I. Which system of writing are/were used in the following languages?
1. Hebrew - consonant alphabetic
2. Phoenician - consonant alphabetic
3. Cherokee - syllabic
4. Dutch - Roman alphabet
5. Egyptian - hieroglyphs
6. Bulgarian - Cyrillic alphabet
7. English - Roman alphabet
8. Sumerian - Cunei form
9. French - Roman alphabet
10. Arabic - consonant alphabet
11. Russian - Cyrillic alphabet
12. Japanese - katakana
13. Greek - alphabetic
14. Chinese - logographic
15. Polish - Roman alphabet
II. Explain briefly the difference between:
a) communicative & informative signals:
A person listening to you may become informed about you via a number of signals which you have not intentionally sent. She may note that you have a cold (you sneezed); that you are untidy (unbrushed hair); and that you are from some other part of the country (you have a strange accent). However, when you use language to tell something this person you are normally considered to be intentionally communicating something
b) open & close syllable
Open syllable ends with vowel, but close syllable ends with consonant (e.g. open - be; close - but)
c) pictogram & logogram
Pictures which represents particular images in a consistent way we can begin to describe the product as a form of picture-writing or pictograms.
Logograms - the relationship between the written form and the object it represents has became arbitrary and we have clear example of word-writing logogram
d) synchronic & diachronic approach to language
Synchronic that is in terms of differences within one language in different places and among different groups at the same time but diachronic is from the historical perspective of change the language through time
e) anomalia & analogia
Anomalia - language is full of exceptions
Analogia - language is systematic
f) alphabetic & syllabic writing
If we have a set of symbols being used to represent syllables beginning with, e.g. `b' or `m', then we are actually close to a situation in which the symbols can be used to represent single sound type in a language. This is the basis of alphabetic writing. But the symbol which is used for the pronunciation of parts of a word represents a combination (`ba') of a consonant (b) and a vowel (a). This combination is one type of syllable. When a writing system employs a set of symbols which represents the pronunciation of syllables it is described as syllabic writing
g) descriptive & prescriptive grammar
Descriptive - it describes rules how people use it
Prescriptive - it provides rules how people should use it. There are rules of grammar that ypu have to comply with.
h) significant & signife
i) complementary distribution & free variation
Complementary distribution - strict rules how to pronounce word
Free variation - to a certain extend, one can pronounce it move
j) naturalistic & conventionalist
Naturalists claims that language is something given (created) by God (Plato).
Conventionalists claim that language was created by people and can be change (Aristoteles).
k) phoneme & allophone
Phoneme it's a set of distinctive allophones and features
Allophone it's a set of phones, all of which are versions of one phoneme
l) langue & parole
Langue is a language - the set of rules that lets language be possible.
Parole is how language is actually used.
Langue makes parole possible, yet langue can only be constructed by parole.
III. Provide the names of the following concepts defined below:
1) insert the sound [r] if the word ends and the next one starts with a vowel - LINKING
2) A combination of stop and fricative - AFRICATIVE
3) The branch of linguistics dealing with making and editing dictionaries - LEXICOGRAPHY
4) Two letters representing a single sound - DIGRAPHY
5) The idea that any speaker /sender of a single can also be a listener/ receiver - RECIPROCITY
6) The air used in speaking which does not come from the lungs - NON-PILMONIC
7) Sound articulated by raising the tongue to the ridge behind the teeth - ALVEOLAR
8) Sound provided with the lower velum - NASALS
9) Sound features that mark the difference between phonemes - DISTINCTIVE FEATURES
10) Omission of the sound in formal speech - ELISION
11) Sounds articulated by raising - ORAL
12) A branch of linguistics studying the articulary production of speech sound - ARTICULATORY PHONETIC
13) The branch of linguistics studying the production of speech sounds - SEMANTICS
14) The sound produced when the air is stopped completely by tightly glottal stop closed vocal cords - GLOTTAL STOP
15) The idea that there is no natural connection between linguistic form and meaning - ARBITRARINESS
16) Sounds articulated by bringing both lips together - BILABIAL
17) A branch of linguistics studying the perception of speech sounds - AUDITORY PHONETICS
