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24.02.2014 Literatura semester IV

Restoration Literature (1660-1700)

24 lutego 2014

08:50

The reign of Charles II, James II and William III of Orange (and Mary) [The Restoration drama also includes the reign of Queen Anne, to 1714]

 

Main historical events:

 

1660- monarchy restored after the Interregnum, which followed the Civil War (Charles I executed in 1649)

1663- foundation of the Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge

1665- the Bubonic Plague (15% of London's population died; Samuel Pepys (knows the events of Bubonic Plague & Great Fire) writes about it in his diary)

1666- the Great Fire of London (over 13000 houses were burnt)

 

Info about king Charles II (bound Christmas, reintoduced Theatre, allowed women to be employed in theatre, …)

 

Sir Christopher Wren designed 51 new churches; St. Paul's Cathedral completed in 1709 --> neo-classical style

 

 

PHILOSOPHICAL BACKGROUND:

Rationalist philospohy - all knowledge can be gained by the power of our reason alone:

Rene Decartes (Kartezjusz) [1596-1650), founder of Modern philosophy ("cogito ergo sum")

 

Gottfried Leibniz (1646-1716) - optimistic philosophy: our universe is "the best of all possible worlds"

 

Empiricist philosophy - all kowledge hat to come through the senses, from experience:

 

 

 

The Augustan Age:

 

RESTORATION:

Age of poetry and drama, but also a time of the development of prose through the tradition of the political and religious pamphlet; rebirth of journalism and the press,

 

A time in which the literature of wit thrives: satire and parody.

 

Writing motivated by a reaction against the Puritan control and censorship of literature and thaetre during the Interregnum. The royal court becomes a patron and promoter of the arts - re-opening of theatres in 1660

 

Restoration authors either celebrate or criticise the aristocratic and courtly attitude of life.

 

Classical and French inspirations in poetry, but also continuation of English literary traditions.

 

 

 

Samuel Pepys, naval administrator and member of Parliament

Kept a diary from 1660 until 1669 written in cipher - a system of shorthand (deciphered and published on 1825)

The panorama of London life - the account of The Plague, of The Great Fore, and the Dutch wars

Private and public life - in detail, his own love affairs, rumours, ect.

03.03.2014

John Bunyan, soldier in the Parliametnary army, an unlicensed Baptist preacher

Pilgrims’s Progress ( 1678,1679 ) – a moral allegory of a journey made by Christian from thje “City of Destruction” to the “Celestial City” ( through the Slough of Despond and Vanity Fair )

MUSIC

John Dryden ( 1631 – 1700 )



THE ENLIGHTMENT -The Augustan age/the Neoclassical Age/ the Age of Reason
(Alexander Pope, Jonathan Swift, Joseph Addison)

Satire – a literary mode which aims at teaching us and laugh.

ALEXANDER POPE (1688-1744)


he was catholic – he could not study at the university as it was prohibited
1.37 m ( 4 ft 6 in ) tall because of Pott’s disease ( tuberculosis of the spine )
A professional man of letters

ESSAY ON CRITICISM 1711

NEOCLASSICISM

The heroic couplet

Pope’s translations of the Iliad 1715-1720(great success much better translation than Odyssey ) and the Odyssey(1726)



THE RAPE OF THE LOCK 1712; revised version 1714

AN ESSAY ON MAN 1734

JONATHAN SWIFT ( 1667-1745)

THE BATTLE OF THE BOOKS ( 1697 ) – a satire on the controversy about the merits of ancient vs modern literature – an echo of the French debate; Swift praises the ancient

A TALE OF A TUB ( 1696 ) – an allegorical satire on religiomn – a difressive tale of three brothers representing form of western Christianity : Peter ( Cantholicism) Jack ( Calvinism and other dissernters )and Martin ( Lutheran and Chirch of England )

Pamphlets – religious, political, on the situation of Ireland
The Drapier Letters,
“A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Children of Poor People in Ireland Being a Burden on Their Parents or Country, and for Making Them Beneficial to the Public “



THIS IS OUTRAGEOUS !

GULIVER’S TRAVELS ( 1726 )

Part 1 – Lilliput
Part II – Brobdingnag
Part III – Laputa
Part IV – Land of Houyhnhnms

4 aspects of humanity discussed : insignificance, grossness, wrong-headedness, viciousness



CWICZENIA 2

From The Rape of the Lock
The description of lady ( Belinda ). She is catholic as she wears the cross.
From Line 19th refers probably to the bible.
Later on her hair refers to the labyrinth, she enslaves some hearts.
Slight lines of hair surprise the finny prey ( finny prey – fish )
Ensnare – catch to a snare
There are long comparisons
Phoebus (son) – god of the art
Baron is another odysseys ( he is a fraud )
37th French romances – the books
40th there have been some other loves before
45th suggestion that his wish will be partially fulfilled. He offers to the gods before his campaign.
Very elaborated devices. Does the Pope criticize those people or he actually like them ? He probably likes them. He has admiration for them. He is gentle satirist he could be bitter but he’s not. Dean Swift is extremely violent in his satire.



