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EUGENIUSZ CNOTLIWY

handicraft production in the uniform chronological, functional and spatial system. Production elements are raw materiał, tools, semi-products, various waste materials and finished goods. By a uniform spatial and functional system we mean the house of the craftsman, his workshop (inside or outside the house), hearths, storage pots, waste pits often with remains connected with other activities of the given eraftsman.

In the subseąuent section of the paper, the author discusses the particular elements of production which are particularly suitable for the determination of handicraft workshops and their specialties, and discusses the means hitherto used for discerning such workshops (footnotes 18—35).

In conclusion, the author attempts to determine the criterium of discernment ot a workshop producing antler objects. According to the assumed definition this criterium is compósed of two sections: A. the group or groups of elements of production of the antler working craft: B. elements observed in the uniform of product-spatial and functional system;

These two sections reąuire further elaboration:

A.    The complex of elements of production indicative of the existence of an antler working workshop should answer the following conditions: 1. An ideał works. hop should contain all elements of production, i.e. raw materials, semi-products, waste, finished products and tools; 2. At least it should contain semi-products and waste, these being production elements most clearly indicative of the existence of a workshop. The deposits of raw materiał only, finished products and even tools are not necessarily indicative of the existence there of a workshop, which must contain one of the elements listed in paragraph 1. For our working purposes, we assume on the basis of experience, that the grouping indicative of a workshop must contain not less than 100 items. Smaller groupings may be regarded as traces of a workshop or as the remains of a non-handicraft workshop. The type of semi-products and waste, and sometimes raw materials, determines the specialization of the particular workshop. Within# the area of such a grouping there may appear com-plexes of elements of other types of production — e.g., amber. In this case it may be assumed that the craftsman produced a variety of lines.

B.    A group or groups of elements of production of antler handicraft must occur within one layer of one settlement level. To one workshop may belong several complexes, while decisive as to their spatial and functional unity is a detailed analy-sis of conditions accompanying their discovery. In the case of the appearance of several neighbouring complexes in one settlement level, they may be regarded as separate workshops after it has been ascertained that: a) they occur within or near separate houses, b) they are divided by larger spatial elements — e.g., houses, streets, ramparts, etc., c) there appear differences in the way of producing the same objects — e.g., combs, d) they are connected with other specialized types of manu-facture.

Our considerations concern antler handicraft, other branches of production reąuire special treatment, especially in particular cases, because of the presence of other factors.

Translated by Tadeusz Rybowski