3,
÷
8*E
83S
÷
<
8
J
÷
>
;
<
E
÷
K
:
<I;
÷
E
;
>
<
÷
83E
>
÷
<
8T>
÷
<
8
E*E
÷
:
E
S
÷
>)8
;
8
>
U^&#"#4
?@"
V?'#;C$M2<;C"M0@"M>R(AHE()$M"#H#2)?62)W
;P(/L
"3;P()8,BXH,X
%
<*;
&#"
<I;
<*;
÷
<
E
0T(/;
L
"
VJ",'1(/*
"M>R(JHE()$ID"8,BYZ[X
(+\
>*>$8
8
÷
>I>98
S
J
8
8
÷
>
<
>
;
8
:
÷
>*>98
,
0]!E&E(
5P?@"
VA$MHE()$M"M>S(/?6'
()82M
&#"
J*J
&#"
J
;
J
;
–
J
:
=JD]RZDQLHELRPDV\
=JD]RZDQLH ELRPDV\ MHVW XZD DQH ]D RELHFXM F\ VSRVyE MHM NRQZHUVML Z SDOLZR
JD]RZH PRJ FH ]QDOH ü ]DVWRVRZDQLH Z WXUELQDFK JD]RZ\FK WáRNRZ\FK VLOQLNDFK
VSDOLQRZ\FKLRJQLZDFKSDOLZRZ\FK>@:DUWR]D]QDF]\ü HRGJD]RZDQLHGUHZQD
MHVWSURFHVHPVWRVRZDQ\P RGZLHNyZGRX]\VNLZDQLDZ JODGU]HZQHJR3URGXNWHP
XERF]Q\P WHJR SURFHVX MHVW JD] GU]HZQ\ RUD] VPRáD L VSLU\WXV GU]HZQ\ JáyZQ\
VNáDGQLNPHWDQRO
&]\QQLNLHP VSU]\MDM F\P Z ]JD]RZDQLX ELRPDV\ W\SX GUHZQR L VáRPD MHVW GX D
]DZDUWR ü Z QLFK F] FL ORWQ\FK RUD] áDWZR ü UR]NáDGX WHUPLF]QHJR SRZRGXM FD H
HIHNW\ZQR ü RGJD]RZDQLD WHJR W\SX ELRPDV\ VL JD >@ : HWDSLH ]JD]RZDQLD
SR]RVWDáR FL NRNVRZHM SR RGJD]RZDQLX ELRPDV\ F]\QQLNLHP VSU]\MDM F\P MHVW MHJR
Z JODGU]HZQHJRGX DUHDNW\ZQR ü
=DVDGQLF]\PSUREOHPHPZ]DVWRVRZDQLXSURFHVX]JD]RZDQLDELRPDV\GRZ\WZD
U]DQLD SDOLZ JD]RZ\FK GRFHOyZ HQHUJHW\F]Q\FK MHVW ]áD MDNR ü X]\VNLZDQHJR JD]X
-HJR ]DVDGQLF] ZDG MHVW GX \ XG]LDá VNáDGQLNyZ VPROLVW\FK FL NLFK Z JORZRGR
UyZ NWyUH XQLHPR OLZLDM MHJR EH]SR UHGQLH ]DVWRVRZDQLH GR WXUELQ JD]RZ\FK
!"#$%&
$'()*
+,-.(/*
+0123
456
7)89:;<56
=
>9=5+0()*
$?89:;3
+980:?(/*
8@=A(B7)89:
RJQLZ SDOLZRZ\FK D QDZHW GR ZVSyáF]HVQ\FK WáRNRZ\FK VLOQLNyZ VSDOLQRZ\FK
=WHJRSRZRGXSRV]XNXMHVL ]MHGQHMVWURQ\WDNLFKPHWRG]JD]RZDQLDELRPDV\ HE\
SURGXNWJD]RZ\E\áMDNQDMPQLHMREFL RQ\VPRá D]GUXJLHMVWURQ\V]XNDVL PHWRG
XVXZDQLD]JD]X]DQLHF]\V]F]H VPROLVW\FK
=]DVDG\F]\QQLNLHP]JD]RZXM F\PELRPDV MHVWSRZLHWU]HSRQLHZD VWRVRZDQLH