18) The sound produced by a tip of a tongue vibrating - TRILL
19) The study of history of words - LANGUAGE ETYMOLOGY
IV. Provide definitions to the following terms:
1. bow-wow-theory - when an object flew by making a CAWCAW sound, the early human imitated the sound and used it to refer to the object associated with the sound. In English in addition to CAWCAW sound we have `splash, bang, boom, buzz, hiss' and form such as bow-wow. In fact, this type of view has been called the `bow-wow-theory'
2. displacement - is a unique property of language which allow the users of language to talk about things and events not present in the immediate environment. They can refer to past and future time, and to other locations
3. alphabetic writing - a set of symbols being used to represent syllables beginning with, e.g. `b' or `m' sound, then we are very close to a situation in which the symbols can be used to represent single sound types in language. This is the basis of alphabetic writing
4. minimal pair - it's two words that differ only one phoneme, e.g. `lap' `lab'
5. arbitrariness in language - it's idea that there is no natural connection between a linguistic from and its meaning
6. logograms - relationship between the written form and the object it represent
7. oral-gesture - source of language; it's connection between physical and oral gesture
8. acoustic phonetics - deals with the physical properties of speech as sound waves `in the air'
9. divine source of language - people claimed that God created the language ad gave it to people
10. minimal set - a group of words are differentiated, each one from the others, by changing one phoneme (always in the same position), e.g. feat, fit, fat
11. syllabic writing - a set of symbols which represents the pronunciations of syllables, e.g. combination (ba) of a consonant (b) and a vowel (a)
12. cultural transmission of language - process whereby language is passed on from one generation to the next
13. phonotactics - forms that do not exist or are unlikely to exist which have nee formed without obeying some constraints on the sequence on position of English phonemes
14. productivity in language - it's a feature of all languages which says that people constantly form new expressions and new sentences
15. clicks - are stops articulated with two closures in the oral cavity. The pocket of air enclosed between these two closures is rarefied by a sucking action of tongue.
16. pictograms - pictures which represent particular images in a consistent way
17. yo-heave-ho theory - the sounds of a person involved in physical effort could be the source of our language especially when that physical effort involved several people and had to be coordinated. They may develop a set of grunts, groans and swear words.
V. Give an example of each of the following concepts:
a) alveo-palatal voiced fricative -
b) voiceless glottal fricative - h
c) assimilation - progressive dogs /dogz/
d) short low front vowel -
e) minimal set -
f) retroflexion -
g) glide -
h) central vowels -
i) voiceless affricative -
j) high rounded vowel - [u:]
k) voiceless interdental fricative -
l) onomatopoeia -
m) aspirated consonant -
n) long high front vowel - [i:]
o) minimal pair - /bet/ /pet/
p) voiced affricative pleasure -
r) elision boys and girls -
s) allophone -
t) semi-vowel - [w] [j]
u) short low central nowel -
VI. For each group of sounds, state the phonetic features which they all share>
1. [s] [c] [s] - voiceless
2. [ ] [ ] - interdental
3. [ ] [e] [i] - front vowel
4. [w] [j] - semi-vowels
5. [g] [ ] [l] - stops
6. [ ] [f] [z] - fricative
7. [ ] [s] [p] - voiceless
8. [k] [ ] [g] - velar
9. [l] [r] - voice
10. [g] [p] [k] - plosive
11. [b] [p] [m] - bilabial
12. [h] [d] [s] - palatal dental
13. [i:] [u] [u:] - high vowels
14. [k ] [t ] [p ] - voiceless aspirated
15. [u] [o] [u] -
16. [v] [s] [z] - fricative
17. [t] [l] [s] - alveolar
18. [e] [i] [i:] - front
19. [ ] [h] [..] - glottal stop
VII. In what way are the following names connected with linguistics?
1. Plato - representant of naturalists, Greek philosopher
2. Genie - child of the wild
3. John Lock - people born without language (naturalists)
4. Sarah and Lana - chimpanzees that were taught by people, how to communicate by using plastic stapes and a set of symbols on a large keyboard
5. Washoe - a female chimpanzee that was taught how to communicate by using sign language
6. Psamettichus - an Egyptian pharaoh that tried experiment with two newborn infants
7. Nim Chimpsky - a chimpanzee that was taught how to communicate by sign language
8. Ferdinand de Saussure - Swiss professor, he was the father of Modern linguistics
Znajdzcie sobie jeszcze pojecia:
Retroflexion, linking, elision, assimilation, palatalization ?, a reszty sie juz nie odczytam