From Gulliver’s Travels
Book IV : A Voyage to the Country of the Houyhnhnms ( perfection of nature )

Houyhnhnms – perfection of nature ( these are the society of the horses )
The Yahoos – savaged, brutal creatures who are humanlike.
He wants to be a horse, but he resembles more yahoos. The Houyhnhnms are afraid that he’ll contribute more with yahoos. He speaks of the people as yahoos. The book IV is very disturbing part of Gulliver’s Travels.
Some of the people talk about MISANTHROPY – hatred of human beings. Misanthrope is a person who hate people.
Issue is whether society of horses is utopian society or dystopian society ?

Chapter six – he’s captured by some of the horses - sprawdzic to

Chapter seven – observation of horses

Chapter eight – description of two groups of societies ( the Houyhnhnms and the yahoos )

Book IV – he is actually ashamed here. He’s aware of the humankind.

Chapter six
Talks about poor and reach; how the reach oppress the poor. The society of horses is aristocratic society ( there are some horses who are masters and some are servants ). Plato, the republic also describes the societies.
He wants to learn how they live ( the reach ). Many people have to travel far away to get stuff to eat for their masters.
Later – there’s enough food to be provided for the luxury class.
There are also people doing the vices to live : begging, robbing, stealing, cheating etc…
He doesn’t like the doctors.
Now, the political satire : he says that prime minister that he doesn’t know the human feelings. He is only after power and wealth. He never tells a truth. *The houhnhnms don’t know the concept of LIE*
Swift moves on to talk about the corruption – to become a politician there are three ways : showing to be a very zealous, by becoming a lovers with people from higher rank, by betraying or undermining his predecessors, by a furious zeal.
In this satire, the King isn’t the most important anymore, the parliament is.
Whole system is corrupted.
His master thinks he’s one of the yahoos ( noble birth ). PRODIGY – unusual, special, bright – prodigy child – cudowne dziecko. Gulliver was born in a lower sort. In his opinion, nobility means a laziness, fortune. When woman loses her fortune she marries someone wealthy and rich.

Chapter seven

Here he realizes how much he hate the humans, he’d rather stay with horses. He likewise learn from his example. Swift wants to teach us that we shouldn’t be like the yahoos. Gulliver hates whole falsehood. Perhaps he’s undermining what Gulliver says. Is he telling the truth or not? Swift is certainly not telling the truth. We’ve got perfect horses and disgusting yahoos. If we think about human feelings the horses lack them; Swift was a clergyman so love to the neighbor is missing. The book is extremely controversial. Gulliver becomes a misanthrope. There are things in humanity which disgust him but there are also things which make them gods. * How are the yahoos presented?? Przygotowac sie do tego *

THE GREY’S ELEGY WRITTEN IN THE COUNTRY CHURCH


2014-03-10 Wykład





THE AGE OF JOHNSON OR THE AGE OF SENSIBILITY ( 1740-1785 )



Samuel Johnson ( 1709 – 17 )

a poet, essayist, playwright, a moral writer, the author of the first dictionary of English, the most ?eminent essayist?, he was the author of the first dictionary of English ( and first European dictionary ). He wasn’t attracting in appearance. He Is one of the greatest figure in that period. He was a catlover.

N stands for a noun. Tory( tories ) are conservatives in English parliament.



Johnson as a literary critic

Sensibility : the capacity to feel

Literature of Sensibility

The novel of sensibility

THE SUBLIME ( wzniosłość, czasem ‘górność” )

The Graveyard School of Poetry

They all focused on death.

Robert Burns ( 1759 – 96 )

Sometimes view as a romantic but doesn’t belong to any of the periods. He is a national figure, poet.

The national poet of Schotland

ĆWICZENIA

The features of Houyhnhnms and Yahoos



Yahoos – human like but behave like monkeys. They’re very wild and untamed. They’re

Houyhnhnms – shown as completely gathered by a reason. They’re not clean. ( Swift reverses the relationship between horse and a man )

When I had answered all my questions…bottom of the page 378. Its about gift of reason. We were given a reason but we can’t use it. Their instinct serve them for corruption, it’s used for evil purposes.
That as to myself…page 379. The Houyhnhnms have equal reason with virtue.

That our instuttion of government…page 379 A little reason that human beings has is used in evil purposes.

Gulivier is misanthropic. Name – Gullible means naïve. Gull means FOOL. Swift was a Christian, and horses lack charity.
Guliviers travels is fascinating books. The satire on humanity, and british society – politics. It shows our vices by criticizing.

