lingwistyka


I. Which system of writing are/were used in the following languages?

1. Hebrew - consonant alphabetic

2. Phoenician - consonant alphabetic

3. Cherokee - syllabic

4. Dutch - Roman alphabet

5. Egyptian - hieroglyphs

6. Bulgarian - Cyrillic alphabet

7. English - Roman alphabet

8. Sumerian - Cunei form

9. French - Roman alphabet

10. Arabic - consonant alphabet

11. Russian - Cyrillic alphabet

12. Japanese - katakana

13. Greek - alphabetic

14. Chinese - logographic

15. Polish - Roman alphabet

II. Explain briefly the difference between:

a) communicative & informative signals:

A person listening to you may become informed about you via a number of signals which you have not intentionally sent. She may note that you have a cold (you sneezed); that you are untidy (unbrushed hair); and that you are from some other part of the country (you have a strange accent). However, when you use language to tell something this person you are normally considered to be intentionally communicating something

b) open & close syllable

Open syllable ends with vowel, but close syllable ends with consonant (e.g. open - be; close - but)

c) pictogram & logogram

Pictures which represents particular images in a consistent way we can begin to describe the product as a form of picture-writing or pictograms.

Logograms - the relationship between the written form and the object it represents has became arbitrary and we have clear example of word-writing logogram

d) synchronic & diachronic approach to language

Synchronic that is in terms of differences within one language in different places and among different groups at the same time but diachronic is from the historical perspective of change the language through time

e) anomalia & analogia

Anomalia - language is full of exceptions

Analogia - language is systematic

f) alphabetic & syllabic writing

If we have a set of symbols being used to represent syllables beginning with, e.g. `b' or `m', then we are actually close to a situation in which the symbols can be used to represent single sound type in a language. This is the basis of alphabetic writing. But the symbol which is used for the pronunciation of parts of a word represents a combination (`ba') of a consonant (b) and a vowel (a). This combination is one type of syllable. When a writing system employs a set of symbols which represents the pronunciation of syllables it is described as syllabic writing

g) descriptive & prescriptive grammar

Descriptive - it describes rules how people use it

Prescriptive - it provides rules how people should use it. There are rules of grammar that ypu have to comply with.

h) significant & signife

i) complementary distribution & free variation

Complementary distribution - strict rules how to pronounce word

Free variation - to a certain extend, one can pronounce it move

j) naturalistic & conventionalist

Naturalists claims that language is something given (created) by God (Plato).

Conventionalists claim that language was created by people and can be change (Aristoteles).

k) phoneme & allophone

Phoneme it's a set of distinctive allophones and features

Allophone it's a set of phones, all of which are versions of one phoneme

l) langue & parole

Langue is a language - the set of rules that lets language be possible.

Parole is how language is actually used.

Langue makes parole possible, yet langue can only be constructed by parole.

III. Provide the names of the following concepts defined below:

1) insert the sound [r] if the word ends and the next one starts with a vowel - LINKING

2) A combination of stop and fricative - AFRICATIVE

3) The branch of linguistics dealing with making and editing dictionaries - LEXICOGRAPHY

4) Two letters representing a single sound - DIGRAPHY

5) The idea that any speaker /sender of a single can also be a listener/ receiver - RECIPROCITY

6) The air used in speaking which does not come from the lungs - NON-PILMONIC

7) Sound articulated by raising the tongue to the ridge behind the teeth - ALVEOLAR

8) Sound provided with the lower velum - NASALS

9) Sound features that mark the difference between phonemes - DISTINCTIVE FEATURES

10) Omission of the sound in formal speech - ELISION

11) Sounds articulated by raising - ORAL

12) A branch of linguistics studying the articulary production of speech sound - ARTICULATORY PHONETIC

13) The branch of linguistics studying the production of speech sounds - SEMANTICS

14) The sound produced when the air is stopped completely by tightly glottal stop closed vocal cords - GLOTTAL STOP

15) The idea that there is no natural connection between linguistic form and meaning - ARBITRARINESS

16) Sounds articulated by bringing both lips together - BILABIAL

17) A branch of linguistics studying the perception of speech sounds - AUDITORY PHONETICS

