Węglowodany
Cukry
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Budowa
6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O
h
6O
2
+ C
6
H
12
O
6
celuloza, skrobia
O
H
H
H
OH
OH
H
CH
2
OH
H
OH
C
O
H
O
H
H
H
OH
OH
H
CH
2
OH
O
CH
2
OH
You created this PDF from an application that is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (
Budowa
C
H
OH
C
C
H
OH
C OH
H
CH
2
OH
H
OH
CHO
H
OH
H
OH
OH
H
CH
2
OH
H
OH
CHO
H
OH
H
OH
OH
H
CH
2
OH
H
OH
CHO
OH
OH
OH
CH
2
OH
OH
CHO
OH
OH
OH
CH
2
OH
OH
CHO
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C
H
OH
CH
2
OH
CHO
aldehyd D-(+)-glicerynowy
H
OH
CHO
H
OH
CH
2
OH
D-(-)-erytroza
O
H
H
CHO
H
OH
CH
2
OH
D-(-)-treoza
H
OH
CHO
H
OH
OH
H
CH
2
OH
D-(-)-ryboza
O
H
H
CHO
H
OH
OH
H
CH
2
OH
D-(-)-arabinoza
H
OH
CHO
O
H
H
H
OH
CH
2
OH
D-(+)-ksyloza
O
H
H
CHO
O
H
H
H
OH
CH
2
OH
D-(-)-liksoza
D-(+)-alloza D-(+)-altroza D-(+)-glukoza D-(+)-mannoza
D-(+)-guloza
D-(-)-idoza D-(+)-galaktoza
H
OH
H
OH
OH
H
CH
2
OH
H
OH
CHO
H
OH
H
OH
OH
H
CH
2
OH
O
H
H
CHO
O
H
H
H
OH
OH
H
CH
2
OH
H
OH
CHO
O
H
H
H
OH
OH
H
CH
2
OH
O
H
H
CHO
H
OH
OH
H
H
OH
CH
2
OH
H
OH
CHO
H
OH
OH
H
H
OH
CH
2
OH
O
H
H
CHO
O
H
H
OH
H
H
OH
CH
2
OH
H
OH
CHO
O
H
H
OH
H
H
OH
CH
2
OH
O
H
H
CHO
D-(+)-taloza
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Podział cukrów ze
względu na rodzaj
grupy funkcyjnej
aldozy
ketozy
You created this PDF from an application that is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (
Podział cukrów
ze względu na
ilość atomów
węgla
w łańcuchu
trioza
tetroza
pentoza
heksoza
You created this PDF from an application that is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (
O
O
Furan
Piran
CH
2
OH
OH
OH
O
H
O
OH
O
O
H
OH
O
H
OH
OH
You created this PDF from an application that is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (
O
H
H
H
OH
OH
H
CH
2
OH
H
OH
C
O
H
OH
H
H
OH
OH
H
HOH
2
C
H
OH
C
O
H
CH
2
OH
H
O
OH
OH
O
H
OH
CH
2
OH
H
O
OH
OH
O
H
OH
CH
2
OH
OH
OH
O
H
O OH
CH
2
OH
OH
OH
O
H
O
OH
a-D-glukopiranoza
b-D-glukopiranoza
D-glukoaza
Sposób przejścia z formy łańcuchowej glukozy do cyklicznej:
anomery
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Właściwości fizyczne
• Ciała stałe trudno krystalizujące
• Bardzo dobrze rozpuszczalne w wodzie
• Substancje nielotne
• Związki rozkładające się przed
osiągnięciem temperatury wrzenia
• Czynność optyczna
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Mutarotacja
O
H
H
H
OH
OH
H
CH
2
OH
H
OH
C
O
H
D-glukoaza
CH
2
OH
OH
OH
O
H
O OH
CH
2
OH
OH
OH
O
H
O
OH
a-D-glukopiranoza
b-D-glukopiranoza
t.t=146
o
[a]=112
o
t.t=150
o
[a]=18,7
o
a-D-glukopiranoza 36%
b-D-glukopiranoza 64%
D-glukoaza 0,02%
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Cukry
Cukry proste
monosacharydy
Dwucukry
oligosacharydy
Wielocukry
polisacharydy
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Właściwości chemiczne monosaharydów
O
H
H
H
OH
OH
H
CH
2
OH
H
OH
C
O
H
N
H
NH
2
+
..
O
H
H
H
OH
OH
H
CH
2
OH
H
OH
C
N
H
N
H
O
H
H
H
OH
OH
H
CH
2
OH
H
OH
C
N
H
N
H
N
H
NH
2
O
H
H
C
H
OH
OH
H
CH
2
OH
H
N
C
N
H
N
H
N
H
NH
2
+ 2
..