Thomas Grey ‘Elegy written in a Country Churchyard (1750) sprawdzic date tego oraz gulivers travels bo sa wazne

The title doesn’t imply the person who died like most of them. The elegy says about dead of the poor. It changes later to mourning on speakers death( he imagines his death).
A little, humble mounds of earth where the poor are buried. Nearby there’s a great cathedral with splendid ornaments. That’s the contrast which the authors wants to show.
Firstly, there’s an athmosphere of melancholy. The speaker is very close to the poem( possibly, because we feel that ). Then the melancholic mood which is very proper for that age.
Line 1 – 4
The ringing of the bells in the end of the day. Probably to shut the gates. Day is dying, day is parting – the association with the end of the day with the end of a human life. The speaker is alone in the dark. We have solitary, melancholy man, figure.
Line 5-8
We have darkness falling. It’s so quite so we can hear a beetle. There’re exceptions in the stanza 3
The hear the owl in the tower. We associate the owl with wisdom and disturbia ( because of his sound ). Then,
Stanza 4
Mouldering heaps – graves – decaying graves
Forefathers – ancestors
Rude – uneducated
Hamlet – the village in there
Cell – small rooms in prison where monks sleep

He starts thinking about dead buried in the ground. The graves are extremely humble. It shows the transition of night falling. It’s important because of what happens leter ( next three stanzas ). He starts about thinking of the morning, and he’s going to talk in negative terms. What are they going to miss? The breeze of morning. The swallow twittering from the straw-built shed. The cock’s shrill claron or the echoing horn ( probably echoing of hunters ). Morning is personified ( is breathing, calling you to life ) Swallow – jaskółka. That’s all what they won’t experience after their death. Then, he imagines their further life ( stanza 6 ). He says aobut the fireplace. No wife preparing the evening care. No children able to speak when he returns.
Stanza 7
Now we have something positive. He is talking about working at fields ( harvest ) which was quite enjoyable. It’s about chopping trees( line about how bowed the woods..) They’re shown as controlling nature. It’s shown as enjoyable – gives them satisfaction. The way he praises the life.
Stanza 8
Uses personification ( let no ambition mock their useful toil - work). It’s about people who are ambitious. Desitny obscure ( are unknown here ). Here at the disdainful smile and Short and simple annals of the poor ( annals – kroniki ). Annals of the poor is a church register of the poor in that case.
Stanza 9
He says something about the rich. Memento mori – whether you rich or poor you’re going to die. We’re all equal in the face of death. When he speaks about the poor he has specific images. When he speaks of the reach he uses abstract terms, the personification.
Stanza 11
Series of rhetorical questions. We have a storied windows. They can’t return to life


17.03.2014

Romanticism 1798-1832

17 marca 2014

08:47

1798 - publication "Lyrical Balance"

1932-Passing the first reform

 

Historical Background:

 

 

The Regency 1811-20

 

Social and economic changes:

 

Literature:

 

Wordworth, The Prelude

 

 

The poet as a 'bard' or 'prophet'

 

Turning to NATURE

THE INNTEREST IN THE

SUPERNATURAL, and DREAMS

 





CWICZENIA 17.03.2014

From 37-39 ?? line is about church – it’s image.

41 line
Animated because their looked like human beings. We cannot negotiate with death.

All the time we follow the thoughts of artist.

45 – neglected spot is one of the graves. Perhaps someone is buried there and that person was with a great passion ( celestial fire – fire from the heaven ). He uses metonymy. Something which represents the whole thing, associated with representing the whole thing.
Then he uses synecdoche ( part of the whole or whole of the part ). “hand that the rod of empire might have swayed..”. Hand might’ve been of the king.
Lyre – lira. It’s about musician, but lyre is an attribute of a poet.

next stanza
He couldn’t have taken the knowledge that’s why he wasn’t a great poet or king etc.
Penury – poverty. It’s like the poverty didn’t let them develop his skills.

next stanza
‘some village Hampden..” Hampdem was a great speaker In parliament for the roundheads during the civil war who opposed the king. He imagines somebody like that in the village. Then he moves on to Milton – some mute inglorious Milton….Milton was also involved in political life. He actually became blind, he dictaded his poems. If Milton was mute he wouldn’t be able to create his poetry. Now Cromwell – a politician and the soldier, lord protector. He was guilty for bloodshed. He sees Cromwell as responsible for the bloodshed.

There follow 3 stanzas now.

Lot – fortune. The fortune forbade the things in previous stanza ( it’s inversion ).
They didn’t become great political figures. Circumscribed – limit. It did not only limit their virtues but it also limit their crimes.
line 69 – about lying.
Or heap the shrine….shrine is a temple of Luxury and Pride. It’s about writing for money or to praise those with power.

Next stanza. FAR FROM THE MADDING…

the madding crowd is nowadays RATRACE probably. Madding crowds of the cities.

next two stanza YET EVEN
Frail - fragile
The contrast appears. The opposites of tombs of the poor and rich. They still want to be remembered ( the poor ). They had busts and the poor had shapeless sculpture decked. It’s the age of sensitivity so the feeling is important.
What does gray do in this poem? He affirms that the poor wants to be remembered and poet itself tells the story of the poor.

next stanza

Longing lingering look – alliteration, almost onomatopoeia.

He retursn to the image of life as a warmth of the day. Cheerful day. When night comes we look back on that day. The importance of feeling is noticeable.

next stanza

We and our – he imagines himself to be one of the dead. Even the dead want to be remembered. At this point very strange thing happens in the poem

next stanza FOR THEE WHO

Speaker seems to be addressing himself. After all his the one who’s telling the story of the people. If somebody will ask about your fate you hope you’re going to have an answers.
( a kindred spirit – pokrewna dusza ) .

next stanzas HAPLY SOME

He imagines him dead and buried ( to the end of the poem now ). Looking for seclusion. Lonely figure wandering between the fields. The shepards doesn’t understand this as he’s simple person.

