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6
some examples of research which backs
Introduction p75
up this theory. When ninety-five
graduates from Harvard University were
followed into middle age, the men with
1 Key
the highest intelligence test scores in
Items 1, 2, and 4 test IQ. Items 3, and 5 test EQ.
college were not found to be
1 e
particularly successful  in terms of
2 pencil
salary, productivity or status  compared
3 b represents the highest EQ
with those who had scored lower. IQ it
4 a would seem, contributes only about
20% to the factors that determine life
5 c represents the highest EQ
success, leaving 80% to other forces. So
what are these other forces? Peter Salovey
2 Possible answers
of Yale University would argue that
b tests like these are sometimes used by
emotional self-control is one of the
employers in order to choose new employees.
most important. He conducted an
c Creative and artistic abilities are not tested.
experiment with a class of four-year-olds.
These are difficult to test since judgments are
He gave each of them a sweet and told
subjective, but competitions and exams are
them they could eat it immediately.
sometimes used.
However, if they could resist eating it
until the experimenter came back into
the classroom, he would then give
them two sweets. For what seemed like
an endless fifteen minutes, most of the
Listening p76
children waited. In their struggle to resist
the sweet, they put their hands over their
Think ahead
eyes, talked to themselves, sang, and even
tried to go to sleep. About a third of the
Sentence completion
children were unable to wait. They
grabbed the sweet almost immediately the
2 Key
experimenter left the room. When the
a four-year-olds and insurance salesmen
same children were followed up as
b It seemed to prove that EQ is as important as
teenagers, those who at four had been
IQ when determining success. The research
able to resist temptation were, as
showed that self-control as a young child led
adolescents, more socially competent,
to a higher IQ and greater social confidence
self-reliant, dependable and confident.
in adolescents. The research also showed that
They also had dramatically higher
naturally optimistic salesmen performed better scores on IQ tests. However, those who
at four had been unable to resist
at work and were less likely to leave their jobs.
temptation were more indecisive, more
Tapescript
socially isolated and less confident. This
Woman The idea that women feel whereas men experiment suggests that emotional self-
think, and that thinking is somehow control is an important contributor to
superior to feeling, is an attitude that intellectual potential, quite apart from IQ
some people would now consider out of itself. Another ability that can
date. Many of today s psychologists argue determine not just academic but job
that emotional intelligence is just as success is optimism. In a study of
important as IQ when determining a insurance salesmen, psychologist Martin
person s overall success. Let me give you Seligman showed the relation between
Oxford University Press THE MIND UNIT 6 29
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optimism and high work performance.
c Selling 1
Selling insurance is a difficult job, and
d training 4
three quarters of insurance salesmen leave
in their first three years. Given the high
2 Key
costs of recruiting and training, the
a Having d Writing
emotional state of new employees has
b Remembering e Forgetting
become an economic issue for insurance
c Repeating/saying
companies. Seligman s study found that
new salesmen who were natural optimists
3 Key
sold 37% more in their first two years
than salesmen who were pessimists, and
a at remembering/at memorising
were much less likely to leave in their
b of memorising/of remembering
first year. Why was optimism so
c in improving
important in that situation? Because
d about having
people who are pessimists explain failures
e for reminding
as due to some permanent characteristic
in themselves or in others that they
4 Possible answers
cannot change. Optimists on the other
be mad about, adore, love, enjoy, be keen on, be
hand explain failures as due to something
interested in, like.
temporary that can be changed. So they
dislike, have an aversion to, can t stand, can t
believe they can succeed next time round.
bear, hate, detest, loathe.
3 Key
a successful
Gerunds and infinitives
b more important
6 Key
c emotional self-control
a to catch f to play
d two sweets
b to meet g to lend
e a/one third
c changing h driving
f teenagers/adolescents
d to be i to understand
g higher scores
e losing j to buy
h optimisim
i recruit and train
7 Key
j Pessimists
3 b 6 a 9 b
4 Key 4 a 7 a 10 a
5 b 8 b
Positive
confident  confidence
8 Key
dependable  dependability
a to get/to buy/to bring
self-reliant  self-reliance
b to announce
Negative
c to open/opening
indecisive  indecision
d chatting/speaking/fidgeting
pessimistic  pessimism/pessimist
e agreeing
f eating
5 Key
g leaving
a indecisive d dependable
b confidence e Pessimists
Error correction
c self-reliant
9 Key
1 have (first) 6 like 11 had
2 though 7 12 both
Grammar and practice p77
3 to 8 us 13 the
4 that 9 14
Gerunds
5 10 that 15 neither
1 Key
a Thinking 1; feeling 2
b Eating 3/2
30 UNIT 6 THE MIND Oxford University Press
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methods of relaxation. Then, decide
Speaking p79
which three you would choose to include
in your article. You have about three
minutes for this. So, once again, don t
Lead in
worry if I stop you, and please speak so
1 Possible answer
that we can hear you. All right?
Stress can result in problems in relationships,
Jay Yes.
poor health, an increase in the use of substances
Sophie OK the first picture shown. It shows a
such as alcohol and tobacco, altered eating
man who does exercise or something.
habits, a decrease in the quality of work, and
And do you think it would be good in
psychological difficulties.
an article?
Jay Yes, I think exercise is a very good
practice err to relieve the stress, because
Two-way task
when I & when I was exercising I forgot
2 Key
every the stress & any stress. Yes.
First, talk to each other about how each of these
Sometime & and it & when you swear &
things would help people to relax. sweat you forget everything, I think. So
it is good for your re & good for
Then, decide which three you would choose to
relieving your stress.
include in your article.