PLHV]DQLQ\ WOHQX L SDU\ ZRGQHM E\áR E\ QLHX]DVDGQLRQH HNRQRPLF]QLH 3RQDGWR ELR
PDVD ]Z\NOH MHVW ]QDF]QLH ]DZLOJRFRQD GODWHJR ZSURZDG]DQLH GRGDWNRZR ZRG\ GR
XNáDGXQLHMHVWNRQLHF]QH=SRZRGXX \FLDSRZLHWU]DMDNRF]\QQLND]JD]RZXM FHJR
RUD]VWRVXQNRZRQLHZLHONLHMZDUWR FLRSDáRZHMELRPDV\LMHM]DZLOJRFHQLDX]\VNLZD
Q\]H]JD]RZDQLDELRPDV\JD]PDPDá ZDUWR üRSDáRZ ÷0-P
C
:\Uy QLD VL GZLH SRGVWDZRZH JUXS\ UHDNWRUyZ VWRVRZDQ\FK GR ]JD]RZDQLD
ELRPDV\]H]áR HPVWDá\PL]H]áR HPIOXLGDOQ\P
:\EyUURG]DMXUHDNWRUD]JD]RZXM FHJR]DOH \RGZLHOXF]\QQLNyZZ\GDMQR üUHDN
WRUDURG]DMELRPDV\MHMUR]GUREQLHQLHLNRV]WLQVWDODFML=UHJXá\JD]RJHQHUDWRU\PDáHM
Z\GDMQR FLV UHDNWRUDPL]H]áR HPVWDá\PQDWRPLDVWVWRVRZDQHZVSDODUQLDFKRGSDGyZ
LZHQHUJHW\FHJD]\ILNDWRU\RZL NV]HMZ\GDMQR FLV UHDNWRUDPL]H]áR HPIOXLGDOQ\P
*HQHUDWRU\]H]áR HPVWDá\PPRJ E\üW\SXZVSyáLSU]HFLZSU GRZHJR:UHDN
WRUDFK SU]HFLZSU GRZ\FK UXFK ELRPDV\ L F]\QQLND ]JD]RZXM FHJR RGE\ZD VL
Z SU]HFLZQ\FK NLHUXQNDFK =DOHW WHJR XNáDGX V PDáH Z\PDJDQLD GRW\F] FH UR]
GUREQLHQLD ELRPDV\ QDWRPLDVW LVWRWQ ZDG MHVW GX D ]DZDUWR ü VPRá\ Z JD]LH
:UHDNWRUDFKZVSyáSU GRZ\FKNLHUXQHNSU]HSá\ZXELRPDV\LJD]XMHVW]JRGQ\,VWRW
Q ZDG XNáDGXZVSyáSU GRZHJRV GX HZ\PDJDQLDGRW\F] FHUR]GUREQLHQLDELRPD
V\QLVNDVSUDZQR üRUD]VNáRQQR üGRV]ODNRZDQLDU\V>@
D
utlenianie
suszenie
gaz
biomasa
powietrze
powietrze
piroliza
zgazowanie
E
suszenie
powietrze
gaz
biomasa
piroliza
zgazowanie
utlenianie
SRSLyá
D !"#0E'F?E
G$%5E
&
H0I5J'K'LMN%LMO!HMP
JAOQI5LRI9S
J
L'()#TP
HMS
!*(+,'H'-UV.#/0%W5S
0'O
X'J5V1!235Y4-40'OTI5L560Z
V70'O
X'J5V7!
!"#$%&#$%'
()*+,
)OXLGDOQHJHQHUDWRU\PRJ E\ü]H]áR
HP S FKHU]\NRZ\P L F\UNXOXM F\P
:D Q ]DOHW IOXLGDOQHM LQVWDODFML MHVW
PR OLZR ü]JD]RZDQLDELRPDV\RZLOJRW
QR FLQDZHWGR:\Uy QLDWRWHFKQR
ORJL
IOXLGDOQ RG LQQ\FK Z NWyU\FK
Z]URVW ZLOJRWQR FL ELRPDV\ SRZRGXMH
]ZL NV]HQLH VL XG]LDáX +
L &2
RUD]
VSDGHNXG]LDáX&2ZJD]LHU\V
!"#$-./,0.
1#12.