THE EPITAPH

Speaker says that actually he was educated ( FAIR SCIENCE FROWNED NOT ON HIS HUMBLE BIRTH ) and of course he was a man of melancholy.

He wanted to have a friend. That was all he wanted.WYKLAD 2014-03-24

WILLIAM BLAKE 1757-1827

He was both a poet and an artist. Stayed apart from other romantics. Apprenticed to engraver [ rytownik ]James Basire. He studied to be an artist

1779 Royal Academy, conflict with Sir Joshua Reynolds. He challenges the teachings of main authorities of very eminent 18th century painter Joshua Reynolds.

1780 engraver for publisher Joseph Johnson. He worked for commercial purposes. He provided illustrations for books.

1783 Poetical Sketches – first collection of poetry

A visionary and a mystic, influenced by the Bible, and Emanuel Swedenborg. He was also fascinated by the teaching of a Emanuel Swedenborg. He came from some radical protestant background. Religious descendants believe that we should not follow the teaching of any authoritarian church but we should study our bible on our own.

He recorded some of his visions in his poetry. He saw paling conditions in London. He supported the American revolution.

Revolutionary sympathies, believed in racial and sexual equality. Late 18th century was the time of the great activity against slavery in Britain.

Questioning of traditional religion, creates a mythology of his own. He creates mythology of his own.

BLAKE AS POET AND ARTIST

ILLUMINATED BOOKS – created in the technique of relief etching – poems and drawings written on copper-plates in acid-resistant medium; the plates then etched in acid, and then the pages printed and hand-coloured.

He prepared plates for his own books which combined both the text and the picture. Essentially, he didn’t manage to produce many of those books. They were about 50-60 sometimes 20 copies. They were realized commercialy. The circulation was then small. He had a group of followers and was recognized posthumously. Now he’s regared as one fo the most important romantic poets

Songs of Innocence 1789
Songs of Innocence and Experience 1794

Both of the books combined in one were showing the two contrary states of the human soul.

Innocence is from birth etc till the fall
Experience is after the fall

In order to understand the poems we have to realized that the voice ( podmiot liryczny ) in the songs of innocence is of a completely innocent child. The experience voice is of the fallen …..

The marriage of heaven and hell . It suggests the reconciliation of the contraries of these both things. For some reason Blake believes that contraries should be united.



The Marriage of Heaven and Hell

Without contraries is no progression.
Attraction and Repulsion, Reason and Energy, Love and Hate, are necessary to Human existence

From these contraries spring what the religious call Good & Eviil. Good is the passive that obeys Reason. Evil is the active springing form Energy

Good is Heaven. Evil is Hell.

He actually says that categories of good and evil are taught by human. They need to be challenged, questioned. We cannot become a better person if we don’t combine both ( Attraction and Repulsion, Love and Hate etc. ). They’re unique to move to the higher state of experience. It’s the kind of teaching we can find in Christian teachings.

Introduction [to the Songs of Innocence]



He reaches to the popular poetry designated for children. This is a song for a child.

In the song he asks the song to pipes again. He weeps. And then there’s a movement from music to song ‘sing it’. It’s a bit like a ballad. Eventually, ‘write it’. So there’s movement from music to song, from song to poem. The speaker of the poem takes the pen and writes the songs. It should be the song that every child should joy to hear.

One disturbing thing, perhaps two in the poem : ‘and I Stain’d the water clear’ it suggests that perhaps is something of experience. Something disturbing. Literally, the idea of stained the water clear clings to the fact that ink was made from sadza mieszana z woda. He literally, talks about preparing the ink. There’s also cry of child, kind of oxymoron. There may be some pain, even in the state of innocence. The voice here is of the innocence.

Introduction [ to the Songs of Experience ]

It is a mature voice, the voice of experience.



The Sick Rose

Blake is one of the poets who developed the symbols. Rose traditionally is associated with beauty. Blake writes about a sick rose. On the cover, rose is corrupted with worm. Rose stands for love as well. The worm is destructive. There’re many interpretations. It shows how Blake uses symbols.



The Prophetic Books



‘And Did Those Feet’( verses form Milton ca. 1808 ) known as ‘Jerusalem’

Unofficial anthem of England.

CWICZENIA

The Lamb

The structure of the poem. The speaker is the same. The speaker seems to be asking ( it’s a child ) very simple. There’s the use of repetition. It was very common to use the question and answer pattern in teaching young children. Blake clearly draws on that. What’s the nature of the question? The question is about the origins. The answer is the Lamb ( it’s about the Jesus ). Blake doesn’t like the god of the old testament. God of anger. He believes that god is more like a lamb. He is meek and mild ( alliteration ). He became a little child. It seems to be perfect idyllic state that child is talking about. It’s happy poem for a child, and yet in some of the songs of the innocence we can find some undertone, disturbing things. Lamb is a symbol of innocence but child doesn’t realize that this innocence is something is bound to be destroyed due to becoming a king.