Sophie I think I would prefer yoga because it s
Tapescript
(Yeah). I never did it but I heard a lot
Interlocutor Now, I d like you to talk about something
about it and it should be really relaxing.
together for about three minutes. I m
And you concentrate on your own and
just going to listen. I d like you to
your energy and the flowed of your
imagine you have been asked to write an
blood and (Yes right) your breathing I
article about the best ways to relieve
think that would relax me more than
stress. First, talk to each other about how
doing sports and exercises.
effective each of these would be as
Jay Err & How about having a bath?
methods of relaxation. Then, decide
Sophie Pardon?
which three you would choose to include
Jay Mm. How about having a bath?
in your article. You have about three
minutes for this. So, once again, don t Sophie Have & Yes, I like that too.
worry if I stop you, and please speak so
Jay Yes, why?
that we can hear you. All right?
Sophie Because in the evening if you, if you had
Jay Yes.
a hard day and you come home and take
a warm bath it s & it s very nice. (Yeah)
3 Key
You could listen to music. Do you like
listening to music for relaxing? (Yes)
a Yes, both parts are answered.
b Yes. The following questions are included:
Jay Yeah yeah for relaxing yes. Sometimes I
And do you think it would be good & ? listen to music especially the rock music,
very heavy music, because because erm
How about & ?
when I heard the rock music or the
Why?
heavy metal music I dreamed about my
Do you like & ?
ideal place so I prefer listen to music &
So which activities will we choose & ?
to relieve the stress.
How about you?
Sophie Yes. If I listen to music most of the time
What do you think about that?
I m painting besides. Because I & for me
c They make interjections such as yes/yeah.
music is not something & a main
They ask and answer questions. They agree
activity. I can just do it besides and I like
and disagree with points that are made.
painting a lot because you concentrate
on something but (Oh yes) your
Tapescript
thoughts can throw away and you can
Interlocutor Now, I d like you to talk about something
daydream.
together for about three minutes. I m
Jay Yeah. I really want to paint, I really want
just going to listen. I d like you imagine
to paint but I can t because I never tried
you have been asked to write an article
painting. How about going on holiday?
about the best ways to relieve stress.
Sophie Yeah, It s very good but you need time.
First, talk to each other about how
effective each of these would be as
Oxford University Press THE MIND UNIT 6 31
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Jay Yes, you need time and you need the
Exam techniques p80
money.
Sophie Yes. So which activities will we choose
Reading Part 1
for our article?
Jay I want to choose the exercise, and err
Dos and Don ts
painting and the listen to music. How
1 Key
about (Yeah) you?
Sophie Yeah, I think these are the very common 1 C 3 A 5 G 7 B
ones. Probably going on holiday we
2 E 4 H 6 D
could erm replace the painting. (Yes) Cos
it s very well known and painting is just
Collocation: verbs and nouns
something & not not many people do &
do paint but everybody s going on
2 Key
holidays I think. (Yes, like) It would
a achieve an ambition / a goal
attract more people to read the article.
b lose confidence / interest / one s temper
What do you think about that?
c play a joke / a part / a trick
Jay Mm & This & mm
d solve a crime / a mystery / a problem
Interlocutor Thank you.
3 Key
4 Possible answers
a lose his temper
Exercise might help people to relax by getting rid
b achieved her ambition
of surplus energy.
c playing tricks
Going on holiday might help people to relax by
d solved the problem
offering a change in environment and
opportunities to do different things in the fresh
air.
Yoga is said to decrease tension and make people
Vocabulary p82
more calm in their everyday lives.
Having a bath might help relax muscles and
Collocation
provide warmth and a pleasant smell. It can also
leave you feeling fresher.
4 Key
Painting and other creative hobbies demand
a soundly b face c deepest
concentration which takes your mind off work
and other sources of stress.
5 Key
Listening to music, especially calm music, can
a close d heavy g strong
take you away from the unpleasant noises and
b serious e serious
stresses of the world around you.
c hard f heavy
Discussion
6 Key
argue passionately
Possible answers
drink heavily
a People may be more stressed than in the past
listen attentively
because of job insecurity and a rapidly
sleep soundly
changing world.
think hard
b Companies could make work more relaxing
work hard
by allowing longer holidays, providing a
welcoming environment, and encouraging
7 Key
employees to talk about their problems at
a performing c say
work.
b acquire d making
c It might be a bad thing to be too relaxed in a
job which demands a strong sense of
responsibility, especially if the operation of
dangerous equipment is required.
32 UNIT 6 THE MIND Oxford University Press
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Multiple-choice cloze 6 Key
a He dashed across the road.
8 Key
b She whispered the answer.
1 C 6 A 11 D
c The traffic crawled through the town centre.
2 D 7 C 12 C
d He crept upstairs.
3 A 8 B 13 A
e She yelled,  Look out!
4 D 9 C 14 B
f They strolled through the park arm in arm.
5 B 10 A 15 D
Overview p86
Writing p84
1 Key
Short story
1 actually 6 knowledge
3 Key
2 telepathic 7 sensible
2 C 4 B 6 E 8 D
3 correctly 8 inconsistent
3 F 5 A 7 H
4 hardly 9 extraordinary
5 limited 10 scientific
4 Key
2 Key
A politely E Patiently
B noticeably F carefully
a to post e using
D Furiously
b clearing f to get
c dealing, to work g meeting
d to say h moving
Dramatic effect
5 Possible answers
3 Key
Paragraph 1: I shouted angrily; & shrugged her
a soundly e heavy
shoulders casually & / walked casually &
b strong, strong f came up with
Paragraph 2: & briskly walked across the road /
c severe g strong
walked briskly across the road; hurriedly
d make
straightening my tie &
Paragraph 3: & looked strangely familiar &
Paragraph 4: Reluctantly opening the envelope,
& / Opening the envelope reluctantly &
Oxford University Press THE MIND UNIT 6 33
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