VERB
Intransitive- have only subject: He runs
Transitive - a direct object: She eats fish
Ditransitive - direct and indirect object
Non-fininte - no tense, person or number - present and past participles
(to do, doing, done)
Finite - show tense, person or number
I go, she goes
Dynamic - can be used in continuous
She is lying on the bed.
Stative - has no continuous form
They own a cottage in Scotland.
Copula - ties the subject with subj, complement or adverbial
(That soup smells delicious)
All verbs with a sense of to be or become)
Intensive - If the word or phrase following a verb is a noun, a preposition or an adjective and it tells us something about the subject of the sentence, then that sentence's verb is called "intensive":
(a) Max became a doctor. (noun)
=> "a doctor" tells us who Max is.
Extensive - Words or phrases following an extensive verb function as the verb's object; they work with the verb, not the subject.
ADJECTIVE
Attributive - happy people
Predicative - that made me happy
ADVERBS
Of manner - slowly
Place - here
Time - yesterday
Frequency - usually
CONJUNCTION
Co-ordinating and, but, or, nor,for, so
Subordinating - after, although, as, because, before, how, if, once, since, than, that, though, till, until, when, where, whether, while
Correlative - both..and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, so…as, whether…or
DISJUNCT
(fortunately) express the speaker's attitude to what is being described in a sentence.
PERSON
1st 2nd 3rd plural/singular
Masculine, feminine, neuter(only singular”)
DETERMINERS
All my many friends
All - predeterminer
My - central det.
Many - postdeterminer
PRONOUN stands for a noun
Personal (have gender and number)
Subjective - I, he
Objective - me, her
Reflexive - myself, ourselves
Prepositional - look at him
Disjunctive - used in isolation: to whom does it belong? Me
Demonstrative - particular objects among others: this is oak, that is the tree I want.
Indefinite - anyone
Relative - who, what, where, that
Interrogative - who what in questions
NOUN
Possessive - Asia's, bus's, miner's
Proper - names of people, places, things with capital letter: Jamaica.
The Koran, a Babtist, May
Common - a person, thing or place in a general sense: sign. Town, park, waves
Concrete - we can feel them with our senses: judge, park, boat
Abstract - we cannot jw. Childhood, justice
Countable/uncountable
Collective - a group of things, animals etc: the jury, the committee, the class
Variable - have singular and plural
Invariable - only singular or plural
SEMANTICS
Synonymy - to samo znaczenie: kids=children
Paraphrase - ta sama informacja innymi słowami: My father owns this car = this car belongs to my father
Hyponymy - scarlet, crimson, carmine are hyponyms of red (red is hypernym=superordinate)
Entailment - coś, co rozwija sens poprzedniego zdania
Meronymy: x is mer. Of y if xs are parts or members of ys: Winchester Cathedral is a meronym of church of England because it's a part of it
Holonymy - opposite of meronymy
X is holonym of y if ys are parts or members of xs
Antonymy - przeciwne znaczenie
Binary a. - nothing between open-shut, dead-alive
Directional opposites:
reversives -up-down, forwards-backwards
converses - below-above, lend-borrow, teacher-student
gradable - można stopniować
incompatibles - breakfast, lunch etc
contradictory - sprzeczne: John murdered Bill. John didn't kill Bill.
Homonymy - same spelling and sound, different meaning: bank - bank
Homophony - same sound but different spelling and meaning
Polysemy - multiple meanings: walk- went walking, went for a walk, took a walk, walk a dog
Metonymy - one word or phrase substitutes for another: crown for royalty
ZDANIE
compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so.
A. I tried to speak Spanish, and my friend tried to speak English.
B. Alejandro played football, so Maria went shopping.
C. Alejandro played football, for Maria went shopping.
complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which.
A. When he handed in his homework, he forgot to give the teacher the last page.
B. The teacher returned the homework after she noticed the error.
C. The students are studying because they have a test tomorrow.
D. After they finished studying, Juan and Maria went to the movies.
E. Juan and Maria went to the movies after they finished studying.
compound-complex - rather than joining two simple sentences together, a co-ordinating conjunction sometimes joins two complex sentences, or one simple sentence and one complex sentence.
The package arrived in the morning, but the courier left before I could check the contents.
a noun clause answers questions like "who(m)?" or "what?"
adjective clause answers questions like "which (one)?
adverb clause answers questions like "when?", "where?", "why?", "with what goal/result?", and "under what conditions?
An object complement is a complement that is used to predicate a description of the direct object. (People made Ambrose a bishop. A subject complement is a complement that is used to predicate a description of the subject of a clause. (Ambrose was a bishop) Verb complement - one verb as the object of another (with infinitives- I asked her to leave,; with gerunds - I considered leaving the job.;with noun clauses: I wondered why he left Nominal clause - subordinate clause that functions as a noun phrase. Non-finite clause - subordinate clause with non-finite verb (infinitive or participle, has no tense). Finite - based on a verb that indicates tens such as went, is waiting or will be found Relative clause - whom, who, that etc Identifying - the girl who is sitting in the corner is my sister. Non-identifying - the girl who is sitting in the corner, who is my sister, is waving at us. (“whi is my sister” dodatkowe info bez którego I tak wiadomo o kogo chodzi)
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