The Tyger

It’s contrary to The Lamb. It’s more disturbing. We find strong energy in that poem. The pronunciation of the word ‘burning’ bursts from the mouth. Here, we’ve got only questions. Who created the Tyger? What kind of god is it that created both lamb and tiger. It’s still similar structure with the lamb. The opening stanza and the last stanza are repeated. The change is with world ‘could’ ( first stanza ) and ‘dare’ ( last stanza ) . Who dared to create the Tyger ? HE imagines the creator as a kind of human-like shape. What immortal hand or eye could frame that fearful symmetry? Symmetry stands for the perfection and stripes of the tiger. The creator is showns as a blacksmith ( kowal ) . He was made in furnace ( piec uzwany przez kowala, teraz hutniczy ). He keeps using synecdoche. The fith stanza was really hard to interpret. Some of the interpreters consider it to be related to the Paradise lost. It refers to the Fall ( the first sin and the satan ). The tiger, in opposite to the Lamb, is dangerous and powerful.



The Chimney Sweeper ( the Songs of Innocence )

The Chimney sweeper is a child. He tells the story of another Chimney sweeper called Tom.
He introduces himself first. His father died early and his father sold him. He cries ‘weep, weep,weep’. Little boy is not actually crying, but he’s sweeping ( jak na burku, oferuje chimney ). It’ appalling accusation of the government and the church who does not question the appalling practice.
Now Tom is like a lamb – sacrificed. Tom had a dream. That dream is shown is plate illustrated by Blake( naked boys getting out, emerging from open coffin, but that opened coffin looks like chimney ). The angel sets them free to be the children they should really be. They are leaping, they run down the green plain. They wash in the river and shine in the Sun. Angel told Tom if he’d be a good boy, he’d have god for his father. Last stanza says that if we do our duty we’ll be always happy. It’s some kind of conciliation.



The Chimney Sweeper ( the Songs of Experience )

There’s and open accusation who’s responsible for the misery of life. Blake attacks the religion – the church. First is his parents, the child should be happy. Children in the nature are happy. Even if they’ve got horrible life, they still play etc. The contrast ‘who make up the heaven of our misery’– God, Priest and King – they’re responsible.



And Did Those Feet

It’s about building the Jerusalem. The new Jerusalem stands for and the idea of perfect world. In kind of apocalyptic terms it’s some kind of heaven on earth. The feet of Jesus. Blake refers to old legend where Jesus visits the England. This implies that it was a happy country ( or Blake just wanted to believe in it ). Nowadays, people think that Satanic Mills are all the industrial factories build among the England. But for Blake, Mill was a symbol of mechanization of England. Chariot of fire – Elijah. It’s about building the perfect society for which he will fight. But it’s Mental Fight. Blake believes that man enslaves himself. The man is responsible for his own enslavering. The mental fight Is the fight first of all in your mind, and then it spread to people to change their mind. The sword for Blake is a pen. It seems to be simple poem but has strong power of appeal.



WILLIAM WORTHSWORTH The preface to Lyrical ballads – przeczytac 449-451 !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!



And The Daffodils and We are Seven as well !!!!!!!!!!







WYKLADY 2014-03-31


ROMANTICISM 1798-1832



William Wordsworth

LYRICAL BALLADS 1798

WORDSWORTH’S ADVERTISMENT TO LYRICAL BALLADS 1798

WORDSWORTH, PREFACE TO LYRICAL BALLADS 1800, 1802

e.g. of works : ‘WE ARE SEVEN’
a speaker is a grown man and he meets a little child in the churchyard.







ĆWICZENIA 2014-03-31

We Are Seven – was published in 1798, The Daffodils is not a ballad, it’s later poem. There’s a beautiful recording on the youtube – Jeremy Irons – he reads the poem. The poem is suitable for today. The place of Daffodils is the Lake District. He walks through the mountains and sees the field of daffodils. Speaker is solitary. The record is of seeing daffodils of some high place looking down on them. The poem can be divided into two parts, three first stanzas are description of the daffodils – how they look, what he feels about them, and the last stanza is about how he feels now. So 3 first are past and 4th is present simple. The daffodils are described as golden, fluttering and dancing. In the last stanza his heart dances with them. Daffodils – żonkile. He feels of them dancing, then he describes them as tossing their heads in sprightly dance. Another thing which is important is ‘to see’ ‘to look’ ‘to glance’ – Line three ‘I SAW’,. Then I at a glance, and 17th I gazed – and gazed. First it’s just seeing without thinking. He didn’t realize what wealth they bring. This sight gave him later some kind of wealth. The wealth they provide happiness and it’s not only when we see them, as it’s unconscious, but they’re personified ( dancing etc. ). He has inward eye – the imagination. The daffodils come to him, he remembers them and he sees them which is the bliss of solitude. At this point he had himself lonely ( it’s different than solitude because it can be neutral or negative ). When he remembers the daffodils his positive emotions are coming to him as well. Wordsworth believed that nature can heal.

