Lecture III


Lecture III.

18.10.2012

Introduction to Linguistics with Elements of History of English

JOHN LANGSHAW AUSTINbritish philosopher, who invented the theory of speech act → a technical term to call any act we perform (for example: “You are stupid!”→ an act of offending)

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AVRAM NOAM CHOMSKY → born in 1958, came up with an idea of Generative Grammar, he was philosopher of language:

→Generative Grammar → tries to give a set of rules, which will correctly predict which combination of words will form grammatical sentences

→we are born with a certain set of knowledge to predict and understand the language

→Universal Grammar → there are some principles of grammar shared by all languages, and we are born with this knowledge

MICHAEL ALEXANDER KIRKWOOD HALLIDAY (M.A.K. HALLIDAY) → he identifies 7 functions that languages has for children in their early years:

↑ The first four functions help the child to satisfy physical, emotional and social needs.

↑ The three last functions help the child to come to terms with his or her environment.

For Halliday, children are motivated to develop language because it serves certain purposes or functions for them.

DELL HATHAWAY HYMES → sociolinguistic and anthropologist, he developed the “SPEAKING” model → he described the elements of context which have influenced our language:

S → SETTING → all the physical condition in which the language is used (time and place)

P → PARTICIPANTS → people involved in communication (speaker and audience)

E → END GOAL → what we want to achieve in communication, purposes and outcomes

A → ACT SEQUENCE → the order of events and the organization of the situation

K → KEY → clues which establish the tone, manner or spirit of the speech act

I → INSTRUMENTALITIES → forms and styles of the speech

N → NORMS → social rules governing the event and the participants' actions and reactions

G → GENRE → the kind of speech act or event

ROMAN OSIPOVICH JAKOBSON → is most remembered for Jakobson's Model of Communication:

The sender encodes a message using a code and sends it through a channel → the receiver receives a message and encodes it → the whole situation takes place in a context (environment of the communication) ↓

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FUNCTIONS OF LANGUAGE:

RONALD WAYNE LANGACKER → father of Cognitive Linguistics and Cognitive Grammar:

→Cognitive Linguistics → relates to cognitive processes in our brain

→Cognitive Grammar → considers the basic units of language to be symbols or conventional pairs of sound and meaning

HERBERT PAUL GIRCE → he introduced the Maxims of Conversation/ Conversational Maxims:

↑Based on cooperative principle: “make your conversational contribution such as is required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the top exchange in which you are engaged”.

FERDINAND DE SAUSSERE → he developed the model of the linguistic sign:

the concept of object which appears in our minds when we see or hear the signifier

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the shape of a word (sequence of letters or sounds)

JOHN ROGER SEARLE → developed a classification of illocutionary speech acts:

JOHN MC HARDY SINCLAR → the father of corpus linguistic:

→ the COBUILD project → an intention to create a dictionary with the highest frequency in the language

→Cobuild English Language Dictionary (1987) → first dictionary based on word frequency (on corpus)

BENJAMIN LEE WHORF → the linguistic relativity principle or Sapir- Whorf hypothesis:

→an idea that differences and the way language encodes cultural and cognitive categories affects people think

→people of different languages behave and think differently

→our language determines our thoughts

LUDWIG LAZARUS ZAMENHOF → he created the Esperanto Language:

→at that time there are many conflict between/ among people

→he wanted to create only one language to avoid conflicts

→it would enable people of any origin to communicate in order to avoid conflicts 0x01 graphic

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SPEECH ACT

LOCUTIONARY → the performance of an utterance (what sb says), for example: “Do you have a watch?” → I want to know if you have a watch.

ILLOCUTIONARY → the real intended meaning of an utterance, for example : “Do you have a watch?” → I want to know the time.

PRELOCUTIONARY → an effect of an utterance, for example : „Do you have a watch?” → Somebody tells me the time.



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