%
&'(34')5()6270(-$%"/7#4-804)9:()6
"%9;(<$%4<$-*
"
4')
*
=
>3'
&0(?=
8+",)
1DU\VXQNXSU]HGVWDZLRQRVFKHPDWUHNWRUDIOXLGDOQHJR]H]áR HPF\UNXOXM
F\PILUP\)RVWHU:KHHOHU>@*D]RJHQHUDWRUMHVWSU]H]QDF]RQ\GR]JD]RZDQLDRGSD
GyZ GU]HZQ\FK L WRUIX &]\QQLNLHP ]JD]RZXM F\P MHVW SRZLHWU]H NWyUH G]L NL F]
FLRZHPX SU]HMPRZDQLX FLHSáD RG Z\WZDU]DQHJR JD]X Z SU]HZRG]LH ]D F\NORQHP
XPR OLZLD]JD]RZDQLHELRPDV\RGX \PVWRSQLX]DZLOJRFHQLDGR
!"#$-.#,0.
1
-
.
%
&'(34')@()6+70(-$A"/7/4)834)9;()6
"%9B(
$.&'"#9CD/>3=
>/0
&'",)E$-*
"
41)2*F=
>0'
&0(?=
8,"+)
3#454
6
7#454
°C
89:;<=>?@ABAC
8DE
F
>
F
C
>.<GH
IAEJKLBAC
M!NO>
6
N#E9P+>?QGR!8!K!B!R
650 °C
8!RSNGP+>?B
F
>?@OEGTUEVBAC
W
F
E9PXC
TUE
QSWYEVNZ[!>?Q
F
>
F
C
\.<
T2W]BO[GRSP'EJ[G>?Q
F
>JT^C
WX[AQGKXE
T_>`@=E
89:G<X>?@GK
8GE
F
>?@DI?Q]K!WYES8!K
F
>ATaC
WZ[SQGKZE
b
cd
e
Ó
f
ELRPDVD
X HO
SRSLyá
JD]
!"#$%&
$'()*
+,-.(/*
+0123
456
7)89:;<56
=
>9=5+0()*
$?89:;3
+980:?(/*
8@=A(B7)89:
/LWHUDWXUD
!"#$%CD%E
FGHIJ
&GK'(CL%FGMNO9E
L
)*+
*
(?+53
*
8,-$.
/P80.1234'<5-93
*
.2(6.
/Q85.2$/&)$'('>R85.215+S"#$'603
*
8A&
+7-;*
(T$C"U6G+7-8-9<569*
=A+9>9/?&
<%*
>)*
=A+9>:42+0>
85.2(/3
*
(/<1.%<0-A&
7;-A<
"?"C&
*
+0>V-W*
3
:X80.'$/&
)UH<=
>
Y?O9E
>
Y*?;Z'D@A[M
J
Y5\B),F9]/LCD!D'\'^/O9J$E_FG\?`F)GHaF,?QJ
AIJFK%FGb@Fcd_D2Z/E
J
AIK%J
\%`
>
Y5bIJ%YAbBOGM
J
Y5\@),LQFGH;MIYAb[^N!
O
e'e?L
f1#GP
&
<%*
>/*
=5+0>$QC+0>1-5R9ST.12U4?<5-93
*
.2(;$?(2>GV)"?"g&
*
80$/3
*
.'(
)?F9]%L*D9L
hiL*HaYAH;OBb!]W)1X$J1J/E
J
F9]
Y
&9J
FG\B&9F,d_D2Z/E
J
AIK%FGbZA")
[
Y5\%]'Y5\
!
O
e
\
L
\
#GP
<5('>?$F2W+9(/3
$/&
-G.
/]ST.2$%&^S_.W2342<*-03
*
.2(
)'F9]/L
[
L
`;L
Y
?QY?Y5M
)1(NE
A!F7a?J
FGb8)*X$?bA@M
FGb!]?O7?c!