Tintern Abbey - The poem was published in Lyrical Ballads but it’s not the ballad. Lines composed a few miles above Tintern Abbey, on Revisiting the Banks of the Wye During a Tour, July 13, 1798.
The point about the poem is that it deals with nature, human relationship with it, deals with the role of memory which is connected to the imagination; it’s about losing something in the ways of experiencing nature and also about gaining something – about loss and recovery. Eventually, it’s about human relationship. He is not alone in the poem, once we get to the end of poem we realize that his not alone, his with his sister. Way valley was a very popular place on going on tours. He had been there erlier in 1793 after his return from France. The poem is very personal. He’s going to talk about his own experience, it’s not like Grey in Elegy. Here it’s very concrete experience.
He sees the same landscape ‘once again do I behold’. What is it to see the same place again ? Five years have passed. They were very long and difficult. He looks at the cliffs and we have the kind of landscape, beautiful and quite. He’s looking at the valley, he doesn’t see the abbey he only sees the smoke which is from some houses or maybe they’re some homeless people in the woods. He thinks of the hermit which actually doesn’t belong to that landscape. He probably is imagining the hermit. In the beginning he pretends to be alone. He’s contemplating the beauty of the landscape. The poem has the constant movement from the now and past. First paragraph is about now. It’s unrhymed and it’s iambic pentameter so it’s blank verse.
These beauteous forms – the form of nature. He uses a negative statement when he says that these beauteous forms have not been to him as is the landscape of a blind man’s eye. He means that blind man doesn’t see but he was not blind – the image stated in his mind. It’s about memories. Again, remembering about those beauteous forms made him happy. He is less happy in here than in the times when he wrote the daffodils. He speaks about the loneliness. It’s connected with mechanization and industrialization – the dim in the cities. These memories brought back good feeling. He’s going to have the whole lecture about those good feelings later. He claims that these memories not only made him feel better but also possibly helped him to become a better man. This little, nameless and unremembered acts are about the idea connected with Christianity. I line 40 he is talking about some mystical experience into completely different sphere ( living the body ). Intelligible – impossible to understand. This burden is lightened, we live in the body and even the motion of the human blood….It seems to be a moment of revelation, we seem to understand – we understand the nature of feelings. He starts with this difficult words ‘intelligible’. The words are only one syllable words, very simple. We see into the life of things. First, he feels better, then moral sense occurs, and eventually some kind of transcended experience. Some mystical understanding of nature. Wordsworth realizes what he wants to believe but it may not be truth. From line 50 he apostrophizes the river. Even if it’s all wrong, how often he turned to the nature, the river ? The river is the wanderer through the woods. HE spoke about the past and now says about NOW. ‘Now with gleams’….he is very careful about recording the emotions. He sees the landscape again. He says about perplexity – a fear that he is a little confused. The picture of the mind revises again. He sees what he only imagines in his mind.line 60 ( around ) But then he gets more affirmative. He has hope for future – this moment is gonna be a source of strength in the future. He remembers himself he came to the hills five year earlier and was completely led by nature. He was running away from something and he didn’t realize he was seeking nature. Bu thten the nature was everything for him. ‘I cannot paint what then I was’ . Five years ago he had direct contact with nature, he just felt it didn’t have to think about it. He lost it – five years have passed. He says he lost that sense to be directly influenced by nature but he got something in return. ‘for I have learnt to look at nature……’ Now he link nature to humanity and he hears in it a new note of human suffering and his experience of nature is enriched through that. It is in line 85 somewhere there. PANTHEISM . Now 102 – ‘Therefore am I still…’ this is very Wordsworthy – what is the nature to me, how do I view the nature. 107 The nature is essentially the guide and guardian of my heart, and soul of all of my moral being. This is something he both perceives and is influenced by.





Wyklady 2014-04-07

SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE 1772-1834

Poet, Critic, Philosopher.

He says : thou, my friend! Wert reared In the great city, ‘mid far other scenes; ( Wordsworth to Coleridge in THE PRELUDE ).

He died quite early

The first poem in the first collection was The Ancient Mariner. Then we had balance e.g. We are seven but whole collection ends with Wordsworth’s.

Coleridge’s theory of Imagination





Kubla Khan





Ćwiczenia

Tintern Abbey – w.Wordsworth

445 page – he says memorabely ( 103 ) we perceive through the sense but we’re partly active of the act of creation. Nature is for him a kind of substitute of mother. Is perceived through the senses. It educated us in moral sense as well ( that’s what he claims ). It’s the guide and guardian of the moral being. And finally I nthe last pharagraph he turns to Dorothy. He essentially sees his younger self. She perceives the nature as he did earlier directly I n the passionate way. INFORM – SHAPE. He tries to create the religion of nature. Nature forms us, leads us through the experiences like that. It shapes the mind. It protects you. Line 131
Now you walk close to nature, now you enjoy it directly but later it will live in your mind ) that’s what he says ). He tries also to remember himself. 147 line he starts as a solitary but he turns to his sister. He creates the moment for them both to remember, to give them strength. This is Wordsworth essentially thinking about man thinking of nature which forms, shapes the human mind. He also believie it can do In the moral sense, possibly in transcendence.