-NH
3
-
fenylohydrazon D-glukozy
osazon D-glukozy
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Właściwości chemiczne monosaharydów
Epimeryzacja
O
H
H
H
OH
OH
H
CH
2
OH
H
OH
C
O
H
O
H
H
H
OH
OH
H
CH
2
OH
O
CH
2
OH
O
H
H
H
OH
OH
H
CH
2
OH
O
H
H
C
O
H
O
H
H
H
OH
OH
H
CH
2
OH
OH
C
OH
H
D-mannoza
D-fruktoza
OH
-
enol
D-glukoza
You created this PDF from an application that is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (
Właściwości chemiczne monosaharydów
Utlenianie
O
H
H
H
OH
OH
H
CH
2
OH
H
OH
C
O
H
O
H
H
H
OH
OH
H
CH
2
OH
H
OH
COOH
Ag
2
O
+ 2Ag
D-glukoza
kwas D-gluk
onowy
You created this PDF from an application that is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (
Właściwości chemiczne monosaharydów
Utlenianie
O
H
H
H
OH
OH
H
CH
2
OH
H
OH
C
O
H
O
H
H
H
OH
OH
H
H
OH
COOH
COOH
HNO
3
D-glukoza
kwas gluk
arowy
You created this PDF from an application that is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (
Właściwości chemiczne monosaharydów
Utlenianie
O
H
H
H
OH
OH
H
CH
2
OH
H
OH
C
O
H
O
H
H
H
OH
OH
H
H
OH
C
O
H
COOH
enzym
D-glukoza
kwas gluk
uronowy
You created this PDF from an application that is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (
Właściwości chemiczne monosaharydów
Redukcja
O
H
H
H
OH
OH
H
CH
2
OH
H
OH
C
O
H
O
H
H
H
OH
OH
H
CH
2
OH
H
OH
CH
2
OH
NaBH
4
D-glukoza
D-glucitol
Sorbit
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Powstawanie glikozydów
O
H
H
H
OH
OH
H
CH
2
OH
H
OH
C
O
H
O
H
H
H
OH
OH
H
H
OH
C
OH
H
CH
2
OH
OMe
O
H
H
H
OH
OH
H
H
OH
C
H
O
H
CH
2
OH
OMe
+ H
2
O
+ CH
3
OH
H
+
CH
2
OH
OH
OH
O
H
O
OH
CH
2
OH
OH
OH
O
H
O OMe
+ CH
3
OH
H
+
+ H
2
O
D-glukoza
b-D-metyloglukozyd
a-D-metyloglukozyd
b-D-glukopiranoza
b-D-metyloglukopiranozyd
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O
O
H
OH
OH
OH
O
O
O
H
OH
OH
O
H
O
OH
O
H
O
OH
OH
O
OH
O
H
O
H
OH
celbioza (1,4'-b-glikozyd)
4-O-(b-D-glukopiranozylo)-b-D-glukopiranoza
Oligosacharydy
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Cukry redukcyjne
O
O
H
OH
OH
OH
O
O
O
H
OH
OH
O
H
O
OH
OH
O
H
O
OH
O
OH
O
H
O
H
OH
maltoza (1,4'-a-glikozyd)
4-O-(a-D-glukopiranozylo)-a-D-glukopiranoza
O
O
H
O H
O H
O
O
O
H
O H
O H
O
H
O H
O
O H
O
H
O H
O H
O
O
O H
O
H
O H
O
H
laktoza (1,4'-
b -glikozyd)
4-O-( b -D-galaktozpiranozylo)-
b -D-glukopiranoza
You created this PDF from an application that is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (
Cukry nieredukcyjne
O
O
O
H
OH
O
H
OH
O
O
H
OH
OH
O
H
O
O
O
H
OH
O
H
OH
O
OH
O
H
OH
O
H
sacharoza
2-O-(a-D-glukopiranozylo)-b-D-fruktofuranozyd
1-O-(b-D-fruktofuranozylo)-a-D-glukopiranozyd
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Polisacharydy
O
OH
O
H
O
OH
O
O
OH
O
H
O
OH
O
OH
O
H
O
OH
O
OH
O
H
O
OH
*
*
n
celuloza
(polimer 1,4'- b-D-glikozyd)
celuloza
O
O
O
H
OH
OH
O
O
O
H
OH
OH
O
O
O
H
OH
OH
O
O
O
H
OH
OH
O
*
*
n
You created this PDF from an application that is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (
Polisacharydy
O
O
OH
O
H
O
OH
O
OH
O
H
O
OH
O
OH
O
H
O
OH
O
OH
O
H
O
OH
*
*
n
amyloza
(polimer 1,4'-a-glikozyd)
amyloza
O
O
O
H
OH
OH
O
O
O
H
OH
OH
O
O
O
H
OH
OH
O
O
O
H
OH
OH
O
*
*
n
You created this PDF from an application that is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (
Polisacharydy
O
O
O
H
OH
OH
O
O
O
O
H
OH
OH
O
O
OH
OH
O
O
O
H
OH
OH
O
O
O
H
OH
OH
O
*
*
n
amylopektyna
O
O
OH
O
H
O
OH
O
O
OH
O
H
O
OH
O
OH
O
H
O
O
OH
O
H
O
OH
O
OH
O
H
O
OH
*
*
n
amylopektyna
You created this PDF from an application that is not licensed to print to novaPDF printer (