PHONETICS - description and classification of sound as a product of speech.

Articulary phonetics

Accustic phonetics

Auditory phoneics

AIR STREAM MECHANISM;

Pulmonic- płucny

Glottic - głośniowy

Velaric

DIRECTION OF THE AIR:

Exgressive - going out

Ingressive- going in

VOCAL CORDS:

1. Apart - open glottis - głośnia otwarta

2. Up-together - closed glottis - głośnia zamknięta

• Held fast - glottal stop

• Held no so fast - vibrale

The air stream in the mouth:

No obstacles - VOWEL

Some obstacles - CONSONANT

MANERS OF ARTICULATION:

1. Complete closure - STOPS (plosives) [p.b,t,d,k,g]

2. Narrowing - FRICATIVES - [f,v,s,z,]

3. AFFRICATES - [ts]

4. LATERAL - [l]

5. TRILL - French [r]

6. FLAP - short [r]

PLACES OF ARTICULATION:

1. Bilabial - liplip

2. Labio-dental - lower lipupper teeth

3. Dental - lower teethupper teeth

4. Alveolar

VOWELS description:

1. Vertical position of the tongue: high, mid, low,

2. Horizontal position of the tongue: front, central, back

3. Mouth : open, close

4. Lips: rounded, unrounded

5. Tens & lex

Another description:

1. Retracted

2. Advanced

3. Centralized

4. Raised

5. Lowered

SECONDARY ARTICULATION - COARYICULATION

Secondary articulation consist a narrowing of the vocal tract simultaneous with the main place of articulation. This narrowing is lesser degree.

KINDS OF SECONDARY ARTICULATION:

1. Labilization- all consonant may be expect [p,b]- they are labial sound already

2. Palatelization- tongue is rising to hard palate - (no existing in English)

3. Velarization- tongue rise to soft palate

4. Pharyngelization- back of the tongue is pull back to the pharyngeal wall

SEGMENALL FEATURE OF SOUND

1. LENGTH

2. STRESS

3. TONE

LENGTH - it say how many time is needed to pronounce this sound.

STRESS - there must be more syllables for mark stress; louder sound is stressed, less loud unstressed.

Function of stress: two words have the same symbols but different meaning

Example: (`import & im `port)- lexical use of stress

TONE -PITCH - low and high voice. Tone is relative and depends on kind of speech

1. Level - static tones (register tones)

2. Changing - or counter tones

1. Falling

2. Rising

• Simple

• complex

Function of tones:

1. lexical - property of word - tone languages

2. non-lexical - for sentences to show attitude

PHONOLOGY - is the mentalistic or psychological view of the phoneme.

DEFNITION OF PHONEME:

Jan Baudouin de Courtenay:

Phoneme is an ideal sound chich the speaker aims to say.

Physical view - Daniel Jones:

The phoneme is the set of sounds and allophones are members of phoneme.

Distribution in phonology - several relationships connected to the context hey care.

Contrastive distribution - two sounds appear in the same context and …….one with the other results with the change of meaning.

Minimal pair - two words have different phoneme in the same place (rada-rata).

Complementary distribution - when two sounds don`t appear in the same context.

Phoneme is a family of sounds satisfy conditions:

1. They don`t appear in the same context

2. They are phonetically similar

Functional view:

In this approach the phoneme is a minimal contrastive unit of language, used to contrast meaning.

Phoneme s a “ bound of distinctive features” (cechy dystynktywne)

Distinguish by: voice, place of articulation, maner

Phoneme is the place in the system that is different than other place.

Remember! Phoneme is NOT a sound! It is minimal unit, set of sounds or element of abstract system of this cube.

RP - Received Pronunciation- it becomes from south region of London (received in process of education), called Queen English or BBC English

Characteristic of RP:

long vowels, short vowels, diphthongs, triphtongs, consonants.

Obstrunents: stops, fricatives, affricates

Sonorants: nasals, semivowels, vowels

SYLLABLE - is the simplest notion (pojęcie) in phonology.

2 theories about origin of syllable:

1. chest-pulse theory - refers to breathing- each pulse corresponds to syllable

2. peak-of-prominence - refers to sonority (how loud sound is) - each peak corresponds to syllable

wykres

SYLLABLE STRUCTURE

Each syllable MUST have a vowel! - (phonetical vowel or in phonological sense eg. Diphthongs)

S Y L L A B L E

ONSET NUCLEUS CODA

(CC) V (CC)

V - vowel- must be

CC- consonant - optional

Coda and onset are margins (marginesy sylaby)

CLASSIFICATION OF SYLLABLE;

First division;

1. OPEN (o) - ends with vowel = without coda

2. CLOSED © - ends with consonant = with coda

Second division;

1. LIGHT = weak (w)- short vowel and no more than 1 consonant in coda = {V} or {VC}

2. HEAVY = strong (s)- long vowel and it doesn`t matter if it has an onset = {(CC)V(C..)}

Syllable STRONG by POSITION (SbP)- syllable is called “strong by position' if it has a short vowel, 1 consonant in the coda and t is followed by another syllable with an onset.

{VC} {C….}

strong by position

R Y T H M

Languages can be:

1. Syllable-timed = syllable

2. Stress-timed = foot (may contain 1 or 3 syllable)

SRESS-TIMING - the foot is made of a stressed syllable followed by any number unstressed syllables, till next stressed syllable.

The `dogs `eat `bones - 3 syl, 3 feet

The `dogs are `eating the `bone - 7 syl., 3 feet

The `dods would have been `eating the `bones - 9 syl., 3 feet

THE STRUCTURE OF DISSYLLABIC FEET:

1. SHORT - LONG - jeśli w pierwszej sylabie jest krótka samogłoska i nie więcej niż jedna spółgłoska między samogłoskami pierwszej i drugiej sylaby

city singer mother

better hobby

2. MEDIUM - MEDIUM - jeśli jest długa samogłoska w pierwszej lub 2 spółgłoski pod rząd w drugiej sylabie

Mister father finger

Fokus

3. LONG - SHORT - kiedy są dwie sylaby w dwóch słowach

Go to school

John`s sugestion

I N T O N A T I O N

Pitch - is super-segmental feature of speech

Tone- is the way of using pitch, it is used for distinction of sentences

Characteristic features - intonation is:

1. Universal - every languages have it.

2. Systematic, meaningful - some pattern which means the same for everybody

3. Language specific - it is different from other languages

Functions of intonation:

1. Delimiting function

2. Grammatical function

3. Shows the attitude of the speaker

Structure: 6 types of NUCLEUS

LOW FALL *** HIGH FALL *** RISE-FALL *** LOW RISE *** HIGH RISE *** FALL-RISE

The NUCLEUS is the stressed syllable of the last prominent word (practically last chanche of pitch)

The nucleus may be followed by some syllables called TAIL.

The tail always continuous the melody of the nucleus.

Przykład

( prehead) - (head) - NUCLEUS - (tail)

HEAD - if tere is moe than 1 prominent Word In the sentencje then the head begines wth the stressed syllale of the 1st prominent Word and incluse All the following syllables as far (until) as the nucleus

PREHEAD- all syllables before the stressed syllable at the 1^st prominent word.

Prehead may be before nucleus, without head.

Head and prehead may be: high and low.

What are you going to do about it? Go to the last shelf and look down.

TONE GOUP - group of tones expressive the same attitude on the post of speaker.

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