SAMUEL COLERIDGE – THE RIME OF THE ANCIENT MARINER ( 7 PARTS )

It had more archaic spelling and didn’t have the notes on margins before.

To start with ‘argument’ - they’re travelling to the South Pole. It is written in traditional meter. Sometimes it has combination of tetrameter and trimester. The opening is dramatic.

Part I - the use of conversation – there is a question and answer. The ballad has narrative, dramatic, lyrical and dialog elements. He goes to the wedding feast. First he uses his hands but later the eyes. He hypnotizes the guests to listen to his story. They listen like ‘three years’ child’. They do listen with great attention and tend to believe what he’s saying. He tells the story of the journey ( one of the crucial things ). It’s the story of the journey to the unknown, from the familiar ( village, wedding feast ) into the unknown and then he returns. The point is that the mariner returns a changed man. At the end the part of his penance is to tell the story. This is the story of the mariner in his own words, and how the wedding guest react to the story. It’s also about the power of stories; power of literature and poetry. Someone later compared Coleridge to the Mariner.
It opens with a happy note, with excitement. Then they sail southwest, the sun came up etc. The sun, the moon are some kind of symbol. The Mariner talks about the storm which is very brilliant, storm is personified. They go past the equator and goes to the region near to the south Pole. Storm drives them there. Now there came both mist and snow. Drifts-cliffs. No shapes of man no nor beasts we ken we can the ice is all between. There’s nothing, no animals, no human, nothing. Now the albatross. The ship managed to move the cracked ice. It’s very dramatic, there isn’t the explanation. We learn how terrifying event it was. The albatros clearly reacts to the expersison of the mariners face. He shoots the albatross. We don’t know why he killed the albatross. It was a birds that they befriended, they fed it, it was compared to the Christian serf.

Part II

They were able to move back to the equator. Line 90.
The reaction of his fellow sailors. First they condemn him but later they praise him for killing the albatross. They’re also guilty of his crime. They keep changing their mind depending on the wind. If there;s no wind they think is bad, when wind appears they think is alright. If the deed of evil is evil then it is. Next lines shows how the verse can show the movement. 103.
First there’s a free movement of the ship through the wind. Then there’s a silent sea ( alliteration and long vowels ). ‘The furrow followed free’. Then the stop. There’s no wind. The ship is now stuck again ( first in the ice, now somewhere in the equator ). There’s complete stillness. It is so dry so the boat shrinks. There’s the paradox of the situation. The horror around. They’re disgusted with everything around them. At this point the other sailors blame him for his fate. Cross of albatross – cross is the sign of the redemption. The albatross is meant to be the sign of his guilt, how he’s going to be redemend if his going.

They see the ship approaching. On the ship there’re woman and death. They’re symbolic.

Gdzies w czesniej jest part III w srodku

PART IV

The listener says he’s afraid that the mariner might be a ghost. The Mariner says thath he’s not a ghost, he’s living. He’s going to talk about the soul. 232. It’s utter loneliness, complete isolation from the outside world. Literally it’s the voyage south and back but metaphorically it is a voyage inside the human mind which is completely alienated from the society. He suffers both in his body and even more in his mind. How simple the vocabulary is – it’s very effective too. 248. It’s mental agony and the whole world is a burden on him. Then something strange happens – he wants to die he craves deat but (263)’ the moving moon up the sky…’ the moon seems to have some kind of gentle influence. There’s the blessing on him and at that moment he’s able to pray though he’s still guilty.
PART V
There’s the idea of one life. In the sense of what happens he feels that he’s got one life. He sees the beauty of the world. He can start the recovery and redemption. He recognizes the beauty of the world. It’s something completely different ( similar to the Wordsworth ) – being close to nature can change you. The first thing – he can sleep ( he could earlier on ). The rain is connected with redemption – he was so thirsty. The wind and all the supernatural – some spirits entered the bodies of the cruises. There’s a conversation of the spirits what they disgust in the ancient mariner. When the ship arrives to the harbor it sinks there, and the only one who can be rescued is the Mariner. It’s the horror of people who witness that – the pilot and his boy. The pilot goes mad after seeing it. His penance for his evil deeds is to tell the story again and again. 610 – ‘Farewell farewell’ - there’s the image of the unity creation. The man, bird and beast means to be loved. The effect of the story on the wedding guest ? ( last stanza ) – he’s shocked, and then he’s changed as wiser man. The story transforms his life.

One of the very very important poems of English literature. It work on every levels. We tend to read is as a moral parable but it wasn’t the aim of the author. He said it’s not really what he wanted. It’s deeply symbolic poem about the mental journey, journey of the mariner. Mariner undergoes the alienation and gradually becomes capable of returing to the society. It’s very important to be a human.