18) The sound produced by a tip of a tongue vibrating - TRILL

19) The study of history of words - LANGUAGE ETYMOLOGY

IV. Provide definitions to the following terms:

1. bow-wow-theory - when an object flew by making a CAWCAW sound, the early human imitated the sound and used it to refer to the object associated with the sound. In English in addition to CAWCAW sound we have `splash, bang, boom, buzz, hiss' and form such as bow-wow. In fact, this type of view has been called the `bow-wow-theory'

2. displacement - is a unique property of language which allow the users of language to talk about things and events not present in the immediate environment. They can refer to past and future time, and to other locations

3. alphabetic writing - a set of symbols being used to represent syllables beginning with, e.g. `b' or `m' sound, then we are very close to a situation in which the symbols can be used to represent single sound types in language. This is the basis of alphabetic writing

4. minimal pair - it's two words that differ only one phoneme, e.g. `lap' `lab'

5. arbitrariness in language - it's idea that there is no natural connection between a linguistic from and its meaning

6. logograms - relationship between the written form and the object it represent

7. oral-gesture - source of language; it's connection between physical and oral gesture

8. acoustic phonetics - deals with the physical properties of speech as sound waves `in the air'

9. divine source of language - people claimed that God created the language ad gave it to people

10. minimal set - a group of words are differentiated, each one from the others, by changing one phoneme (always in the same position), e.g. feat, fit, fat

11. syllabic writing - a set of symbols which represents the pronunciations of syllables, e.g. combination (ba) of a consonant (b) and a vowel (a)

12. cultural transmission of language - process whereby language is passed on from one generation to the next

13. phonotactics - forms that do not exist or are unlikely to exist which have nee formed without obeying some constraints on the sequence on position of English phonemes

14. productivity in language - it's a feature of all languages which says that people constantly form new expressions and new sentences

15. clicks - are stops articulated with two closures in the oral cavity. The pocket of air enclosed between these two closures is rarefied by a sucking action of tongue.

16. pictograms - pictures which represent particular images in a consistent way

17. yo-heave-ho theory - the sounds of a person involved in physical effort could be the source of our language especially when that physical effort involved several people and had to be coordinated. They may develop a set of grunts, groans and swear words.

V. Give an example of each of the following concepts:

a) alveo-palatal voiced fricative -

b) voiceless glottal fricative - h

c) assimilation - progressive dogs /dogz/

d) short low front vowel -

e) minimal set -

f) retroflexion -

g) glide -

h) central vowels -

i) voiceless affricative -

j) high rounded vowel - [u:]

k) voiceless interdental fricative -

l) onomatopoeia -

m) aspirated consonant -

n) long high front vowel - [i:]

o) minimal pair - /bet/ /pet/

p) voiced affricative pleasure -

r) elision boys and girls -

s) allophone -

t) semi-vowel - [w] [j]

u) short low central nowel -

VI. For each group of sounds, state the phonetic features which they all share>

1. [s] [c] [s] - voiceless

2. [ ] [ ] - interdental

3. [ ] [e] [i] - front vowel

4. [w] [j] - semi-vowels

5. [g] [ ] [l] - stops

6. [ ] [f] [z] - fricative

7. [ ] [s] [p] - voiceless

8. [k] [ ] [g] - velar

9. [l] [r] - voice

10. [g] [p] [k] - plosive

11. [b] [p] [m] - bilabial

12. [h] [d] [s] - palatal dental

13. [i:] [u] [u:] - high vowels

14. [k ] [t ] [p ] - voiceless aspirated

15. [u] [o] [u] -

16. [v] [s] [z] - fricative

17. [t] [l] [s] - alveolar

18. [e] [i] [i:] - front

19. [ ] [h] [..] - glottal stop

VII. In what way are the following names connected with linguistics?

1. Plato - representant of naturalists, Greek philosopher

2. Genie - child of the wild

3. John Lock - people born without language (naturalists)

4. Sarah and Lana - chimpanzees that were taught by people, how to communicate by using plastic stapes and a set of symbols on a large keyboard

5. Washoe - a female chimpanzee that was taught how to communicate by using sign language

6. Psamettichus - an Egyptian pharaoh that tried experiment with two newborn infants

7. Nim Chimpsky - a chimpanzee that was taught how to communicate by sign language

8. Ferdinand de Saussure - Swiss professor, he was the father of Modern linguistics

Znajdzcie sobie jeszcze pojecia:

Retroflexion, linking, elision, assimilation, palatalization ?, a reszty sie juz nie odczytam



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