OFO
\
L
d1#
e
b[K0f2HIOG(CL
DAL
)@g
+989:2(B.%&
.0hj*
$j"i.2>W-03
$2-G.'-_7)89:U-
7/(/3
+@=j.56Zh%$?(/*
8@=9(G7)89:
)5M[LAf
07/(/3
+!=k7
)*klLQl_)*kmOBbZA@K2OGHaOgf
mWmWm
L
n*#$HIOBb!]5f.l#L
)9oaYAb!]*f'E
FGH'A[^/JCknL
)
Y
M
YZpBOG\%Y5H'A[^/O
e
L
)@+
$%3
$/&
*
3
7)8@=A(?+I=7h/$9=5.2-C$?()*
+:4%*
.W2W$1-
7
)
e
YFAIJ%Y']?OGb
^/OTdSO9E
J
q
H;O7?PJ%JB(j\%FGb@`'J
)5\5bj!0)5f
mWm
d/L
r
#$oaY*JBf?]Ao
Y5H'A[^%J3D9L
)Ts
$'1'*W-
hj*
+5&t-
"U$/&
$Wup-q15.%3
v
$%80:r=p6G<*-k=23
+02w2i+980:'$?()*
8@=5(!7^2
)
e
YWAZJ%Y']?OBb
^)OsdSO9E
J
H;O7?QJ
JB(j\%FGb!`2J
)A\'b
\
)^!
OWO
n?L
x*#$oaY5H;O9E
FGHIJ
&0K'XQL
)Ty
7z4A6G$2(%+W=9$*h%$?>'()*
+0()*
$<-G$F2U.'80:F.2>B.'-)7)89:<-A*
&
(/*
154'-{-
"U$%&
*
(B.2-)7)89:
)@k|f?]?OGHi\?J
&GM
HIYTdSY'E
J
q
M
F5&7K'\%J
^/J%h,O9]'Y5?<A[^/J
F
p7)2h,O9]'Y*?tf
mWm
f)L
e5#
[
F5}
FGZ'b@FiXPL
HQL
)F~
$1-
g
<56,4%*
(?+UST.12U4'<*-93
*
.2(
)1HiF7?PJ
AIJFK?FGb!FCd)D'Z/E
J
AIK%J
\%`
>
Y5bIJ%YAbBOGM
J
Y5\@),LQFGH;MaY5b[^N!
O
e
\
L
O
#
[
D2\%]F1a?J
A[MPhiL
e
L
)i
.'-g+r67.0=A-W*
=5$2()*
$n-u3
+989:'(F.%&
.0hS*
*a15.?3
v
42-{/?&
<%*
>'$%&
(B7)80:X=A+v=5v
.
+02w8
7/6B12<'&
$%8
7I5(B7^2
)
?TOGM
FGb@J
OGo
f;
R^%Y5\@}
FGb!FG\B&
pGJ3
f2M
^/Y5HW\%J
^/x5Hw^%Y5M
o
x5H }
E
D%J
]'O9E
\WfB&7K@)$.J
]2K0f5Z?b!Y2]2K5J
F
f'HaJ
F5&G^/J
F5)ifFd
m
f
r
L
m
O
L
f
m1mF\
L
!
m
#.J
E
E
FBbXPL
)
15v
$?>!73h)$9=*.'-i.W
"U$'67.'-C+g('$y"#$%&
*
-G.j-A3
$Fv
+
)1klLQl9)1kVOBbZA!K5OBHIO]!
OFO
\
L
!W!"#<LQY5H;OG^NkzL
)B
.'-C+Q1'*
+060<5('12*j6".9=A-i.
'<<-
"U$%&
$'()*
${-
h_&
${-t8
7/6B15<?&
$%8
7I5(%+
R-#$'68-93
-W*
+/?&
<%*
>'$%&
(%+
)^?TOBM
FGb!J
OBo
f
^/Y5\@}
FGb!FG\B&7f8p!\%F$5E_E
D?J
]?O9E
\?F3AIJ)O0E
OG\%J
FWH
`'E
OWHtFG\/FGb!`2FGM
fB&9F0*)Wyo
Y5M
\%J
^/J
[
D'Z/O
Ak^/J
F5)Bd
–
n%L
!1!5L
!
OWO
eW)Fk|f?]?OGH'q
\%J
&GM
HaYadjY2E
J
M
F0&7K2\%J
^/J
>
K
A[M
YF&7K%YAH'Ak^/J
F
p,)
>
K
A@M
YW&7K%Y5H;O'!
OWO
e'L
!Gf1#
b[o
Y5H'Ak^/J?dyL
)1`iY5Z'bkK2O
A[^/JFkzL
)
Y
K9HIOBb"&i(CL
)7+
.?3
v
7#"#$267.2-g+
)1kLQl_)*kVOBb8A[K2OGHIO'!