The Prelude 1799,1805,1850

7 kwietnia 2014

08:30

 

 

SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE 1772-1834

 

Thou, my Friend! Wert reared

In the great city, 'mid far other scenes;

(Wordsworth to Coleridge in The Prelude)

 

 

Coleridge's theory of Imagination:

  1. Supernatural - The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, Kubla Khan, Christabel -dreams and complex symbols

  1. Meditative poetry - 'Conversation' poems: "Frost at Midnight', 'Dejection: An Ode'

 

Kubla Khan, or A Vision in a Dream, 1797-8, published 1816

 

Remember about the poem :

 

Rise of the Novel (18th century)

14 kwietnia 2014

08:44

RISE OF THE NOVEL 18TH CENTURY

 

‘novel’ – a new and original form

 

Romantic poets

 

The Gothic Novel:

 

Sublime 'elevated, lofty'

 

The novel before Austen was for lower classes, it was Austen in early 19 century brought up novel into higher classes.

Major Romantic Novelists

28 kwietnia 2014

08:41

 

 

Jane Austen on Walter Scott

 

Walter Scott on Austen

 

Jane Austen:

 

Extensive revision of "First Impressions" as Pride and Pridjudice

…

 

Comedies of manners:

 

Anti-Romantic?

BUT: focus on the self

 

 

Free Indirect Discourse/Style

 

Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822) = Percy B. Shelley

5 maja 2014

08:46

A visionary and a revolutionary

 

Revolutionary poetry:

 

Adefence of Poetry 1821, published 1840 [IMPORTANT: HE'S THINKING ABOUT POETRY]

 

The Gothic Novel

12 maja 2014

08:56

 

Sublime 'elevated, lofty'

 

 

Portrets:

 

 

 

 

Mary Wollestenecraft Shelley (-)

Parents:

-Mary Wollstonecraft 1759-1797 - A Vindiction of the Rights of Woman 1792

--William Godwin 1756-1837 - An Enquiry concerning…

 

The say that thou wert lovely from thy birth,

Of glorious parents thou aspiring Chils!

I wonder not--for One then left this earth

…

Shelley, The Revolt of Islam

 

 

'modern science' - the influence on Mary Shelley

 

 

George Gordon, Lord Byron 1788-1824

19 maja 2014

08:47

Celebrity; poet-soldier

 

 

THE BYRONIC HERO:

 

HELLENISM:

 

Child Harold's Pilgrimage Canto I (a young live the life of preasure and immorality)

 

Canto IV (he gets tired of life of anticipation, he is disgousted with his homeland

V (always loves one woman - it's often unfulfilled)

VI (tired of his life of anticipation, he becomes melancholic)

 

Manfred, a dramatic poem 1817

 

Don Juan 1818-1824

 

  1. I want a Hero: an uncommom Want,

When every Year and Month sends rorth a new one,

Till, after cloying the Gazettes with Cant,

The Age discovers he is not the true one;

Of such as these I shouls not care to vaunt

i'll therefore take our ancient friend Don Juan;

We all have seen him in the Pantomime,

Sent to the Devil, somewhat ere his time.

 

(Byron was very provocative; he was attacking The British Establishment; he acuses 'the other heroes' to be hypocritical; metatextual/ metapoetic--> it comments on itself

 

  1. Most epic poets plunge "in Medias res"

(Horace makes this the Heroic turnpike road)

  1. That is the usual method, but not mine -

My way is to begin with the beginning; 50

 

Self-reflexive poetry; the text comments on itself

  1. In Seville was he born, a pleasant city,

Famous for oranges and women; he

 

 


 

JOHN KEATS 1795-1821

Test 8:30 2 czerwca

 

26 maja 2014

08:46

 

First generation of Romantics:

Second -||- :

 

 

-'A thing of beuty is a joy forever.' Endymion

 

 

Blackwood's Magazine: the Cockney School of Poetry

 

Poetic carreer:

 

Tomb sign: "Here lies One Whose name was written in Water"

 

On first looking into Champan's Homer 1816 [Shakespearen sonnet]

Much have I travell'd in the realms of gold,

And many goodly states and kingdoms seen;

Round many western islands have I been (…)

 

^ metaphor for travel, experience of visiting new countries, kingdoms of gold are kingdoms of literature? Apollo - god of poetry, he was told abput Illiad & Oddysey; his reation on seeing Pacific - silent,

 

 

La Belle Dame Sans Merci (ballad)

  1. O WHAT can ail thee, knight-at-arms,

Alone and palely loitering?

The sedge has wither'd from the lake

And no bird sing (…)

 

Femme fatale - a women suncunctive?; she seduces the man; …

 

Preoccupation with dichotomies inherent in human existance:

 

Keats's imagery:

Save what heaven is with the breezes blown'

 

 

Romantic meditative ode

  1. The description of a particular outer scene

  1. Extended meditation stimulated by the scene

  1. An insigh or vision, which signals a return to the scene originally describes, but with a new perspective created by the intervening meditation

 

The Romantic longer lyrical poems:

 

'Ode on a Grecian Urn' 1819







2014-05-12

FRANKENSTEIN

There is a frame narrative and there are 3 narrators. Richard Walton sends letters to his sister Mary. Later on Frankenstein tells the story to Walton. After this, the monster tells story to Frankenstein. In the beginning we think that the monster is pure evil but we find out that he wasn’t that way in the very beggininng. He has been changed by the cruelty of people. He was battered and left in absolute solitude.


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