O
x
O
L
!
\
#
Y
FGHIFGbIf2\%J
OG^XL
)G
67.'89+7-
7|<
7S3
15.2-C$?(/*
$s"U$/&
*
-
)$?TOGM
FGb!J
OGo
f}]*f%]?OG^?M
f@&0K9\%F5)adSY'E
J
M
F5&7K'\?J
^/Ok.b!YF&Go
OGH'Ak^)O0)
krb!YW&Bo
OGH!
O1O
m
L
!7d1#
Y
K2OBb@`5D'M^DAL
)Fg
+96"2$.'>!7/(?$F2;*
1A$
g
+980:'(/*
8@=A('$
)*k|f?]?OGHW\%J
&GM
HaYtLPOGD2^/Y5HIFgd^kLb)*kmOBb8A[K5OGH;O3!
OWO
!9L
!,n*#
Y
K0J/J
E
FGHIJ
&GKtXQL
),
41v
-
"#$?&
$'()*
+i*0=7h/$9=5.'-C$'(/*
+/"U$%&
*
-
)*kf?]/L*
E
A[^B*)1oiOGM
Y5HIJ
&9F]!
O
r
O
L
!
r
#g
+96"2U.'89:'+02;*
8@=A(?+_"U6
=A+53
-g426Z-93
-i.I-
hS&
$T*B4%*
.W2W$W-
7
)5b@F9]/L5XL
&9J
^/Y;JFHQL5NJ
F9E
J
A[^/J
)1
\@A[M
f2M
D'M
>
K?F,?PJ
&0K9\?F
p
d)bkK5FBb!x5Z'^/JaH
`2E
O5)j
\@A[M
f2M
D2M
e
YWAZJ%Y']?OGb
^/J
Y
D'b@Y5H'&AO7?QJ3.J
\?F0b!O0E
\1fW?TJIJ'(j\%FGb@`'J
Osd^XtLb)G#OGZ2b[K5F0q
Kraków
f
mFmW\
L
!,x*#clNJ
E
E
?TOB\'`QL
XQL
)@g
:?+,85.W2U4'<5-93
*
.'(3.
/j-,.%&
*
>^/'<2+5&
-C$'(?>a-C$1-93
+7-
)*X3&AO9]'F7?QJ
&gd/b!F0A8A")
Y
OG\'`aJ
F9`2Y:!
OWO
!5L
!9e5#clNY*?PF5&0K5FG^'DAL
)
!"U$/&
$?()*
+g-
h)&
$
)*kf%]/LAdSY'E
J
M
F0&7K'\%J
^/J
E
A[^/J
F
p7)
e
E
J
HIJ
&9F'!
OWO
f)L
!
O
#clNY*?PF5&0K5FG^'DAL
)5
h/$0=1.2-#$?()*
+g-
h_&
$
)*kf%]?OGHi\?J
&GM
HIYidjY2E
J
M
F0&7K2\%J
^/J
E
A[^/J
F
p,)
e
E
J
HIJ
&0F'!
OWO
!AL
f
m
#kVFG\%]5M'D5L
L
[
L
)iP
<2('>'$F2i+9(/3
$/&I80.2$%&I85.1234'<5-93
*
.2(2a+980:'$?()*
-72t-s$'('>~"C.%&
&
<'3
$'(/3B/W.26"2W$%3
*
.2(*
(b/'<56!(?$?89+,-
)
d)b@Y'`/L5(j\%FGb@`*f
>
Y*?;Z?DBA@MkL
Y
&9J
L
)1aY2E
L
r
)^!
O
e
m
L
f!"#
Wójcicki S.,
!"N$/&
$?(/*
+
)*kL;lT)*kVOBb8A[K2OGHIO'!
O
r
O
L
f'f1#
F9E
^%Y5H'A[^/JFD5L
),+
.':/&
+0A+06,4A60+0('(%<2(5hB*Q#6G+9(2(1-93
.
/
/0
:B7B-A*
1a<2(2>
g
:?+0.'60*
+
)@g
+A80:?(/*
1
)*
e
%
–
o,b!O0}
M
HIFBbk^@A[M
F0&7K'\%J
^
e
?;ZFH3)1(TA8ABFG\!
O
e
r
L